Test Bank Docx Race, Ethnicity, And Class Chapter 9 3e

Chapter 9 Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following groups were historically considered nonwhite racial groups in the United States?
2. Jews, Italians, and Finns
3. Brazilians, New Zealanders, and Jews
4. Irish, Argentinians, and Canadians
5. Icelanders, Madagascans, and Germans
6. The “natural” order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
7. biology.
8. truth.
9. social institutions.
10. historical facts.
11. The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things—by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is
12. stereotyping.
13. hegemony.
14. structural violence.
15. the naturalization of race.
16. Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
17. Politicians
18. Scientists
19. Clergy
20. Artists
21. All biological approaches to race are problematic because
22. they accurately describe an actual individual or characterize whole groups of people.
23. the sampling is too broad and focuses only on invisible traits.
24. one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character.
25. they do not take into account variation in nail growth variation.
26. Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
27. racism.
28. prejudice.
29. discrimination.
30. violence.
31. The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
32. racism.
33. ethnocentrism.
34. prejudice.
35. racialization.
36. In Latin America, “blackness” and “whiteness” are based on
37. skin color.
38. eye color.
39. social behaviors.
40. genetic markers.
41. What is an important factor in making race real?
42. Genetic markers
43. Physical traits
44. Geography
45. Racism
46. What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
47. Class
48. Race
49. Ethnicity
50. Clinical grouping
51. A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
52. discrimination.
53. prejudice.
54. racism.
55. stereotyping.
56. When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
57. prejudice.
58. discrimination.
59. class.
60. equality.
61. Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
62. To justify African slavery
63. To get elected to local government
64. To follow religious doctrine
65. To illustrate the intersectional nature of identity
66. The “one drop rule” enlarged the slave population by
67. making skin color the chief marker of status and difference.
68. including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population.
69. separating the poor European farmers and the poor African farmers.
70. linking blood type with racial difference.
71. What is the one flaw in all typologies of race?
72. They do not account for migration with the rise of industrialization.
73. They are based on old data.
74. They do not account for ethnicity and social stratification.
75. They all assume that there is a shared biological trait or gene unique to a race.
76. A good example of disguised discrimination is when
77. the police do racial profiling.
78. a teacher divides her or his class into brown eye and blue eye groups.
79. formal laws prevent certain social groups from being full citizens.
80. shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores.
81. Censuses interest anthropologists because they
82. reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people.
83. are stable over time.
84. indicate the permanence of social categories.
85. specialize in quantitative data collection and analysis.
86. A key difference between caste and social class is
87. class divides people in terms of biological relatedness, caste in terms of social relatedness.
88. class divides people in terms of moral purity, caste in socioeconomic terms.
89. caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms.
90. irrelevant, there are no differences between caste and social class.
91. The most important thing about “the invisible knapsack” idea is that
92. pretty much everybody wears one.
93. these privileges exist whether or not the person carries racial supremacist ideas.
94. most whites have learned to resist it.
95. it is an illustration of explicit discrimination.
96. Which of the following is not a way that race affects biology?
97. Access to nutritious food
98. Adequate healthcare
99. Exposure to specific diseases
100. Genetic predisposition for obesity
101. Which of the following is an example of disguised discrimination
102. limited access to interpreters at a polling place.
103. Jim Crow laws.
104. anonymous white nationalist message boards.
105. “redlining” in housing deeds, which barred certain groups from purchasing homes.
106. What is not true of prejudice?
107. It is acquired through enculturation.
108. It can be based on a number of markers, as people have many identities.
109. It is ubiquitous in socially stratified societies.
110. It cannot be unlearned.
111. Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because
112. it illustrates clearly how different racial groups have different biology.
113. it illustrates how government agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fight racism.
114. it shows how social classifications like ethnicity are normalized.
115. it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based.
