Test Questions & Answers Enculturation & Psychology Ch4

Test Bank

Chapter 4: The Process of Enculturation: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology

Multiple Choice

1. The ______ perspective allows anthropologists to explore the extent to which nature and nurture contribute to human behavior.

a. interactionist

b. biological

c. cultural

d. archaeological

Learning Objective: 4.1: Discuss the relationship between biology and culture and how anthropologists regard the nature/nurture questions of humanity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biology Versus Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. An example of the ______ perspective is a study examining the ways in which education about drugs and alcohol impact the likelihood that a person with a genetic predisposition toward addiction will actually struggle with addiction.

a. linguistic

b. biological

c. biocultural

d. cultural

Learning Objective: 4.1: Discuss the relationship between biology and culture and how anthropologists regard the nature/nurture questions of humanity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Biology Versus Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What characteristic do humans share with all other animals?

a. stereoscopic, color vision

b. the ability to nurse offspring

c. the need to eat a particular amount of carbohydrates

d. extreme sociability

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Human Beings as Animals

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Humans are different from other animals in that ______.

a. we have highly tuned instincts

b. we have adapted to widely varying environments

c. our behavior relies on both genetics and environment

d. we can communicate with one another

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Human Beings as Animals

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The need to eat is an example of a/n ______.

a. biogram

b. intuition

c. instinct

d. drive

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Drives

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Scientists agree that humans do not have ______.

a. cognitive intuitions

b. instincts

c. reflexes

d. drives

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Do Humans Possess Instincts?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Why are humans able to survive and thrive in such a wide array of environments?

a. We have a closed biogram

b. We are genetically well-adapted to many different regions

c. Learning has a miniscule impact on our behavior compared to genetics

d. Learning has an enormous impact on our behavior compared to genetics

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Drives

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. If the air were to become too polluted to breathe, many humans would still survive due to ______ that would allow people to filter toxins from the air.

a. instincts

b. mutations

c. cultural adaptations

d. natural selection

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Culture Versus Instinct

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. A person’s ______ is developed as a result of their specific genetics and cultural environment.

a. personality

b. intuition

c. culture

d. cognition

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Enculturation: Culture and Personality

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Biological determinism was responsible for which view?

a. Environment dictates culture

b. Genes determine everything important about a person

c. Humans deserved to be at the top of the food chain

d. Some races are better than others

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Studies of Enculturation

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. According to Benedict’s work, a society whose ritual practices include inducing visions with psychotropic substances would be classified as ______.

a. Dionysian

b. Appolonian

c. Herculean

d. Artemisian

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Benedict and Culture Types

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Mead’s work in Samoa asserted that stress associated with ______ is cultural rather than biological.

a. subsistence

b. warfare

c. adolescence

d. birth

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mead in Samoa

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. “When a traffic light turns yellow, we slow down,” is statement that reflects ______, because many people speed up instead.

a. reality

b. determinism

c. pragmatism

d. ideal culture

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Freeman-Mead Controversy

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Without women anthropologists, the importance of ______ in the acquisition of culture may never have been explored.

a. nature

b. childhood

c. socialization

d. adolescence

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Childhood Acquisition of Cultural Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. The work of ______ is important in anthropologists’ understanding of enculturation.

a. Carl Jung

b. Lee Berger

c. Louis Leakey

d. Sigmund Freud

Learning Objective: 4.4: How have anthropologists used the psychoanalytic approach to study personality and culture?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Influence

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to Sigmund Freud, culture lies in the ______ sector of personality.

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. reality

Learning Objective: 4.4: How have anthropologists used the psychoanalytic approach to study personality and culture?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Influence

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. According to Sigmund Freud, the ______ sector of personality attempts to regulate the demands of the unconscious by applying the rules of society.

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. reality

Learning Objective: 4.4: How have anthropologists used the psychoanalytic approach to study personality and culture?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Influence

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. A woman walks to a corner store during her lunch break to purchase food, but realizes she left her bag with her wallet and phone at work. She doesn’t have enough time left on her break to go back for her bag, but she is very hungry. The store clerk steps into the back, and she considers stealing a few snacks. Which sector of personality is at work as she weighs whether to steal the snacks?

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. reality

Learning Objective: 4.4: How have anthropologists used the psychoanalytic approach to study personality and culture?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Influence

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Claude Lévi-Strauss’ work on ______ would describe the contrasting ideas of heaven and hell as an example of universal thought patterns.

a. binary oppositions

b. cultural relativism

c. functionalism

d. enculturation

Learning Objective: 4.5: Discuss the relationship between enculturation and cognition.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Structuralism

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ anthropologists view human behavior as dependent upon unconscious process, schemas, and models.

a. Psychoanalytic

b. Structural

c. Cognitive

d. Evolutionary

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following statements is true about societies with no color concept?

a. They cannot see color.

b. They can perceive color, but use language to categorize it in in different ways.

c. They cannot distinguish between certain shades.

d. They rarely see colors.

