Test Bank Docx Nutrition During Adulthood Chapter.16

Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition, 11e (Smith)

Chapter 16 Nutrition During Adulthood

1) Some researchers believe that damage to cells by free radicals may contribute to the aging process. Which of the following nutrients serves as an antioxidant that protects cells from these compounds?

A) Magnesium

B) Vitamin B-12

C) Vitamin E

D) Vitamin K

2) The maximum number of years a human can live is called

A) life morbidity.

B) life span.

C) life cycle staging.

D) life expectancy.

3) The ________ dietary pattern features an abundant intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds.

A) Mediterranean

B) Western

C) Atkins

D) Ketogenic

4) Life span refers to

A) the maximum number of years that humans live.  

B) the average length of life for a cohort of people born in a specific year.

C) the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease.

D) the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes.

5) Life expectancy refers to

A) the maximum number of years humans live.  

B) the average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year.

C) the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease.

D) the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes.

6) The dietary manipulation that is most significantly related to longevity in animal studies is  

A) protein restriction.

B) low fat intake.

C) calorie restriction.

D) high carbohydrate intake.

7) After age ________ or so, the total calorie needs of physically inactive adults fall steadily throughout adulthood.

A) 20

B) 30

C) 50

D) 70

8) Which of the following is true about aging?

A) Aging is a disease.

B) Mathematical models have been designed that are very predictive of the aging process.

C) The rate of aging is based on genetics and no amount of modifiable lifestyle behaviors can alter it.

D) Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

9) Which of the following is a hypothesis on the causes of aging?

A) Copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death.

B) Concentrations of many hormones, such as testosterone in men and estrogen in women, increase with aging.

C) The immune system is more able to recognize and counteract foreign substances that enter the body.

D) Connective tissue becomes more flexible.

10) The process of aging is most likely the result of

A) slow cell death.

B) acute death of an organ.

C) complete death of the immune system.

D) rapid cell multiplication.

11) Throughout the aging process, optimal functioning of body organs decreases, but it may be years before organ decline is noticeable. This phenomena is referred to as

A) compression of morbidity.

B) homeostasis.

C) reserve capacity.

D) organ repression.

12) Striving to live the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of ill years is referred to as

A) reserve capacity.

B) compression of morbidity.

C) maintaining homeostasis.

D) usual aging.

13) A genetic tendency toward efficient use of energy that results in below-average energy requirements and increased storage of calories as fat is called

A) thrifty metabolism.

B) energy reserve.

C) homeostasis.

D) thrifty reserve.

14) Home-delivered meal kits are gaining in popularity. What is a key benefit of these kits for consumers? 

A) They are attractive for busy consumers with little time or novice cooking skills. 

B) They require advanced cooking skills so budding chefs can enjoy these meals at home.

C) The companies pick up the food waste on their next delivery visit and share fresh compost with customers.

D) Overall, they are lower in cost than purchasing the same food at a local grocery market. 

15) Life expectancy in North America is about ________ years for men and ________ for women.

A) 78; 71

B) 75; 75

C) 78; 80

D) 76; 81

16) Among the older population, the fastest growing age group is 

A) 60 to 65.

B) 65 to 75.

C) 75 to 80.

D) 85 and older.

17) Which of the following is not a component of the Mediterranean diet?  

A) Abstinence from alcohol

B) Plentiful intake of fruits and vegetables

C) Olive oil

D) Frequent consumption of fish

18) The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans provide guidelines specifically for older adults. Which of the following is not one of these guidelines?

A) All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 75 minutes per week, or an equivalent combination of the two.

B) To maintain lean tissue and basal metabolic rate, strength training should be performed 5 to 7 times per week.

C) For those over age 65 who are at risk for falling, exercises that improve balance are recommended.

D) Stretching each major muscle group should accompany aerobic or strength training at least 2 days per week.

19) Which of the following is true about U.S. dietary patterns since the mid-1950s?

A) We are eating less cheese.

B) We are consuming less saturated fat.

C) We are eating more eggs.

D) We are eating less chicken and fish.

20) Sara is a middle-aged woman of Northern European descent and is quite small in stature.  She eats plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and lean meats. What else could she do to live a more health-promoting lifestyle?

A) Take vitamin and mineral supplements.