116. Which of the following is not true about ethnicity?
117. It can serve powerful interests.
118. It is dynamic.
119. Anthropologists agree on the theory to explain it.
120. It tends to organize people in terms of common descent.
121. Which of the following is a biological consequence of racism?
122. Shorter life expectancies among African Americans
123. The rise of distinct forms of cancer among Latina/Latinos
124. Genetic coding that make only specific drugs useful for fighting heart disease among African Americans
125. Unequal distribution of wealth among racial groups in the United States
126. Does race have biological consequences?
127. No, because of primordialism.
128. No, because of naturalization.
129. Yes, because of racialization.
130. Yes, because of racism.
131. A good illustration of the naturalization of race is
132. people from a particular racial group projecting their ideas of scenic beauty onto a landscape.
133. the natural occurrence of differences in skin color between populations.
134. the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans.
135. the integration of intersectionality ideologies on the census.
136. An anthropologist who uses instrumentalist theories of ethnicity would explain the rise of “Latino” food distributor Goya as
137. a response to the demands Latin American immigrants have for tastes from home.
138. a reflection of the heterogeneity of Latino groups.
139. the creation of a special market segment by a food company to enhance its profitability.
140. an effort by a large company to welcome people to the United States.
141. An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?
142. Racial profiling of blacks by a security officer
143. A situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there
144. The social forces which create a homogenous ethnic identity
145. The path that US presidents pursue to earn the votes necessary for a successful election
146. An anthropologist approaching a project from an intersectional perspective would be most interested in which of the following?
147. The intersection of racism and discrimination in medical practice
148. The many cultural factors that influence whiteness, such as religious affiliation
149. The homogenization of many different nationalities into a single ethnic group, such as Latina/o
150. The interplay of gender, race, and sexuality intersect in a black queer women’s group’s fight for recognition at a political rally
151. If you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on
152. new ideas emerging about the moral purity and pollution of black people.
153. new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness.
154. the creation of new products for Latinos by companies like Goya foods.
155. the ways whites use their unearned privileges.
156. What is one reason that explains how class and race are often combined in the American imagination?
157. Several generations ago, class differences were considered a biological phenomenon.
158. There were no people of color among the original settlers in the United States.
159. Racial typologies often included economic earning potential in their classifications.
160. Major corporations tend to only market their luxury products to white people.
161. Most “Latino/as” think of their social position based on their
162. national origin.
163. race.
164. language.
165. class.
166. Which of the following is not a consequence of class?
167. education
168. occupation
169. intelligence
170. social standing
171. The English colonial authority developed the Penal Codes to deny the fundamental rights of
172. Finns.
173. Africans.
174. Jews.
175. Irish.
176. An example of disguised discrimination is when
177. security guards follow black customers through stores.
178. the Ku Klux Klan burns crosses on people's lawns.
179. racial slurs are yelled at people in public.
180. people are hazed in locker rooms because of their race.
181. To justify African slavery, English colonialists portrayed Africans as
182. criminally insane.
183. poor workers.
184. biologically inferior.
185. powerful leaders.
186. What effect has capitalism had on social stratification in non-Western societies?
187. It has revealed many forms of disguised discrimination.
188. It has created an equal marketplace for all people.
189. It has increased class stratification dramatically.
190. It has eliminated caste-based discrimination.
191. In Latin America, social behaviors are what distinguishes
192. class.
193. symbolic purity.
194. “blackness” and “whiteness.”
195. caste.
196. Instrumentalism is a(n)
197. alternative theory of ethnicity that asserts ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable.
198. alternative theory of ethnicity that asserts ethnic groups are naturally occurring and stable.
199. theory that posits the role of discrimination among ethnic groups.
200. theory that claims ethnicity is inherited.

True/False

1. There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other “racial” traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.
2. True
3. False
4. Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
5. True
6. False
7. The Irish and a few other groups became white during the past century, but the phenomenon of groups becoming white appears to have stabilized.
