Test Bank Docx Theories Of Morality And Business Ethics Ch.2

Package Title: Godfrey Test Bank

Course Title: Ethics and Business WileyPLUS

Chapter Number 2

Question type: Multiple-Choice

1) According to English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, humankind is governed by

a) pain and pleasure

b) night and day

c) light and dark

d) hunger and thirst

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 01

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: The English philosopher Jeremy Bentham outlined the power of man’s hedonistic desires: “Nature has placed mankind [sic] under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.”

2) What term describes the extreme end of morally bad or wrong behavior?

a) hedonism

b) evil

c) unethical actions

d) Leviathan

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 02

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Evil is the extreme end of morally bad or wrong behavior.

3) Which English philosopher believed that ethical behavior required an all-powerful government?

a) Jeremy Bentham

b) John Locke

c) Thomas Hobbes

d) Francis Bacon

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 03

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Thomas Hobbes believed that setting up an all-powerful government, the Leviathan, would deter people’s natural tendency to fight and make social life possible.

4) Based on your reading, which conclusion can you accurately draw?

a) Evil is a societal construct.

b) Pursuing pleasure typically leads to unethical actions.

c) Hedonism results in lifelong euphoria.

d) Our human nature tends toward ethical actions.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 04

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Unethical actions violate local society’s ethical norms and customs or globally held notions of what is morally correct. Evil is the extreme end of morally bad or wrong behavior.

5) Which of the following is the best example of hedonism?

a) Though cancer has spread throughout her body, Addison fights to live as long as she can.

b) Bianca dutifully eats her mother’s homemade lasagna, though it is her least favorite food.

c) As the last racer in the relay, Carson runs as fast as he can on his fractured ankle.

d) Deshawn drives as fast as he can, but he slows to the speed limit when he spots a police car.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 05

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

6) You invite Evelyn to join your group at an all-you-can-eat buffet. Evelyn says, “Isn’t that hedonistic?” Your best and most accurate response is: “Not if we only

a) eat healthy portions.”

b) eat there once a week.”

c) make one trip through the buffet line.”

d) eat our money’s worth.”

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 06

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Seeking pleasure in itself is not wrong, but hedonism can degenerate into people pursuing their own physical, sensory, and sensual needs and desires at the expense of the desires and needs of others.

7) Franco drinks one glass of red wine every night because research shows it can protect against dementia and heart disease. When would Franco’s action be considered hedonism?

a) every night that he drinks

b) if he enjoys the wine

c) if his drinking begins to cause harm to himself and others

d) if he develops dementia or heart issues

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 07

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Seeking pleasure in itself is not wrong, but hedonism can degenerate into people pursuing their own physical, sensory, and sensual needs and desires at the expense of the desires and needs of others.

8) Which of the following statements most accurately describes human nature and the need for ethics?

a) Hedonism is the most extreme immoral behavior.

b) What is considered unethical in one part of the world might be considered ethical in another.

c) Inexplicably, human nature tends to seek out painful experiences.

d) The study of ethics and morals is relatively new.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 08

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Unethical actions violate local society’s ethical norms and customs or globally held notions of what is morally correct.

9) Which of the following phrases best describes the hedonistic philosophy?

a) Actions speak louder than words.

b) A rolling stone gathers no moss.

c) Enough is as good as a feast.

d) Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we may die.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 09

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

10) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes?

a) People have a natural tendency toward fighting.

b) Human nature is inherently good.

c) Societal control is a more powerful tool than government intervention.

d) When people all want the same things, it creates a world of beauty.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 10

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: Thomas Hobbes believed that setting up an all-powerful government, the Leviathan, would deter people’s natural tendency to fight and make social life possible.

Question type: Short Answer

11) How does our human nature give rise to the need for ethics?

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 11

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 5

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define unethical behavior and explain the challenge of hedonism.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.1 Human Nature and the Problem of Evil

Solution: The need for ethics arises because people have the capacity to engage in unethical actions; that is, they violate local ethical norms and customs or globally held notions of what is morally correct. Unethical actions arise from human nature and our penchant for hedonism, the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

Question type: Multiple-Choice

12) Which term best describes the thoughts, actions, and outcomes that one considers to be correct, just, and right?

a) morals

b) valor

c) integrity

d) respect

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 12

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Morals are thoughts, actions, and outcomes considered to be correct, just, and right.