B) Eat more vitamin E-laden fruits and vegetables.

C) Eat more red meat.

D) Consume plenty of low-fat milk and dairy products.

21) Which of the following would be included in a basic plan for health promotion and disease prevention?

A) Getting 4 to 6 hours of sleep a night

B) Consuming a plant-based dietary pattern

C) Smoking e-cigarettes

D) Consuming 3 to 5 ounces of alcohol daily

22) Which of the following is a key recommendation by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

A) Follow an energy dense dietary pattern across one's life span.

B) Shift to processed food and beverage choices.

C) Focus on refined grains and animal proteins.

D) Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.

23) A mineral that is often deficient in the diet of U.S. adults and is linked to bone health, muscle function, mental health, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is 

A) magnesium.

B) iron.

C) zinc.

D) calcium.

24) Research suggests that older adults require ________ the current RDA for protein for adults.

A) more than

B) less than

C) the same amount as

25) Compared to individuals aged 19 to 50, adults over the age of 70 need ________ vitamin D.

A) more

B) less

C) the same amount of

26) Studies have shown that adults who adhere to the MIND Diet have over 50% lower rates of Alzheimer's disease.

27) Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in biochemical pathways that ________ inflammation and are associated with a reduction in depression.

A) decrease

B) increase

C) do not change

28) An often overlooked culprit promoting migraine headaches in susceptible individuals is 

A) caffeine withdrawal.

B) overhydration.

C) eating small, frequent meals.

D) taking naps longer than 15 minutes per day.

29) About ________ percent of older adults regularly take several medications every day.

A) 25

B) 35

C) 50

D) 65

30) Declining function of the ________ system directly affects an older adult's ability to shop for, prepare, and consume foods at home.

A) nervous

B) immune

C) endocrine

D) reproductive

31) Which of the following typically increases with aging?

A) Sense of thirst

B) Lean tissue mass

C) Immune function

D) Fat stores

32) Barbara is 65 years of age, and her doctor finds her mental function is declining. Which of the following may improve her mental status?

A) Resting the brain and avoiding brain games

B) Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle

C) Eating a primarily plant-based diet

D) Taking protein supplements

33) Which of the following is true about dietary patterns and Alzheimer's disease?

A) High intakes of aluminum can cause it.

B) High intakes of choline and lecithin are associated with improvement in the condition.

C) It is wise for caregivers to oversee food planning and mealtimes to ensure nutritional adequacy.

D) Diet alone can prevent this condition.

34) Which of the following would benefit an Alzheimer's patient?

A) Engaging in regular physical activity

B) Avoiding all sunlight exposure

C) Eating red meat daily

D) Limiting intake of monosaturated fats

35) Bud has trouble with his dentures that results in chewing difficulties. Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to help meet his nutritional needs?

A) Toast

B) Clear bouillon

C) Sirloin steak

D) Low-fat yogurt

36) Which of the following is true about thirst among the elderly?

A) Elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion.

B) Elderly people rarely become dehydrated because their sense of thirst is enhanced with aging.

C) About six cups of fluid per day is the goal for elderly people.

D) Diuretics do not affect an elderly person's fluid requirement.

37) Because elderly individuals need similar amounts of nutrients compared to their younger counterparts but fewer calories, they should focus on dietary patterns that emphasize

A) nutrient density.

B) energy density.

C) liquid calories.

D) fat intake.

38) Which of the following is an example of a medication that affects nutritional status?

A) Some antihypertensive medications decrease appetite.

B) Some pain medications cause blood clots, resulting in anemia.

C) Long-term use of antibiotics can decrease the population of bacteria that synthesizes vitamin K.  

D) Use of oral contraceptives can decrease a woman's requirements for calcium.

39) Gary takes a diuretic to control his blood pressure, aspirin to prevent his blood clots, and an antibiotic for a recent sinus infection. Which of these may affect his vitamin K needs?  

A) Diuretic

B) Aspirin

C) Antibiotic

40) Long-term aspirin use by an elderly person could increase the need for what nutrient?

A) Calcium

B) Potassium

C) Thiamin

D) Iron

41) Elements of the Go4Life campaign from the National Institute on Aging include endurance, strength, balance, and 

A) nutrient density.

B) flexibility.

C) yoga.