8. True
9. False
10. Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
11. True
12. False
13. In Latin America, the concept of race does not exist in many indigenous societies.
14. True
15. False
16. For antidiscrimination activists and educators, it is usually enough to simply demonstrate the existence of prejudice and discrimination.
17. True
18. False
19. The spread of capitalism has had little effect on class stratification in non-Western societies.
20. True
21. False
22. Racialization has identified different markers of racial identity in Latin America than in the United States.
23. True
24. False
25. Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
26. True
27. False
28. National identity is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences.
    1. True
    2. False
29. Clinal variation means that change is gradual across groups and that traits shade and blend into each other.
    1. True
    2. False
30. Racism is the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality.
    1. True
    2. False
31. Caste refers to a system of political organization that results in the classification of people into unequal groupings.
    1. True
    2. False
32. After the US Civil War, the biologizing of race became extreme and people were defined as black if they had a single African ancestor, which came to be known as the “one-drop rule.”
    1. True
    2. False
33. Racism is the circumstantial interplay of race, class, gender, and sexuality, and other identity markers in the expression of prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory action.
    1. True
    2. False

Short Answer

1. What special insights do you think an anthropologist who studies racial relations in Latin America would have about US race relations?
2. How did the US census play a role in the rise of Latino/a ethnic identity?
3. What are the primary strengths of viewing racial and ethnic identities as naturalized? Give an example of a project in which you might use it.
4. If you were an antiracism educator in an elementary school in the United States, what role do you think anthropological insights about prejudice and discrimination should play in your work?
5. Is instrumentalism, the theory about how ethnic identities are formed, applicable to explaining the formation of groups and identities based on socioeconomic class? Explain your answer.
6. How would you apply the insights about biological variability in human populations described in the textbook in a public service announcement promoting racial equality?
7. What does it mean that race does and does not exist?
8. How did Africans become “black” and Europeans become “white”?
9. How does racialization occur?
10. How do market forces shape ethnicity?

Short Answer Key

1. What special insights do you think an anthropologist who studies racial relations in Latin America would have about US race relations?
   1. How Is Race Culturally Constructed?
   2. Another powerful demonstration of racialization comes from cross-cultural research in Latin America. In Latin America, the concept of “race” does not exist in many indigenous societies, but it is well established in societies shaped by ­European colonial expansion. Yet the distinct history of European conquest and state-building in Latin America has led to the results of racialization in this region being different from those in the United States.
   3. Like the English in North America, the Spanish and Portuguese who colonized Latin America controlled African and Indian slaves by defining them as racially inferior and passing laws to control their rights and mobility (Wade 1997). But, unlike the English, they did not place such restrictions on sexual contact between Europeans and these other groups, leading to populations with many shades of skin color. As in the United States, “Blackness” symbolizes an inferior and savage condition, while “Whiteness” is considered civilized and superior. But these conditions are not firmly attached to skin color or other biological traits; they are linked to social behavior, attitude, and social class. “Blacks” may be people of many different shades of skin color, but they are poor and behave in “unrefined” ways, while “Whites” act in a refined and courteous manner (Figure 9.3). “Black” people are still disadvantaged, but it is more obviously for “cultural” rather than “biological” reasons.
2. How did the US census play a role in the rise of Latino/a ethnic identity?
   1. How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized?
   2. At the same time, however, powerful social forces are driving the construction of a homogeneous ethnic identity out of this diversity. One of these forces is the federal government, which beginning in 1980 included a category for “Hispanic” in the census (“Latino” was added in the 2000 Census), as a way of measuring the quantity of immigrants from Latin America. The federal government was also under pressure from ­Mexican-American and Puerto Rican civil rights groups, who were beginning to demand political recognition in U.S. society and inclusion in the census (Fox 1997). Government funding began flowing to people in the category, new legislation was developed to address them, and newly labeled politicians emerged with ambitions to gain power for themselves and their new constituencies. Market forces have also helped shape the category. For example, new media have emerged targeting that audience, including radio and television stations, such as Univision, that emphasize a common identity. In addition, new consumer products divorced from any single national origin have been created to appeal to a homogeneous group of Latinos (Dávila 2001) (Figure 9.4).