13) Moral goods

a) lead to moral actions

b) are determined by sociologists

c) are instrumentally valuable

d) are intrinsically valuable

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 13

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Moral actions produce moral goods, which are intrinsically valuable.

14) Goods with instrumental value

a) are valuable in and of themselves

b) bring out other goods

c) are inherently moral

d) are inherently immoral

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 14

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Instrumental value is defined as actions or goods that bring out other goods.

15) Which of the following statements is most accurate?

a) Moral action produces moral outcomes for individuals, which lead to moral goods for others.

b) Moral goods produce moral actions for individuals, which lead to moral outcomes for others.

c) Moral action produces moral goods for individuals, which lead to moral outcomes for others.

d) Moral goods produce moral outcomes for individuals, which lead to moral actions for others.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 15

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Moral action produces moral goods for each individual and it leads to moral outcomes for others, or states of being that are intrinsically valuable to others or society at large.

16) Which of the following is the best example of an intrinsic good?

a) housing

b) health

c) vacation

d) schooling

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 16

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Intrinsic goods are valuable in and of themselves. Instrumental goods bring out other goods.

17) Which of the following is the best example of an instrumental good?

a) contentment

b) peace

c) security

d) marriage

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 17

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Intrinsic goods are valuable in and of themselves. Instrumental goods bring out other goods.

18) During a conversation with your friends, Gabrielle says she goes to college to learn the skills she needs to secure a good career. Heath says he values learning and would attend college even if he did not get a good job afterward. What is your best response?

a) Some things, like education, may be considered both intrinsically and instrumentally valuable.

b) Some people, like Heath, do not understand the instrumentality of goods and actions.

c) Some people, like Gabrielle, do not understand the intrinsicality of goods and actions.

d) Some things, like education, are neither intrinsically nor instrumentally valuable.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 18

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Intrinsic goods are valuable in and of themselves. Instrumental goods bring out other goods.

19) Ivan has begun operating a food truck business on campus. His customers have offered suggestions for menu items and stop locations—some of them interesting but impossible at this early stage of business. What is the best way for Ivan to increase his customer base and improve his business?

a) Demonstrate that he listens to his customers and understands what they want.

b) Price his items as high as he can to generate income, which will advance the business.

c) Diligently add items to the menu as soon as he receives the suggestions.

d) Consider the suggestions a “trade secret” between himself and the customer.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 19

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Listening to truly understand what others say and mean is a sign of respect, which is a valuable business and moral skill. When we treat others with respect, they tend to be more willing to trust and engage in economic transactions.

20) A reasonable person would consider all of the following moral good dyads EXCEPT

a) knowledge versus ignorance

b) health versus sickness

c) integrity versus trust

d) respect versus contempt

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 20

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Moral goods are intrinsic goods that reasonable people would all prefer in contrast with their opposite. If people have experienced both (either in total or some degree), what they would prefer is the moral good (e.g., knowledge versus ignorance).

21) To be considered a moral good, it must

a) be globally considered morally correct

b) be valued by a reasonable person

c) be valued for its ability to bring out other goods

d) lead to moral action

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 21

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Moral goods are intrinsic goods that reasonable people would all prefer in contrast with their opposite. If people have experienced both (either in total or some degree), what they would prefer is the moral good (e.g., knowledge versus ignorance).

22) What is the best similarity between intrinsic and instrumental goods?

a) They result in moral outcomes.

b) They are the result of moral goods.

c) They lead to other goods.

d) They are things people perceive as desirable.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 22

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Intrinsic goods are valuable in and of themselves. Instrumental goods bring out other goods.

23) Until she read chapter 2, Jessica would have told you she works a part-time job because she values money. Now she is contemplating what intrinsic goods are meaningful to her. What is the best way for her to develop an understanding?

a) Ask herself a series of “why” questions (e.g., Why do I want money?).

b) Ask a reasonable person what he or she considers intrinsically valuable about work.

c) Consider the opposite of working and earning money.

d) Investigate philosophical teachings on intrinsic value.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 23

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Intrinsic goods are valuable in and of themselves. Instrumental goods bring out other goods.