D) mindfulness.

42) Consuming adequate amounts of protein and ________ helps maximize the health of the immune system in elderly individuals.

A) selenium

B) copper

C) calcium 

D) zinc

43) Adequate intake of high-quality protein ________ the rate of muscle breakdown associated with aging.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) does not affect

44) Edna, age 75, does not tolerate dairy products well. Which of the following practices would be most appropriate for Edna to increase her calcium levels?

A) Eat more meat

B) Decrease protein intake

C) Eliminate all dairy

D) Consume small amounts of milk with meals

45) Mack is constipated. Recommendations to alleviate constipation include

A) eating 50 grams of fiber per day.

B) drinking more fluid.

C) using mineral oil routinely and liberally.

D) eating more refined grains.

46) Regular physical activity along with adequate intakes of fluid and fiber are lifestyle strategies to prevent or treat  

A) constipation.

B) diarrhea.

C) gallstones.

D) osteoarthritis.

47) Declining production of stomach acid and intrinsic factor increases the risk for deficiency of ________ among older adults.

A) vitamin B-12

B) vitamin B-6

C) iron

D) calcium

48) The most common type of malnutrition during the adult years is ________ deficiency.

A) vitamin K

B) phytochemical

C) vitamin C

D) iron

49) One of the physiological changes of aging that often results in decreases in nutrient utilization is

A) increased appetite.

B) increased liver function.

C) increased body water.

D) poor dentition.

50) Which of the following is associated with aging?

A) The liver's detoxifying capacity increases.

B) The risk of developing gallstones increases.

C) High chromium intake impairs glucose tolerance.

D) The digestive function of the pancreas improves.

51) As she ages, Maude begins losing her senses of taste and smell. Which of the following is true about her situation?

A) The senses of taste and smell do not change with aging.

B) She can vary her dietary patterns to include more herbs and spices to help enhance the flavors and odors of foods.

C) She will have to learn to accept that food will continue to taste more bland.

D) It is inevitable that she will eventually lose all sense of taste and smell.

52) Eating habits of older adults may be influenced by

A) reduced taste sensitivity.

B) increased physical mobility.

C) enhanced thirst response.

D) increased production of melatonin.

53) Which of the following is not part of the DETERMINE acronym?

A) Eating poorly

B) Depression

C) Economic hardship

D) Multiple medications

54) Loss of lean body mass is termed

A) sarcopenia.

B) ketosis.

C) hypertrophy.

D) myoglobinosis.

55) The decrease in lean tissue that occurs with aging can be reduced by

A) taking amino acid supplements.

B) engaging in physical activity that includes resistance exercise.

C) eating an abundance of calories.

D) drinking enough water.

56) A loss of muscle mass accompanied by gains in fat mass is called 

A) sarcopenic obesity.

B) cachexia.

C) visceral obesity.

D) hypertrophy.

57) A single older adult who has been losing weight involuntarily may benefit from

A) participation in a congregate meal program.

B) antidepressant medications.

C) bed rest.

D) low-dose aspirin.

58) For those over 40 years of age, a physical activity routine should include 

A) clearance by a primary care provider.

B) strength training only.

C) limited flexibility.

D) pushing through the pain.

59) The foundation for a dietary pattern that optimizes long-term nutritional health would emphasize

A) high-fat dairy products.

B) a variety of fruits and vegetables.

C) refined-grain breads and cereals.

D) animal proteins high in saturated fat.

60) Meals on Wheels is a nutrition program that 

A) delivers meals to older adults in their own homes.

B) serves meals to older adults in a congregate setting.

C) provides free transportation to food pantries.

D) provides nutrition education to older adults in senior centers.  

61) Meals provided by congregate or home-delivered meal programs are designed to provide ________ of the RDA or AI for nutrients.

A) one-third

B) one-fourth

C) one-half

D) 100%

62) Which of the following is not a practical suggestion for a single individual planning his or her dietary pattern?

A) Buying small containers of food

B) Cooking large amounts of food, dividing it into small portions, and freezing it

C) Buying family-sized packages of meat

D) Buying fruits at various stages of ripeness 

63) A standard drink provides about 14 grams of alcohol. Which of the following is standard alcoholic drink size for alcoholic beverages? 

