Test Bank Docx Power and Privilege Chapter 2 1st Edition

Chapter 2: Power and Privilege

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

2.1 Not Just a Woman

2.1a. Identify the varied social characteristics of women and explain how they influence the individual woman’s experience.

2.1b. Identify mechanisms by which people with a dominant status maintain their power.

2.1c. Analyze why it is difficult to notice one’s own privilege.

2.1d. Explain what it means to “check your privilege.” 

2.2 Stereotypes, Power, and Subordination

2.2a. Identify the common gender stereotypes and explain how they vary based on women’s other social characteristics.

2.2b. List the specific ways in which gender stereotypes can be impacted by racism.

2.2c. Explain how stereotypes can shape behavior.

2.3 Sexism 

2.3a. Identify the specific types of discrimination that women commonly experience.

2.3b. Describe the two types of sexism (hostile and benevolent) and explain how they work together to maintain gender hierarchies.

2.4 Language as a Source of Power

2.4a. Explain how language is used to maintain gender hierarchies.

2.4b. Describe how talking styles, speech use, and interrupting reflect power differentials.

2.4c. Explain how people use body language to demonstrate their social status.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Social identity refers to

2. Sophie Cruz was the youngest person to address the audience gathered in Washington D.C. for the Women’s March in January 2017; her message to the audience was about immigration reform. According to the text, why is immigration reform considered a feminist issue?

3. When a person says her social identity is her sense of self, what does she mean?

4. According to research on intersectionality, which of the following is an example of how one dimension of identity affects another?

5. According to the ADDRESSING model of social identity, which of the following women is more likely to experience more power in the United States today?

6. Davenport (2016) examined whether socioeconomic status, religion, and gender would determine how three biracial subgroups of women and men (Latinx-White, Asian-White, and Black-White) would define their racial identity. The results indicated that socioeconomic status and religion predicted whether participants identified as White or as a racial minority. Davenport concluded that how people racially identify may be affected by other social categories (e.g., class, religion, gender). This is an example of

7. According to the text, the matrix of domination involves an overarching system of stratification in which each system of bias interconnects. In other words,

8. Social identity refers to _________________, whereas social stratification considers _____.

9. Air France, Six Flags, and FedEx created policies banning people of color from wearing their hair natural or in dreadlocks to work. This policy mostly affected African American women, who filed lawsuits against the companies for privileging hairstyles worn by White women. The assumption that White women are examples of normative standards of professional dress is an example of

10. Which of the following refers to things of value that, in an ideal world, should be provided to everyone, but aren’t?

11. If privilege is about unearned entitlements, then

12. Which of the following is an example of the term “check your privilege”?

13. Which of the following is an example of scapegoating?

14. Privilege is a term that describes ___________, and an example of privilege is ___________.

15. Conferred dominance is when ______________, whereas legitimizing myths _______________.

16. Sexism is a bias based on the belief that men are superior to women, and it is

17. When a person assumes all members of a group can be described and generalized by the same characteristics, she is relying on a

18. Although more recent research on observations of behavior suggests that women and men are equally agentic and assertive, research assessing attitudes finds that agentic and communal traits are

19. Sarah recently gave birth to fraternal twins. When asked about their personalities, she described her daughter as friendly and emotionally expressive, and her son as assertive and competitive. These descriptions are

20. Ghavami and Peplau (2013) asked American undergraduate students to list attributes of different groups of people based on race/ethnicity and gender, and then by race/gender pairings. The researchers found that within group descriptions differed by race/gender compared to descriptions based solely on one social identity (race or gender). Which of the following is an example of these findings?

21. The stereotype of the strong Black woman (SBW) is best described by which of the following traits?

22. The Broadway musical Miss Saigon is based on the Vietnam war and features a lead Asian female character, Kim, who is depicted as passive and a victim. This is an example of which of the following?