Question type: Short Answer

24) Describe the relationship between moral actions and moral outcomes.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 24

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 5

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Differentiate between a theory of moral actions versus moral outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.2 Moral Action and Moral Outcomes

Solution: Moral actions produce moral goods—those that are intrinsically valuable—for each individual. This leads to moral outcomes, or states of being that are intrinsically valuable to others or society at large.

Question type: Multiple-Choice

25) For every person who does not hold a faith tradition, there are about how many others who do?

a) 3

b) 5

c) 10

d) 15

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 25

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: A study of ethics should include religious perspectives because for every person who does not hold a faith tradition, there are roughly five others who do.

26) Which religious tradition currently has the highest affiliation?

a) Christianity

b) Islam

c) Buddhism

d) atheism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 26

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Christianity has 2.3 billion affiliates, which accounts for 31.2 percent of the global religious population.

27) Which is the oldest of the Abrahamic faiths?

a) Hinduism

b) Islam

c) Judaism

d) Christianity

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 27

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Judaism is the oldest of the Abrahamic faith traditions.

28) Which of the following religions uses the Vedas as foundational texts?

a) atheism

b) Judaism

c) Islam

d) Buddhism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 28

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: The Vedas are the foundational texts of Hinduism and Buddhism.

29) Kellen is studying for a business ethics exam and says, “I can’t believe I have to understand all of this information about world religions. I’m a business major.” What is your best response?

a) Many business and societal laws are grounded in religious teachings about morals and ethics.

b) Many businesses are owned and managed by religiously affiliated groups.

c) Though Americans are increasingly agnostic, the majority of others throughout the world are religiously affiliated.

d) Understanding philosophy and theology increases your breadth of knowledge, which is useful in business.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 29

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: A study of ethics should include religious perspectives because the principles taught in the world’s great religions laid the foundations for many of the laws and institutions in societies.

30) What is the best similarity between the Abrahamic and Vedic traditions?

a) the Six Perfections

b) the Power of Love

c) the Golden Rule

d) the rule of thumb

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 30

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Central to both the Abrahamic and Vedic traditions is the notion of right conduct toward others—the Golden Rule.

31) What best differentiates the Abrahamic and Vedic traditions?

a) the need to adhere to a moral code

b) the use of a foundational text as a source for moral action

c) the notion of positive conduct toward others

d) the hoped-for moral outcome

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 31

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: In the Abrahamic faiths, the hoped-for moral outcome is God’s approbation in this life and salvation in the next. In the Vedic traditions, the hoped-for moral outcome is freedom from suffering.

32) Leah proudly practices the oldest of the Abrahamic faith traditions. She dutifully attempts to obey God’s commandments and to live a life of justice, mercy, and humility. With which religion does Leah most likely affiliate?

a) Judaism

b) Christianity

c) Islam

d) Hinduism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 32

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Judaism is the oldest of the Abrahamic traditions and requires obedience to God and his commandments, a life of justice, mercy, and humility.

33) Marcus strives to emulate Jesus by living a life of kindness, forgiveness, and love toward all others. In doing so, he expects to receive grace. With which religion does Marcus most likely affiliate?

a) Judaism

b) Christianity

c) Islam

d) Hinduism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 33

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Christian teachings emphasize loving those who treat us harshly, forgiving others, and loving our human family. By so doing, we emulate Christ and accept his grace.

34) What is the best similarity between Judaism and Christianity in teachings on moral actions and outcomes?

a) the moral outcome of freedom from suffering

b) the desire for Jesus’s grace

c) the duty to obey God and his commandments

d) the use of the Five Precepts

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 34

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: The moral action for the Abrahamic faiths is conformance to God’s commands.