A) 24 oz. regular beer

B) 5 oz. table wine

C) 3 oz. shot of hard alcohol (spirits)

D) 22 oz. malt liquor

64) Of all the alcohol sources, ________ often is singled out as the best choice because of the added bonus of the many phytochemicals present.

A) red wine

B) wine coolers

C) light beer

D) hard cider

65) An 80-proof alcoholic beverage contains ________ percent alcohol.

A) 40

B) 20

C) 100

D) 80

66) Which of the following is true about alcohol consumption by the elderly?

A) Alcohol is absorbed only in the small intestine.

B) Alcohol absorption is independent of the stomach contents.

C) Most of the alcohol is metabolized by the kidney.

D) Alcohol can interfere with medications in the body.

67) Where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism?

A) Brain

B) Stomach

C) Liver

D) Kidneys

68) A person with a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase would

A) become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake.  

B) have a high tolerance for alcohol.

C) be able to pass a breathalyzer test even with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 or higher.

D) feel ill due to an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood.

69) Studies suggest that about ________ of a person's risk for developing alcohol-related disorders is genetic.

A) 10%

B) 25%

C) 40%

D) 65%

70) The disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of functioning liver cells with fibrous connective tissue is known as

A) cirrhosis.

B) liver cancer.

C) hepatitis.

D) Crohn's disease.

71) The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that those who choose to drink alcoholic beverages should do so in moderation, defined as the consumption of up to ________ drink(s) per day for women and older adults and up to ________ drink(s) per day for men.

A) 0; 1

B) 1; 2

C) 2; 3

D) 3; 4

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year

B) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression

C) Loss of muscle mass

D) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.

E) The potential oldest age a person can reach

F) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain

G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging

H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity

I) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases

72) Testosterone

73) Life span

74) Life expectancy

75) Reserve capacity

76) Omega-3 fatty acids

77) Glycosylation

78) Compression of morbidity

79) Thrifty metabolism

80) Sarcopenia

Match the following popular herbal remedies with their purported effects below.

A) Reduction of blood cholesterol or blood pressure 

B) Prevention or treatment of urinary tract infections

C) Prevention or treatment of colds or infections

D) Reduced depression

E) Improved sleep; reduced anxiety

F) Increased energy; lower blood glucose

G) Increased circulation; improved memory

H) Mild reduction of menopausal symptoms

81) Black cohosh

82) Cranberry

83) Echinacea

84) Garlic

85) Ginkgo biloba

86) Ginseng

87) St. John's wort

88) Valerian

Match the following alcoholic beverages with their standard drink sizes.

A) 5 fluid ounces

B) 1.5 fluid ounces

C) 8 to 9 fluid ounces

D) 12 fluid ounces

89) Regular beer

90) Malt liquor

91) Table wine

92) Hard liquor or shots

Match the following terms with their appropriate definition or description.

A) Physical symptoms related to cessation of substance use, such as sweating, rapid pulse, shakiness, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, anxiety, and even seizures.

B) Needing more of a substance to achieve the desired effect (e.g., intoxication) or experiencing diminished effects of a given amount of a substance after repeated use.

C) A psychiatric disorder characterized by a problematic pattern of alcohol use that leads to significant impairment or distress.

D) An enzyme used in alcohol (ethanol) metabolism that converts alcohol into acetaldehyde.

E) For men, consuming no more than 4 drinks in 1 day AND no more than 14 drinks per week; for women, consuming no more than 3 drinks in 1 day AND no more than 7 drinks per week.

F) Any pattern of alcohol consumption in excess of 4 drinks in 1 day or 14 drinks per week for men or 3 drinks in 1 day or 7 drinks per week for women.

G) A loss of functioning liver cells, which are replaced by nonfunctioning connective tissue. 

H) An enzyme used in ethanol metabolism that eventually converts acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide and water.

I) Drinking sufficient alcohol within a 2-hour period to increase blood alcohol content to 0.08 grams per deciliter or higher; for men, consuming 5 or more drinks in a row; for women, consuming 4 or more drinks in a row.

93) Moderate drinking

94) Heavy drinking

95) Binge drinking

96) Alcohol use disorder

97) Alcohol dehydrogenase

98) Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

99) Tolerance

100) Withdrawal

101) Cirrhosis