23. Mei is a Chinese American woman who people assume is shy and submissive, but also intelligent and working in a STEM field. In reality, Mei is an outgoing, assertive woman who is a public relations executive. She finds that people are often surprised by her personality and her line of work. These assumptions about Mei are examples of

24. Imagine you are a psychologist who is interested in examining how undergraduates view various groups of women. Which of the following women is most likely to be depicted as promiscuous or hypersexual?

25. Although all groups of women are objectified in the media, being a member of the __________ group means sexualized images carry ______________ weight because there are various other representations of that group.

26. Dr. Ruiz knows she is recognized as one of the best professors at her university and takes great pride in the quality of feedback she provides students. She also has a policy of not answering students’ emails over the weekend and sets boundaries for when students can meet with her, so that she can attend to her health issues. Although she knows she provides excellent instruction to her students, she still feels guilty about not being available for her students 24/7. This is an example of

27. Dr. Jackson recently taught a course on the psychology of women where half the class was women who identified as feminists, and the other half comprised of male college athletes. She expected lively debates, but instead found both groups to be reserved throughout each class meeting; the women deferred to the men during discussions, while the men complimented the women on their expertise about gender. After interviewing the students, she learned that the women were worried about being seen as too feminist, whereas the men were worried they’d be perceived as sexist. The students’ ____________ of the other group influenced their _______________ in the classroom, making discussions less authentic because they were all doing gender.

28. Dr. Leal is a Latina professor who is recognized as one of the best at her university. She provides extensive feedback on students’ work, and spends hours preparing for each class. She also has a policy of not answering students’ emails over the weekend and sets boundaries for when students can meet with her. Although her students do well in her class and go on to excel in subsequent college courses, her evaluations tend to be lower than her White male colleagues who spend less time with students. This is an example of

29. If sexism no longer exists, then women who violate gender norms should not experience which of the following?

30. When a person holds a negative attitude toward someone because of their actual or perceived membership in a social group, this is known as

31. Unfair treatment of someone from a less powerful social group is referred to as

32. Which of the following forms of gender bias is difficult to document because it is communicated or enacted in a subtle or indirect way?

33. Which of the following is an example of how implicit bias can affect perceptions and/or behaviors?

34. Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between explicit and implicit bias?

35. Why is denial of discrimination a problem?

36. Which of the following is an example of denial of personal discrimination?

37. Alexandra is Chicana, and is often asked, “Where are you from?” When she replies “Los Angeles,” the rebuttal is often, “No, I mean where you really are from,” implying she couldn’t possibly have been born in America. This is an example of a

38. Dalia’s male supervisor identifies as a feminist and is highly supportive of his daughter who is pursuing a PhD in physics. He explicitly denounces any form of discrimination and often forwards interesting articles about addressing sexism in the workplace. At the same time, he assures Dalia that the more complicated assignments are given to her male counterparts to protect her from experiencing too much stress at work. This would be considered a form of

39. Tyra is a Black woman who was recently told by a White man at a club to “shake her booty.” She wanted to tell him he was out of line, but she was also worried she would be reprimanded by others for acting like an “angry Black woman.” This is an example of

40. ______________ sexism consists of negative beliefs about women, whereas ______________ sexism seems positive on the surface.

41. Scott adores his mother who was a stay-at-home mother and was married to his father for 50 years. He places her on a pedestal, often telling others that she is the family’s moral compass. Scott also contributes money to organizations which lobby against reproductive justice, and believes mothers who work are selfish. Scott’s attitudes toward women is an example of _____ sexism.

42. Out of 10 law firm partners, Vicki is the only female partner. Colleagues often gossip about how she earned her position, with some assuming she “slept her way to top.” This is an example of _____ sexism.

43. Benevolent sexism is ________ viewed as sexist, even though research demonstrates that there are ______________ outcomes for women who experience it.

44. If the belief that women should be cherished and protected resulted in positive outcomes for women, researchers would not find positive correlations between _____ sexism and __________.

45. Paternalistic chivalry refers to the idea that women should be _________________, but only if they _________________.