35) For Ginny, the goal of ethics is developing right conduct. To be considered a cultivated person, she must possess a disposition of proper knowledge and etiquette. With which religion does Ginny most likely affiliate?

a) Judaism

b) Christianity

c) Islam

d) Hinduism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 35

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: In Islam, Muslims must distinguish between what is halal (ethical/right) with what is haram (unethical/not right). Cultivated people have developed Adab—right conduct.

36) What is the best similarity between Islam and Christianity in teachings on moral actions and outcomes?

a) the hoped-for moral outcome of salvation in the next life

b) the desire for Jesus’s grace

c) the emphasis on unconditional love for the human family

d) the use of the Quran in establishing business ethics

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 36

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: The hoped-for moral outcome for all Abrahamic faiths is God’s approbation in this life and salvation in the next.

37) Oscar strives to live a life of dharma via his caring kindness toward others. His patience and inner peace allow him to calmly think through which of his duties is most important and act accordingly. With which religion does Oscar most likely affiliate?

a) Buddhism

b) Christianity

c) Islam

d) Hinduism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 37

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Hinduism’s moral conduct is dharma—that which strives for the benefit of all creatures.

38) Penelope’s new friend Quincy practices Hinduism and Penelope is learning as much as she can about Quincy’s beliefs. When Quincy says he tries to be friendly for the welfare of everyone, Penelope knows this means Quincy wants to live a life of

a) moska

b) dharma

c) sila

d) prajna

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 38

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Hinduism’s moral conduct is dharma—that which strives for the benefit of all creatures.

39) Regine follows the Five Precepts to ensure a rebirth that avoids suffering. To find enlightenment, she actively seeks the Six Perfections. With which religion does Regine most likely affiliate?

a) Buddhism

b) Christianity

c) Islam

d) Hinduism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 39

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: Buddhism holds that morally correct conduct is captured in the Five Precepts, adherence to which ensures rebirth that avoids a lower realm of more suffering. To find enlightenment, one must see the Six Perfections.

40) What is the best similarity between Hinduism and Buddhism?

a) the moral outcome of salvation in the next life

b) foundation in the wisdom of the ancient Indo-Aryan civilization

c) the duty to obey God and his commandments

d) the use of the Quran in establishing business ethics

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 40

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: The Vedas are the foundational texts of Hinduism and Buddhism and represent the wisdom and knowledge of the ancient Indo-Aryan civilization.

Question type: Short Answer

41) Compare and contrast the way the Abrahamic and Vedic faiths view moral actions and moral outcomes.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 41

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 5

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Explain how the world’s major religions view moral actions and outcomes.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.3 Religious Teachings of Moral Actions and Outcomes

Solution: The Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) view moral action as the conformance to God’s commands. The hoped-for moral outcome is God’s approval in this life and salvation in the next life.

In the Vedic tradition, Hinduism views moral actions as dharma or kindness toward others. The hoped-for moral outcome is moska, or freedom, liberation, or release. In Buddhism, moral action is adherence to the Five Precepts. The hoped-for moral outcome is freedom from suffering.

Question type: Multiple-Choice

42) The moral outcome sought by any philosophical system is

a) an optimal society

b) religious freedom

c) a flourishing economy

d) wisdom

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 42

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: In general, the moral outcome in any philosophical system is an optimal society, one in which people want to live and find happiness, opportunity, peace, and stability.

43) What term did Immanuel Kant use to describe a moral rule that applies to all situations without conditions?

a) eudemonia

b) categorial imperative

c) Xiao

d) deontology

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 43

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Immanuel Kant, the most famous deontologist, argued that humans should be guided by a categorical imperative, a moral rule that applies in all situations, without conditions.

44) Adam Smith was a moral philosopher and a/an

a) physician

b) architect

c) economist

d) musician

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 44

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Adam Smith is known to most people for The Wealth of Nations, his book on the power of free-market economies to increase prosperity. He was also a moral sense theorist.

45) Which philosopher believed that proper relationships exist in a reciprocal balance of two opposing interconnected forces, yin and yang?

a) Socrates

b) Lao Tzu

c) Aristotle

d) Confucius

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 45

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Confucian ethics hold that proper relationships exist in a reciprocal balance of two opposing interconnected forces, yin and yang.