3. What are the primary strengths of viewing racial and ethnic identities as naturalized? Give an example of a project in which you might use it.
   1. How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized?
   2. All social hierarchies are rooted in and justified by the notion that social differences are part of the natural order of things rather than arbitrary cultural categories. Yet social hierarchies can be justified and upheld in different ways (Guimarães 1999). While racial ideologies tend to focus on aspects of physical appearance, other systems of classification divide people into groups based on economic status or occupation, behavioral characteristics, common descent, or symbolic purity. What they have in common with racial ideologies is that these divisions are perceived as inevitable and fixed even while in reality they might be quite dynamic.
4. If you were an antiracism educator in an elementary school in the United States, what role do you think anthropological insights about prejudice and discrimination should play in your work?
   1. Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable?
   2. There is nothing in human nature or biology that makes us treat people who are different from us as superior or inferior. Prejudice and discrimination are cultural processes, which is to say, they may feel natural and inevitable, but they are profoundly artificial constructions. Having said that, however, prejudice and discrimination are ubiquitous elements of socially stratified societies, a theme we explore in this next section.
5. Is instrumentalism, the theory about how ethnic identities are formed, applicable to explaining the formation of groups and identities based on socioeconomic class? Explain your answer.
   1. How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized?
   2. By invoking their common descent, ethnic groups establish a distinctive identity and, more important, establish their differences from other groups as part of the natural order of things. Despite an appearance of naturalness, however, ethnic groups do not form for genetic reasons. Some members of ethnic groups may eventually come to justify their identities in biological terms, but they are created for political, economic, and cultural reasons. This argument forms the basis of a theory of ethnicity called instrumentalism, which asserts that ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable but highly dynamic groups created to serve the interests of one powerful group or another (van den Berghe 1999).
6. How would you apply the insights about biological variability in human populations described in the textbook in a public service announcement promoting racial equality?
   1. Is Race Biological?
   2. Since the eighteenth century, European and American scientists have played a key role in the naturalization of race—that is, the social processes that make race part of the natural order of things—by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences. All of these typologies share the same basic flaw: there is no single biological trait or gene unique to any group of people, much less to any group that has been designated a “race.” This point is such an important one for anthropologists that we need to examine it in greater detail.
7. What does it mean that race does and does not exist?
   1. Is Race Biological?
   2. For several centuries, European and American scientists have sought to naturalize race—that is, to categorize humans into racial groups and explain why nature organizes people into those groups. But many anthropologists have long argued that these efforts are scientifically futile. Why? For one, they recognize that racial markers, such as skin tone or facial features, are arbitrary and variable. In the human species, biological traits and genetic features never vary in neatly defined ways, much less in ways that correspond to the “racial” categories Americans are used to recognizing. Because of historical movement and genetic intermingling, human biological variations occur in a “clinal” fashion, which means that change is gradual across groups and that traits shade and blend into each other (Marks 1995). As a result, something like skin tone can be highly variable within any human population, and there are no clear lines between actual skin tones (Figure 9.1).
   3. Thanks to recent research in genetics, we also know that there is no single gene that codes race or is unique to any group of people conventionally thought of as a race (Long 2003). Moreover, genetically speaking, humans are a homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them (Long 2003). In other words, the aggregate sum of variations between the people whose origins lie in Africa is greater than the differences between that group as a whole and all Europeans, Asians, or any other commonly designated “racial” group. But these facts do not imply that race does not have biological consequences, because it does.
