Test Questions & Answers Ch16 The Rise of an Atlantic World,

Smith test bank: Chapter 16

Why and how did Europeans begin to cross unknown seas in the fifteenth century?

1. The world’s first truly global maritime empire was forged by
   1. Spain
   2. Portugal
   3. the Netherlands
   4. England

(p. 570)

1. European merchants hoped to ___________ by sailing directly to Asia to obtain spices.
   1. cut out the mostly Islamic middlemen in the Indian Ocean and eastern Mediterranean
   2. avoid paying tariffs on their imports
   3. find new markets for their exports
   4. expedite the shipping process

(p. 570)

1. As Europeans began to set sail on longer voyages, they employed innovations in three technological spheres:
   1. gun making, shipbuilding, and navigation
   2. astronomy, shipbuilding, and steam engines
   3. industrial textiles, navigation, and cannon
   4. gun making, mathematics, and navigation

(p. 571)

1. Virtually all European ships until the early nineteenth century were based on early models that combined features of
   1. the Roman-style galley and North Sea ships
   2. clipper ships and Roman-style caravels
   3. North Sea ships and the ocean-crossing caravel
   4. frigates and Roman-style galleons

(p. 572)

1. The invention that proved most critical for long-distance maritime travel was
   1. the port-finder chart
   2. the compass
   3. the portolan chart
   4. the astrolabe

(p. 572)

1. The first inhabited group of islands encountered by Portuguese explorers and ultimately colonized by Spain was the
   1. Madeiras
   2. Canaries
   3. Azores
   4. Granadas

(p. 574)

1. The first European to reach India by sea was
   1. Bartolomeu Dias
   2. Christopher Columbua
   3. Vasco da Gama
   4. Ferdinand Magellan

(p. 575)

1. In the lands around the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese sought to
   1. discover new luxury goods that would command the European market
   2. control the flow of gold
   3. dominate the existing maritime Asian trade
   4. establish a colonial land empire

(p. 575)

What were the main sources of conflict between Europeans and Native Americans in the first decades after contact?

1. Which of the following was NOT part of Spain’s standard operating procedure in their overseas conduct?
   1. acquiring large landmasses by force
   2. colonizing new territory with large numbers of settlers
   3. forcing Catholicism on all native inhabitants of conquered lands
   4. focusing on controlling ports above all else

(p. 575)

1. When the demands for food, gold, and sexual companionship made by members of Columbus’s crew were not met by the Taino they met in the Caribbean,
   1. the expedition moved on to the next island
   2. the Europeans turned violent
   3. the Europeans enslaved the native residents
   4. the crew turned on Columbus

(p. 578)

1. The pretext used by Europeans to take over Western-style functions of government in the “New World” was
   1. the reported presence of cannibals
   2. the reported desire among Caribs to convert to Christianity
   3. the need to protect the Taino from the Great Khan
   4. the permission of the pope

(p. 579)

1. Early Spanish colonization was focused on
   1. spreading Christianity
   2. sugar farming
   3. silver
   4. gold and slaves

(p. 580)

1. After Queen Isabella demanded an end to Amerindian slavery, a compromise system developed, known as
   1. caribe
   2. reconquista
   3. repartimiento
   4. encomienda

(p. 580)

1. The massive interoceanic transfer of animals (including humans), plants, and diseases that followed Europeans’ arrival in the Americas is known as the ____________ Exchange.
   1. Columbian
   2. American
   3. Amerindian
   4. Transatlantic

(p. 582)

1. Evidence suggests that throughout the Americas and Pacific Islands, indigenous populations declined by almost _____ percent within a century of the Europeans’ arrival.
   1. 90
   2. 75
   3. 60
   4. 35

(p. 583)

What factors enabled the Spanish to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires?