46) Shweta believes that people should judge their actions as morally right or wrong based on their intentions, without regard to the impact of those actions on others. Which philosophical system does Shweta most likely embody?

a) deontology

b) utilitarianism

c) justice

d) virtue theory

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 46

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Deontologists believe that intentions provide the basis for judging whether an act is morally right or wrong. Consequences do not matter.

47) Trevon, a purchasing agent, agrees to buy 500 units of product from ABC Company. Though the agreement is not legally binding, Trevon feels obligated by his promise. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

a) moral sense theory

b) utilitarianism

c) deontology

d) justice

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 47

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Deontological thinking manifests itself in business in how people obligate themselves to each other through contracts, whether formal or informal.

48) Vincenzo thinks that morality means doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. He believes actions should be judged as right or wrong based on their consequences. Which philosophical system does Vincent most likely embody?

a) deontology

b) utilitarianism

c) moral sense theory

d) Confucian virtue theory

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 48

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Utilitarianism holds that moral correctness depends on the consequences of actions and how much utility they generate. A moral society is one that generates the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

49) Wei, CEO of a pharmaceutical company, decides to release an FDA-approved medication because it helps more people than are affected by its side effects. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

a) moral sense theory

b) Aristotelian virtue theory

c) deontology

d) utilitarianism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 49

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Utilitarian moral logic underlies business decisions about the optimal way to allocate resources.

50) Based on your reading, which conclusion can you accurately draw?

a) Utilitarianism is based on the idea of hedonism.

b) Utilitarianism opposes hedonism.

c) Deontology is the least useful philosophy for business.

d) Moral sense theory is the most useful philosophy for business.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 50

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: With utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill proposed a more sophisticated notion than the individual pleasure and pain model of Jeremy Bentham: The moral society was one that created the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

51) Xander strives to create a world that ensures fair outcomes—one where everyone has equal access to education and legal rights. Which philosophical system does Xander most likely embody?

a) Aristotelian virtue theory

b) Confucian virtue theory

c) moral sense theory

d) justice

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 51

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: John Rawls set out to create a just society, one that would ensure a set of institutions and processes designed to create fair outcomes for everyone.

52) Hiring manager Yael believes that employing a diverse workforce is both fair and beneficial to the organization. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

a) moral sense theory

b) Aristotelian virtue theory

c) justice

d) utilitarianism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 52

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: The morality of justice is important in today’s business climate because it underpins many business decisions about diversity, equality, and inclusion.

53) Zoe believes that a morally good society is driven by sympathy and concern for others. She holds steadfast to the notion that this society also can be prosperous. Which philosophical system does Zoe most likely embody?

a) Aristotelian virtue theory

b) moral sense theory

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) justice

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 53

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Adam Smith believed that a morally good society was a prosperous one, but also characterized by feelings of sympathy and compassion toward others.

54) Adonis is creating a small business that designs, manufactures, and sells eco-friendly clothing for the outdoor adventurer. He plans to donate part of his proceeds to children in need.

Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

a) moral sense theory

b) Aristotelian virtue theory

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) deontology

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 54

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: The morality of the sentimentalists helps leaders think about the business issues of philanthropy, community involvement, and sustainability.

55) Brooklyn believes that, to act morally and flourish, she must develop her personal character. Which philosophical system does Brooklyn most likely embody?

a) Aristotelian virtue theory

b) moral sense theory

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) justice

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 55

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Aristotelian virtue theory sees the goal of moral action as the development of individual moral virtue and character. As individuals develop these virtues, they begin to live a life characterized by the activity of eudemonia, or human flourishing.

56) Carlos is the CEO of a company that manufactures health and beauty aids for the consumer market. Through advertisements, public relations, and other communications, Carlos strives to create a company reputation of trustworthiness. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

a) moral sense theory

b) Aristotelian virtue theory

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) deontology

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 56

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: The concern for virtue comes into play when leaders and their companies think about building a reputation as a company of character.

