Test Questions & Answers Fungi Raven Ch.31

Biology, 12e (Raven)

Chapter 31 Fungi

1) Alexander Fleming kept finding mold contamination that was killing his bacterial cultures. This observation eventually lead to the development of the antibiotic penicillin. Why would a fungus produce a compound that is selectively toxic to bacteria?

A) Fungi eat bacteria.

B) Fungi are killed by bacterial toxins.

C) Fungi compete with bacteria for resources.

D) Killing bacteria is an accident.

2) What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by mycorrhizal fungi?

A) Mutualism

B) Commensalism

C) Parasitism

D) Atavism

3) Which gene product would be most useful for distinguishing between a microsporidian and a blastocladiomycete?

A) Rubisco

B) Chitin

C) DNA polymerase

D) Phospholipidase

E) ATP synthase

4) In leaf cutter ant colonies, the ants clip leaves to feed a fungus garden and then the ants feed on the fungus. Is this a mutualistic relationship?

A) No, the ants are parasites on both the leaves and fungus.

B) Yes, the ants and the trees are in a mutualistic relationship.

C) No, the ants are leaf parasites but have no relationship with the fungus.

D) Yes, the ants and the fungus are engaged in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.

5) What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified by athlete's foot?

A) Mutualism

B) Commensalism

C) Parasitism

D) Atavism

6) Why are neocallimastigomycetes being studied for biofuel production?

A) They can ferment glucose into alcohol.

B) They can release fermentable sugars from structural polysaccharides.

C) They can generate methane.

D) They provide energy to power fermentation.

E) They can extract pollutants from biofuel starting materials.

7) In what way are bacteria and fungi similar?

A) Ecological function

B) Cell wall components

C) Design of the nucleus

D) Ribosome structure

8) Baker's yeast is a single-celled ascomycete that is used in bread making. Why does yeast make bread dough rise?

A) Yeast cells suck in air when trapped in dough.

B) Carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation.

C) Multiplication of yeast physically expands the dough.

D) The fungal cells burst causes the dough to expand.

9) Why are fungi used to clean oil spills?

A) Fungi use the hydrocarbons in oil instead of CO2 during photosynthesis.

B) The chemicals in oil kill off the fungus's competitors.

C) Fungi use the organic molecules in the oil as food.

D) Fungi store the hydrocarbons in their large central vacuoles.

10) Why are microsporidia so hard to classify?

A) When compared to other eukaryotic organisms, microsporidia are extremely small.

B) The intracellular parasitic lifestyle greatly reduces the need for functional organelles.

C) They lack nuclei.

D) They are very rare.

11) Which molecule would be an indicator of fungal contamination in a drug preparation?

A) Cellulose

B) Collagen

C) Chitin

D) Deoxyribose

E) Lignin

12) Fungi are decomposers and obtain their food by ________ the organic molecules released by the action of secreted enzymes.

13) Fungi, together with bacteria, are the principal ________ in the biosphere.

14) The symbiotic relationship between green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi produce ________.

15) Fungi exist mainly in the form of slender filaments, barely visible to the naked eye, which are called ________.

16) Fungal hyphae in which two genetically distinct kinds of nuclei occur together are said to be ________.

17) The yeasts, common molds, morels, and truffles are common and economically important and also found in the group of fungi called ________.

18) A type of fungi that has been long useful for baking, brewing, and wine making, and is now becoming very important in genetic research is ________.

19) Mushrooms are fungi belonging to the phylum ________.

20) An ________ is a nonphotosynthetic plant—a third member of a symbiotic relationship involving a fungus and another plant, obtaining nutrients from these two members.

21) The carcinogenic compound ________, which damages kidneys and the nervous system, is produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus.

22) The fungal group that is most closely related to ancestral fungi are the

A) Zygomycota.

B) Chytridomycota.

C) Ascomycota.

D) Basidomycota.

23) Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called

A) lichens.

B) hyphal associations.

C) heterokaryotic junctions.

D) mycorrhizae.

E) a mycelial unit.

24) A mass of hyphae in an ascomycete is commonly referred to as a(n)

A) mycelium.

B) mycorrhizae.

C) conidium.

D) sporangium.

E) ascus.

25) The cell walls of fungi are made up of polysaccharides including

A) polyglycans.

B) phospholipids.

C) bilipid layers.

D) glycolipids.

E) chitin.