46. Referring to all police officers as “policemen” is an example of

47. Alternatives to cisgender binary use of pronouns include they, ze, and xe, which are examples of

48. A two-word expression in which the word order is fixed, such as “pros and cons,” is known as a(n)

49. Terms like lawyer, doctor, or professor are assumed to be male and are an example of

50. Language that aims to use more inclusive gender terms and seeks to reduce stereotypes is known as

51. Women who use their surname in professional settings but their spouse’s name in personal settings are considered to be which of the following?

52. Research demonstrates that women who deviate from traditional gender-typical behaviors are often referred to as animal-related terms (e.g., “bitch”). This is an example of

53. In a committee meeting on how to best serve Latinx students at their university, Dr. Gutierrez suggested a training she’d attended on best practices, but her colleagues failed to acknowledge her suggestion and kept brainstorming. Fifteen minutes later, Dr. Smith suggested the same workshop, which prompted the committee to agree to attend the workshop. Ignoring the female professor and believing the male professor is an example of which of the following?

54. As she led a meeting at work, Erika often checked in with new colleagues by asking, “Is it okay to move onto the next topic?” and for their approval about certain topics such as, “The luncheons we have on Fridays are an informal way to get to know each other and conduct business, right?” Some research demonstrates that women use these speech patterns to increase connection between themselves and others. Erica’s speech pattern is an example of

55. Trisha has been working at the same company for five years and has never gotten a raise in pay. She receives conflicting advice for how she should ask for an increase in her pay; some of her mentors say she should be direct and ask exactly for how much she wants, while others suggest she should ask nicely if there is room in the budget for a raise. She’s worried that the first strategy may be perceived as entitled and aggressive, whereas the second strategy may be easily dismissed. This is an example of

56. In a committee meeting on how to best serve Latinx students at their university, Dr. Gutierrez suggested a training she’d attended on best practices for recruiting, retaining, and graduating Latinx students. Fifteen minutes later, Dr. Patel shared he had reviewed websites of other universities who had large Latinx student populations and felt the website practices could be easily replicated. According to research, who would be viewed as more competent for deciding how to serve their Latinx students?

57. Imagine you are attending a hearing held in Washington, DC. You pay close attention to the lively discussion about reproductive justice and notice the U.S. Supreme Court justices often interrupt each other during their debate. Based on documented research, who is more likely to interrupt whom?

58. People of high status are more likely to show non-verbal cues of __________________ (e.g., texting during a meeting), and less likely to show non-verbal cues of ________________ (e.g., nodding).

59. Women tend to smile more than men. Women are also often told to smile when they seem sullen or angry. This indicates women’s _______status and men’s ___________status, with women feeling obligated to smile, and men feeling entitled to tell women to smile.

60. If manspreading, a sitting style characterized by spreading the legs wide into a V-shaped slouch, did not indicate higher male status, then

1. Define social identity and explain why it is important for understanding ourselves. List at least three social groups with which a person might identify.

2. Define the matrix of domination and provide at least three examples of oppressive systems. Based on this concept, explain why it is impossible to address only one oppressive system at a time. Then, explain how the three systems are connected.

3. Explain the role of legitimizing myths in maintaining systems of oppression.

4. Explain why examining women’s experiences through only a gender lens is insufficient for understanding the lives of all women. In other words, explain why it is important to take an intersectional perspective when studying the psychology of women and gender. Provide an example of how two women with the same race but different sexual orientations may have different lived experiences and/or have experienced different forms of bias.

5. Explain how racialized sexist stereotypes are different from gender stereotypes. Provide one example of each.

6. Define the backlash effect and provide one example of when a woman might experience it.

7. Define denial of personal discrimination and explain why a woman might deny personal discrimination. How does this contribute to the status quo?

8. Define selective incivility and provide one example.

9. Describe the theory of communicator status and explain why it is problematic for gender relations. Provide one example of when this may happen.

10. Define gender-fair language and explain why it is important. Provide an example of such language.