57) Aristotle considered all of the following to be virtues of the “mean” EXCEPT

a) courage

b) temperance

c) humble-mindedness

d) sincerity

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 57

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: Aristotle listed twelve key moral virtues of focus. Each virtue was subject to the “doctrine of the mean.” Each virtue had a proper or appropriate level, and the lack of virtue could be found in the deficiency or excess of any of the ten virtues. Virtues of the mean included courage, temperance, sincerity, and high-mindedness.

58) Desmond believes that moral conduct should be viewed in the context of social and societal relationships. He values benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trustworthiness, and loyalty. Which philosophical system does Desmond most likely embody?

a) Aristotelian virtue theory

b) utilitarianism

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) justice

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 58

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: The pursuit of individual virtues constitutes moral action and virtuous action. Confucius saw many virtues as important, but five stood out in his teaching and have retained their importance over time: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.

59) As newly appointed CEO, Eloise restructured the company into cross-functional work teams so everyone would have a better chance of voicing concerns and offering suggestions. She believed that this design would foster company loyalty. Based only on information provided in the text, which ethical philosophy most likely underpins this example?

a) moral sense theory

b) Aristotelian virtue theory

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) deontology

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 59

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: The Confucian ethic of loyalty and reciprocal relationships can help leaders choose organizational designs and promote cultural elements that foster loyalty and commitment to the organization.

Question type: Short Answer

60) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 60

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 5

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the most well-known ethical theories in moral philosophy.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.4 Philosophical Perspectives of Moral Action and Outcome

Solution: The text discusses six major ethical perspectives in Western and Eastern philosophy, each of which differs in the nature of what constitutes a good society and what actions build it. Deontology provides simple and clear rules for judging whether an action is right or wrong, but it is rigid in its proposals. Utilitarianism allows for cost/benefit trade-offs in decision making, but in some instances, people can be treated as a means to an end. Justice’s strength is its focus on equality, which helps avoid systematic bias and deprivation, but it is weakened by the many theories of justice across cultures. Moral sense theory is guided by one’s individual moral compass, but it is hampered by its focus on emotion over reason and the various cultural roles in sentiment. Aristotelian virtue theory’s strength is its focus on personal happiness and fulfillment, but its weakness is its lack of guidance for moral action. Finally, Confucian virtue ethics provide focus on mutuality and social harmony but fail to reconcile with market outcomes and inequalities.

Question type: Multiple-Choice

61) Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg began his study of the development of moral reasoning with a group of

a) males aged 9 to 16.

b) males aged 12 to 32

c) females aged 9 to 16

d) females aged 12 to 32

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 61

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Lawrence Kohlberg studied a number of young men aged nine to sixteen, asking them to reason through a series of moral problems or dilemmas. Kohlberg followed up with them over the next twenty years.

62) Faruk is an adult man who is faced occasionally with moral dilemmas. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, Faruk likely has reached which step of moral reasoning?

a) step 3

b) step 4

c) step 5

d) step 6

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 62

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Lawrence Kohlberg found that, in general, men exhibited more advanced moral reasoning, typically reaching level four, whereas women tended to score consistent with level three.

63) Psychologist Carol Gilligan proposed that masculinity was defined through separation and femininity was defined through

a) justice

b) obligation

c) attachment

d) privilege

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 63

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: According to Carol Gilligan, masculinity is defined through separation, while femininity is defined through attachment.

64) A prominent feminist approach to ethics is also known as the ethic of

a) equality

b) superiority

c) inferiority

d) care

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 64

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Carol Gilligan’s work became a foundation for what would become known as the ethic of care, of a feminist approach to ethics.

65) According to Lawrence Kohlberg, only about one in six adults reaches

a) a punishment and obedience orientation

b) a good boy/girl morality

c) naïve hedonism

d) an emphasis on individual rights

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 65

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Lawrence Kohlberg found that most adolescents and adults engage in conventional moral reasoning, and fewer than one in six adults moves on to the highest stage, post-conventional reasoning (e.g., an emphasis on individual rights).

66) Gwen is five years old. She believes that taking a toy away from another child is bad because when she does so, she is scolded. Gwen is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

a) punishment and obedience orientation

b) good boy/girl morality

c) naïve hedonism

d) emphasis on individual rights

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 66

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Children under age seven tend to use preconventional reasoning, such as obeying rules to avoid punishments.