8. How did Africans become “black” and Europeans become “white”?
   1. How Is Race Culturally Constructed?
   2. After the English settled Jamestown in 1607, settlers began to raise tobacco as a cash crop. Labor shortages were a problem, so they began to bring indentured servants from England. They also began to rely on African labor. In 1619, for example, a group of African slaves held on a Portuguese ship were captured by an English ship and brought to Virginia colony as slaves to work. Some English-speaking ­Africans living in England also began to arrive in the colony as indentured servants (Parent 2003; Smedley 2007a, 2007b). These Africans were able to work off their debts and gain freedom from slavery. Some of the men even became prosperous traders and plantation owners and gained rights to vote and serve in the Virginia Assembly, just like any other man with property. Marriages between Africans and non-Africans were not uncommon. Africans were respected because of their success at growing food in tropical conditions, their discipline and intelligence, and their ability to work cooperatively in groups (Morgan 1975; Smedley 2007a; Walsh 2013).
   3. By the mid-1600s, the British began to rely more heavily on enslaved Africans to meet their labor needs and began to impose some restrictions on those slaves, among them restricted access to weapons and the practice of enslaving the children of slaves (Walsh 2013). At the same time, the Virginia colony was entering a period of crisis over land (Smedley 2007a). A few powerful men had taken most of the fertile land, and poor freedmen had difficulty finding any for themselves. Unhappy with their lot, in 1676, thousands of poor freedmen and indentured servants rebelled, in what is known as Bacon’s Rebellion. Most were Europeans, but among them were several hundred of African origin. To prevent future unrest, the leaders began passing new laws aimed at gaining more control over laborers. A number of these laws separated out free Africans and their descendants, restricting their rights and mobility, including the ability to vote, own property, and marry Europeans (Parent 2003; Smedley 2007a). These laws took away basic rights that free African settlers had previously held. Within a few years, the colony’s labor system was based completely on enslaved African labor, upheld by tight legal restrictions and physical controls over all Africans.
   4. English colonial leaders also promoted a shift in thinking about Africans and their descendants. They began portraying Africans as uncivilized heathens, intellectually incapable of civilization. Such arguments justified African enslavement. They also began to homogenize all Europeans, regardless of ethnicity, class, or social status. In early public records, the word “Christian” commonly appeared next to the names of Europeans, but later it was replaced by “White.” Poor White people received land as a way to encourage their identification with the colony’s elites, preventing them from siding with Africans. By the end of the seventeenth century, the terms “Black” and “White” came to symbolize the differences between the two groups, and the use of this racialized language helped to uphold the artificial lines of difference. Skin color became the chief way of marking status and difference.
9. How does racialization occur?
   1. How Is Race Culturally Constructed?
   2. Like all cultural “realities,” the notions that Americans have about race are based on processes that naturalize certain meanings and actions as normal and even necessary. The development of a particular social order nearly always reflects and upholds this confounding of the culturally constructed and the natural. But these “races” are never self-evident; they are created (Gregory and Sanjek 1994). Scholars refer to the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings as racialization (Omi and Winant 1996). Racialization always occurs under a particular set of cultural and historical circumstances, and different societies racialize groups differently, as the next two sections show.
10. How do market forces shape ethnicity?
    1. How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized?
    2. At the same time, however, powerful social forces are driving the construction of a homogeneous ethnic identity out of this diversity. One of these forces is the federal government, which beginning in 1980 included a category for “Hispanic” in the census (“Latino” was added in the 2000 Census), as a way of measuring the quantity of immigrants from Latin America. The federal government was also under pressure from ­Mexican-American and Puerto Rican civil rights groups, who were beginning to demand political recognition in U.S. society and inclusion in the census (Fox 1997). Government funding began flowing to people in the category, new legislation was developed to address them, and newly labeled politicians emerged with ambitions to gain power for themselves and their new constituencies. Market forces have also helped shape the category. For example, new media have emerged targeting that audience, including radio and television stations, such as Univision, that emphasize a common identity. In addition, new consumer products divorced from any single national origin have been created to appeal to a homogeneous group of Latinos (Dávila 2001) (Figure 9.4).