26) Fungi are ecologically important for all of the following reasons, except

A) They break down organic materials and return them to the ecosystem.

B) All can exist in symbiotic relationships.

C) Some can ferment and produce bread, beer, wine, cheese, and soy sauce.

D) Some cause diseases in plants and animals.

E) They can break down lignin.

27) A symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is called a

A) lichen.

B) mycorrhiza.

C) protist.

D) kelp.

E) mushroom.

28) The system of fungal filaments that penetrates and grows through the substrate is called a(n)

A) exoskeleton.

B) hyphal compartment.

C) mushroom.

D) mycelium.

E) sporangium.

29) Mycorrhizae, specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi, are characteristic of

A) all plants.

B) about 90% of all plants.

C) about 60% of all plants.

D) about 40% of all plants.

E) about 20% of all plants.

30) Diploid cells of animals and plants are genetically similar to fungal

A) monokaryotic hyphae.

B) dikaryotic hyphae (1n+1n).

C) homokaryotic hyphae.

D) spores.

E) triploid cells.

31) All of the following are reproductive structures found in some fungi except

A) ascus.

B) basidium.

C) sporangiophore.

D) mycorrhiza.

E) conidia.

32) A division of fungi that lacks septa in their hyphae except when they form sporangia or gametangia is the

A) ascomycetes.

B) zygomycetes.

C) chytridomycetes

D) basidiomycetes.

33) The fungi that cause serious plant disease, such as Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight, belong to the phylum

A) Ascomycota.

B) Zygomycota.

C) Imperfect fungi.

D) Basidiomycota.

E) Actinomycetes.

34) Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place by means of

A) ascogonia.

B) ascospores.

C) conidia.

D) motile gametes.

E) zygospores.

35) A mature walled ascus of an ascomycete usually contains

A) eight diploid nuclei.

B) eight haploid nuclei.

C) many multinucleate conidia.

D) an egg and a sperm.

E) a zygote.

36) The most economically useful unicellular fungi are

A) basidiomycetes.

B) actinomycetes.

C) yeasts.

D) mushrooms.

37) The fruiting structures formed by secondary mycelia of basidiomycetes are known as

A) mushrooms.

B) yeasts.

C) lichen.

D) ascocarps.

E) basidia.

38) The only diploid cell of the life cycle of basidiomycetes is produced within the basidium by

A) mitosis.

B) meiosis.

C) karyogamy.

D) ascus bursting.

E) budding.

39) The rusts and smuts that seriously affect crop plants are

A) ascomycetes.

B) zygomycetes.

C) chytrids.

D) basidiomycetes.

E) actinomycetes.

40) Lichens are adversely affected by

A) humidity.

B) sunlight.

C) pollution.

D) sexual reproduction of the fungal partner.

E) asexual reproduction of the photosynthetic partner.

41) Which of the following fungi usually form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the outer cells of the plant roots are penetrated by the fungal hyphae?

A) ascomycetes

B) glomeromycetes

C) deuteromycetes

D) basidiomycetes

E) chytridiomycetes

42) Arbuscular mycorrhizae are characterized by all of the following features except

A) They are the most common mycorrhizal type.

B) Fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells.

C) They are seen in the earliest vascular plant fossils.

D) The fungus can associate with several species of plants.

E) The fungal component is a glomeromycete.

43) Ectomycorrhizae, associations in which the fungal hyphae surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of the plant roots, usually involve

A) ascomycetes.

B) basidiomycetes.

C) zygomycetes.

D) ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.

E) ascomycetes and zygomycetes.

44) The body of a fungus has several characteristics. One of these is their hyphae, long chains of cells. Which of the following statements best describes the nature of septa and cross walls?

A) Septa of the cross walls are formed on the outside of fungal cells and give the fungal body more rigidity.

B) Septa form cross walls between the long chains of cells that make up hyphae.

C) The cross wall within the nuclear membrane of every fungal body forms septa.

D) Spores of fungi that are formed within reproductive structures have cross walls separated by septa.

E) Cross walls are responsible for the formation of spindle plaques within the hyphae after the septa are produced.

45) A mycologist visits your biology class and discusses her research on a particular fungus that lives on the bark of damaged spruce trees. She explains that the fungal hyphae of her research organism is heterokaryotic. You raise your hand and request that she define that word. Her correct response is

A) heterokaryotic means that the nuclei of the fungal hyphae are genetically the same.