67) Hunter is in high school. He endeavors to be honest at all times because he wants his classmates and teachers to approve of him. Hunter is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

a) punishment and obedience orientation

b) good boy/girl morality

c) naïve hedonism

d) individual principles of conscience

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 67

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Most adolescents engage in preconventional moral reasoning, like conforming to avoid disapproval or dislike by others.

68) Ivy is the rare adult with her own set of moral guidelines. She does not let what others think affect her moral outlook. Ivy is at which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

a) punishment and obedience orientation

b) good boy/girl morality

c) naïve hedonism

d) individual principles of conscience

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 68

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Fewer than one in six adults reaches postconventional reasoning and relies on their individual principles of conscience.

69) What best differentiates Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development from that of Carol Gilligan?

a) the notion that moral advancement depends on how one was socialized

b) the idea that moral development happens in stages

c) the importance of justice on morality

d) the understanding of what constitutes a moral person

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 69

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: As one ascended through Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages, he or she became less reliant on what others thought and was willing to stand alone in making moral choices. According to Carol Gilligan, this did not represent moral advancement but rather the different ways men and women were raised.

70) Which of the following accurately describes the results of Carol Gilligan’s research?

a) Women exhibited more advanced moral reasoning.

b) Men exhibited more advanced moral reasoning.

c) When making decisions, women tended to prioritize empathy over logic.

d) When making decisions, women tended to prioritize rewards over approval.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 70

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Carol Gilligan’s work showed that women weren’t morally inferior to men; they made moral decisions according to a different standard, one of care and concern for others.

71) You arrive at a flooded area where four people are drowning. You can only save one person and have to choose between your sibling, a doctor, a scientist, and a bartender. If you act strictly based on the ethic of care perspective, which person will you save?

a) sibling

b) doctor

c) scientist

d) bartender

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 71

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: According to the feminist perspective, people who were defined through attachment will make moral decisions based on relationships.

72) All of the following are similar to the ethic of care EXCEPT

a) philosophy of justice

b) deontology

c) Confucian virtue theory

d) utilitarianism

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 72

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: The ethic of care shares many similarities with John Rawls’s views on justice, the deontological perspective’s focus on protecting our basic, inalienable rights, and the Confucian ethical system’s views on virtue and a strong social order.

73) What is the best similarity between the ethic of care and the justice perspective?

a) the notion that everyone has inalienable rights

b) that moral outcomes involve equal opportunity

c) the idea that morally right actions involve heartfelt communications

d) the promotion of a strong social order

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 73

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 1

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: The moral outcome of a good society in the ethic of care mirrors the one of John Rawls’s justice perspective. It is a world of equal opportunity filled with people who care about and promote the achievement, belonging, and happiness of others.

74) You already know that many have criticized Lawrence Kohlberg’s exclusion of women in his study. Your professor tells you that many critics have found flaws in the studies of Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan and asks you to name one. Based on your reading, which is your best response?

a) The dilemmas facing the participants were all hypothetical. People might have reacted differently if the situations were real.

b) The demographics of the participants were too diverse. Different groups may react differently depending on their socialization.

c) The participants were studied for a moment in time. Moral reasoning likely changes over a period of decades.

d) The study did not consider the behavioral effects of both nature and nurture on participants.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 74

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Min: 2

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Both Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan presented participants with hypothetical situations and asked them to decide what was morally good and what should be the morally right action.

Question type: Short Answer

75) Describe the differing views of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan on the development of moral reasoning.

Title: Chapter 2 Test Bank, Question 75

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Min: 5

AACSB: Ethics

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Critique the scientific theories of how people develop the capacity for moral reasoning.

Section Reference: Sec: 2.5 Scientific Perspectives of the Morally Good and Right

Solution: Lawrence Kohlberg framed his work around the question of how people make moral judgments, and whether those judgments changed as they grew older. He studied a group of men in Chicago for twenty years, finding that men exhibited advanced moral reasoning. Carol Gilligan believed that men did not have superior reasoning, but that women reasoned from a different position, one of care and concern for others.

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