1. The Aztecs launched a siege of Spanish forces at Tenochtitlán when
   1. Moctezuma was arrested by Cortés
   2. Cortés left the city to negotiate with soldiers sent by the Cuban governor to arrest him
   3. Moctezuma was murdered by the Spanish
   4. the Spanish placed statues of the Virgin Mary atop the Aztec pyramids

(p. 584)

1. After the Inca gathered an enormous ransom to buy the freedom of Atawallpa,
   1. Pizarro ordered him released
   2. he was killed on Pizarro’s orders
   3. he was killed trying to escape
   4. the Spanish refused to honor their promise

(p. 587)

1. Most historians agree that the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires resulted from
   1. the devastation wrought upon the Aztec and Inca by European viruses
   2. the inability of the Aztec and Inca to cope with European weapons
   3. internal politics and lucky timing on the part of the Europeans
   4. the convergence of many variables

(p. 588)

Why was the discovery of silver in Spanish America so important in the course of world history?

1. In 1545, the most concentrated silver deposit ever discovered was found at
   1. Pachuca
   2. Huancavelica
   3. Zacatecas
   4. Potosí

(p. 589)

1. Spanish-American mine owners were forced to pay wages because
   1. of Spanish law
   2. the encomienda system had been outlawed
   3. they could not draft enough workers through the mita system
   4. of widespread desertion of workers

(p. 592)

1. Most indigenous peoples
   1. adapted to Spanish laws and civic traditions but resisted total conversion to Catholicism
   2. converted to Catholicism, but resisted Spanish laws and civic traditions
   3. obeyed Spanish laws, but resisted Spanish culture and conversion to Catholicism
   4. learned to speak Spanish, but resisted Spanish laws and civic traditions

(p. 593)

1. Most native American converts to Catholicism adopted the Christian God
   1. as an analog to one of their preexisting gods, merging their worship
   2. as a new addition to an already crowded pantheon
   3. as the one true God
   4. in appearances only, continuing to worship their own gods in private

(p. 593)

How and why did early Portuguese Brazil develop differently from Spanish America?

1. After mostly neglecting Brazil for the century after reaching it, the Portuguese were forced to pay the colony additional attention because of
   1. the arrival of French traders and religious refugees
   2. rising demand for sugar
   3. the discovery of dyewood
   4. rebellions sparked by Portuguese degredados

(p. 594)

1. Brazil’s answer to Spanish-American silver was
   1. dyewood
   2. gold
   3. cane sugar
   4. slaves

(p. 595)

1. The French colony at Guanabara Bay in Brazil was doomed by
   1. religious division
   2. attacks by the Mapuche
   3. constant military pressure from the Portuguese
   4. inexperience in the New World

(p. 595)

1. Forty percent of all
   1. sugar came from Brazil
   2. dyewood came from Brazil
   3. slaves transported across the Atlantic went to Brazil
   4. silver went to Brazil

(p. 598)

1. Sugar planters in Brazil chose to “use up” their laborers because
   1. they had direct access to more slaves at relatively low cost
   2. the mita system had stopped working
   3. there were no female slaves, so reproduction was impossible
   4. indigenous workers were available to take their place

(p. 598)

How did the Mapuche of Chile manage to resist European conquest?

1. Once it became clear that the Spanish were only after gold and captive laborers, the Mapuche
   1. began rearing boys for a life of warfare
   2. began secretly to produce and store food surpluses needed to support a planned revolt against the Spanish
   3. adopted steel weapons
   4. captured, killed, and ate portions of conquistador Valdivia’s corpse in a great public ceremony

(p. 599)

1. The purpose of Mapuche cannibalism was to
   1. take advantage of a source of protein
   2. terrorize the enemy
   3. absorb the warrior spirit of the vanquished
   4. dispose of the remains

(p. 599)

1. Which of the following did the Mapuche NOT adopt from the Spanish?
   1. the horse
   2. Old World foods and animals such as wheat, apples, chickens, and pigs
   3. the Spanish style of warfare
   4. steel-edged weapons and guns

(p. 600-601)