B) heterokaryotic means that the nuclei of each compartment of the hyphae are genetically distinct.

C) heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphae contain two distinct nuclei.

D) heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphae contains only one nucleus.

46) Select the incorrect statement related to fungi.

A) All fungi secrete digestive enzymes and practice external digestion.

B) Some fungi can break down cellulose into its glucose subunits. In addition, some fungi are predaceous.

C) One method of reproduction in fungi is by flagellated sperm. Water is a requirement for those particular fungi to reproduce.

D) Some fungi are able to grow to many hectares in size.

E) Cheese, wine, and soy sauce are but a few examples of foods dependent on fungi for their production.

47) Lichens are mutualisms between

A) yeast and another fungi.

B) fungi and an alga.

C) fungi and a green plant.

D) fungi and a mycorrhizae.

E) mycorrhizae and yeast.

48) Which of the phyla of fungi is incorrectly matched with its example?

A) Ascomycota—yeast

B) Basidiomycota—rust

C) Zygomycota—bread mold

D) Ascomycota—mushrooms

E) Basidiomycota—toadstools

49) One major difference between ectomycorrhizae and arbuscular mycorrhizae is

A) ectomycorrhizae are parasitic on plant roots while arbuscular mycorrhizae are not.

B) ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate plant roots; arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrate plant roots.

C) ectomycorrhizae are more common on plant roots than arbuscular mycorrhizae.

D) ectomycorrhizae form mutualisms while arbuscular mycorrhizae are parasitic.

E) most ectomycorrhizae are zygomycetes while most endomycorrhizae are basidiomycetes.

50) Ruminant animals have symbiotic fungi that

A) digest cellulose and lignin.

B) infect milk-producing glands, fermenting the milk.

C) produce toxins in muscle tissue.

D) produce natural antibiotics.

51) Which one of the following fungal groups has an alternation of multicellular gametophyte and sporophyte generations?

A) Zygomycetes

B) Ascomycetes

C) Blastocladiomycota

D) Chytridiomycetes

E) Glomeromycetes

52) In the life cycle of a zygomycete, after the zygospore is formed, the next event will be

A) mitosis.

B) meiosis.

C) plasmogamy.

D) karyogamy.

E) dikaryon formation.

53) A nonphotosynthetic plant sharing a mycorrhizal fungus with a photosynthetic plant is best described as a(n)

A) mutualist.

B) epiparasite.

C) parasite.

D) host.

E) symbiont.

54) Which one of the following terms best applies to the fungus participant in a typical lichen?

A) Mutualist

B) Ectomycorrhizal fungus

C) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

D) Epiparasite

55) How does fungal mitosis differ from animal mitosis?

A) Cytokinesis only occurs in fungal mitosis.

B) The nuclear envelope remains intact in fungal mitosis.

C) The spindle apparatus is unique to fungal mitosis.

D) Fungi only undergo meiosis, true mitosis is only found in animals.

56) Recent phylogenetic analysis has provided evidence to justify classifying microsporidians as fungi.

57) Zygospores are used to resist harsh conditions.

58) Comparisons of DNA sequences have revealed that glomeromycetes are not in the same clade as the zygomycetes.

59) In basidiomycetes the ________ is diploid.

A) basidium

B) primary mycelium

C) secondary mycelium

D) zygote

60) Fungi are currently classified as six monophyletic groups based on characteristics of the cells undergoing meiosis.

61) Why is it difficult to treat fungal infections in humans?

A) Fungal cells are eukaryotic

B) Fungal cells have a chitonous cell wall.

C) Fungal cells are dikaryotic.

D) Fungal cells cause chytridiomycosis.

62) What type of fungi are obligate symbionts with plant roots and played a key role in the colonization of lands by plant?

A) glomeromycetes

B) zygomycetes

C) chytridiomycetes

D) blastocladiomycetes

E) microsporidians

63) Sexual reproduction in zygomycetes differs from sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes in one key way. Which of the following is true of zygomycetes, but not true of basidiomycetes?

A) Meiosis to produce haploid spores is delayed, resulting in a discrete diploid state

B) Gametangia of opposite mating types undergo plasmogamy

C) Mushrooms are formed of secondary (dikaryotic) mycelium

D) Haploid nuclei fuse in the process of karyogamy to form a diploid nucleus