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. That people around the globe put birds into the same classifications regardless of scientific training reflects the universal human ability to ______.

a. synthesize

b. process visual stimuli

c. theorize

d. categorize

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. An anthropologist asks five year olds, college students, and botanists to organize flowers into categories, and finds that they all divide the flowers into the same groups. This reflects the universal, nonarbitrary nature of ______.

a. schemas

b. taxonomies

c. narratives

d. culture

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Getting ready in the morning is an example of a ______ that may vary from culture to culture.

a. taxonomy

b. prototype

c. schema

d. narrative

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The idea that humans love sweet foods because of an ancient need to consume enough food to survive comes from ______.

a. cognitive anthropology

b. evolutionary psychology

c. structural functionalism

d. humanistic anthropology

Learning Objective: 4.7: How does evolutionary psychology contribute to an understanding of human universals?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Evolutionary Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The purpose of ______ in the human mind is to allow humans to adapt to various environments.

a. schemas

b. narratives

c. prototypes

d. modules

Learning Objective: 4.7: How does evolutionary psychology contribute to an understanding of human universals?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evolutionary Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. A four year old child hates broccoli, but knows the dog loves it. She offers her broccoli to the dog knowing that the dog will eat it. This is an example of ______.

a. a schema

b. an instinct

c. theory of mind

d. prototypes

Learning Objective: 4.7: How does evolutionary psychology contribute to an understanding of human universals?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Evolutionary Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. A ______ perspective on emotions would look for the physiological response to particular emotions.

a. psychological

b. interactionist

c. cultural

d. biological

Learning Objective: 4.8: Discuss what anthropologists have discovered about human emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Enculturation and Emotions

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. An anthropology graduate student conducts fieldwork designed to analyze love in cultures around the world by examining the kinds of love, physiological differences between those in love and out of love, and narratives about love. This is an example of a study with a/n ______ perspective.

a. biological

b. interactionist

c. psychological

d. cultural

Learning Objective: 4.8: Discuss what anthropologists have discovered about human emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Enculturation and Emotions

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Benedict and Mead viewed ______ as the most important factor in researching emotions.

a. culture

b. biology

c. modules

d. schema

Learning Objective: 4.8: Discuss what anthropologists have discovered about human emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Enculturation and Emotions

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Anthropologists who study emotions view the feelings of pride and shame as universals that promote ______ in every society.

a. productivity

b. achievement

c. individualism

d. cooperation

Learning Objective: 4.8: Discuss what anthropologists have discovered about human emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Enculturation and Emotions

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. A woman travels to Rottnest Island near Perth, Australia. She has read a guidebook, but is having trouble keeping track of which animals are dangerous and which are not. She comes upon a quokka. Though she cannot recall what the guidebook says about quokkas, she sees that the animal in front of her is small, furry, and lacks visibly sharp teeth or claws. She assumes the quokka is harmless based on her past experience of small adorable creatures. This situation is an example of using what neuroanthropologist Stephen Reyna calls ______.

a. magnetic resonance imaging

b. collective memory

c. neuronal culture

d. enculturation

Learning Objective: 4.9: Discuss the new field of neuroanthropology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Neuroanthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Neuroanthropology is an example of a ______ approach.

a. humanistic

b. biological

c. scientific

d. interactionist

Learning Objective: 4.9: Discuss the new field of neuroanthropology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neuroanthropology

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Neuroanthropology explores the relationships between culture and ______.

a. the brain

b. ritual

c. childhood

d. learning

Learning Objective: 4.9: Discuss the new field of neuroanthropology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Neuroanthropology

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Considering culture to be a deterministic factor in human behavior disregards the ______ that each person uses as they navigate their lives.

a. enculturation

b. neuronal culture

c. collective memory

d. agency

Learning Objective: 4.10: Discuss the limitations of enculturation in examining human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individual Variation and Agency

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Instincts are affected by the environment as well as genetics.

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Instincts in Animals

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Humans have similar cognitive and reasoning abilities regardless of whether they live in state level societies or small bands.

Learning Objective: 4.5: Discuss the relationship between enculturation and cognition.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Color naming systems around the world are arbitrary.

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Evolutionary psychologists believe that humans intuitively understand how the world works due to modules in their minds.

Learning Objective: 4.7: How does evolutionary psychology contribute to an understanding of human universals?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evolutionary Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Enculturation results in uniform behavior throughout a society.

Learning Objective: 4.10: Discuss the limitations of enculturation in examining human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Unique Biological Tendencies

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Compare and contrast instincts and cognitive intuitions.

Learning Objective: 4.2: Explain the difference between nonhuman animal behavior and human behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Do Humans Possess Instincts?

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the importance of nature and nurture on the acquisition of culture.

Learning Objective: 4.3: Discuss how anthropologists study enculturation and its relationship to personality formation.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Enculturation: Culture and Personality

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. According to cognitive anthropologists, how does the human mind organize the world?

Learning Objective: 4.6: Discuss what cognitive anthropologists have learned about universals and human thought processes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cognitive Anthropology

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the evolutionary psychological view of the relationship between the brain and culture.

Learning Objective: 4.7: How does evolutionary psychology contribute to an understanding of human universals?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Evolutionary Psychology

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Synthesize the biological and cultural perspectives on emotion into an interactionist perspective.

Learning Objective: 4.8: Discuss what anthropologists have discovered about human emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Enculturation and Emotions

Difficulty Level: Hard