Test Bank Docx Environmental Crime Payne Ch.11

Chapter 11: Environmental Crime

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The allegations against the British Petroleum company (BP) after their major

oil spill in 2010 were for what type of crime?

• 1. environmental crime
  2. environmental negligence crime
  3. environmental safety crime
  4. environmental white-collar crime

Learning Objective: 11-1: Summarize the case of the BP corporation and the

environmental crime it represents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Why were the 1970s labeled the “environment decade?”
   1. Hundreds of new laws were passed to protect the environment.
   2. Pollution was slowly increasing throughout the decade.
   3. Many groups began to speak out against pollution.
   4. Public concern about pollution was at an all-time low.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Explain why pollution is not an environmental crime and what factors determine when it becomes one.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conceptualizing Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Which of the following is an example of a white-collar environmental crime?
2. driving fast on the way to work, releasing higher amounts of pollution than

normal

1. littering while driving a company car
2. disposing of production materials in an unauthorized site
3. dumping your old refrigerator on the side of a road

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Disposing of old products such as old tires, automobile parts, and different

kinds of waste (e.g., landscaping or construction waste) in sites that are not designated for that purpose is which type of environmental white-collar crime?

• 1. Illegal emissions
  2. Illegal disposal of hazardous wastes
  3. Illegal dumping
  4. Illegal consumption

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Dumping

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Under the ‘sin tax’ what are companies allowed to do with pollutants?
2. release pollutants into the air
3. not disclose incidents of pollution being released
4. not cover the costs of their pollution
5. face criminal charges

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Emissions

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. How are cases of illegal disposal of hazardous wastes usually brought to the

attention of the authorities?

1. anonymous tips
2. policing efforts
3. rival companies report misconduct
4. by mistake

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What does the “cradle to the grave” provision of the Resource Conservation

and Recovery Act refer to?

• 1. The means through which companies can dispose of waste.
  2. Legal places in which companies can dispose of waste.
  3. The responsibility of the creator of the waste to track it from creation to

disposal.

• 1. The type of waste companies can create and dispose of.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What variety of environmental crime was the Love Canal tragedy a result of?
   1. Illegal emissions
   2. Illegal disposal of hazardous waste
   3. harmful destruction of property and wildlife
   4. misuse of federal facilities and public land

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What is the difference between illegal dumping and illegal disposal

of hazardous wastes?

1. Dumping refers to products businesses no longer need.
2. Dumping usually refers to chemical wastes.
3. Illegal disposal refers to parts that no longer work.
4. Dumping refers to the general concept of littering, while illegal disposal is

more precise and refers to chemical products.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss forms of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Dumping

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What is one risk of illegal dumping?

• 1. Products are usually not biodegradable and will destroy land.
  2. Dumping sites might be converted into housing.
  3. Products are usually toxic in nature.
  4. Dumping sites become breeding grounds for crime

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss forms of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Dumping

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What is the primary reason illegal dumping occurs?
   1. economic reasons
   2. ease and access reasons
   3. laws that are not strict enough
   4. lack of enforcement of laws

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Dumping

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Which of the following is an example of harmful destruction of property?
   1. chemical fertilizers
   2. logging on private land
   3. land development without approval
   4. building on former hazardous waste site

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Harmful Destruction of Property/Wildlife

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. What is an example of harmful treatment of animals as an environmental

white-collar crime?

• 1. Illegally fishing without a license
  2. Illegal hunting
  3. abusing a pet
  4. overharvesting sea life

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Harmful Destruction of Property/Wildlife

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. The U.S. government has identified which of the following as an

environmental threat?

• 1. use of federal land
  2. preparation for catastrophic events
  3. harmful destruction of wildlife
  4. intentional burning

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Environmental Threats

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which variety of environmental crime was committed when the U.S. used uranium in the production of armor and weapons during the Gulf Wars?

1. Illegal disposal of hazardous wastes
2. Illegal handling of hazardous wastes
3. environmental state crime
4. international environmental crime

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Environmental State Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. If a company trades a substance that is harmful to the ozone, what type of environmental crime is being committed?

1. Illegal disposal of hazardous wastes
2. Illegal handling of hazardous wastes
3. environmental state crime
4. international environmental crime

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Environmental Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The EPA’s research on hazard identification focuses on what aspect of environmental risks?

1. identifying where pollutants exist and how long they have been there
2. determining the level of pollutants present in specific locations
3. identifying the negative health consequences of various pollutants
4. developing best practices for managing environmental risks

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: EPA as a Protector of Public Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which of the following has the least impact on costs resulting from pollution and environmental crimes?

1. economic costs
2. wildlife costs
3. physical costs
4. community costs

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consequences of Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following would be considered a risk when considering costs to the community due to illegal dumping?

1. emotional distress
2. injury to children playing around dump sites
3. soil deterioration
4. damage to parks and public spaces

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Illegal Dumping

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. What type of community is at a higher risk for experiencing the effects of environmental crime?

1. industrial communities
2. small communities
3. rural communities
4. minority communities

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consequences of Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. What is one of the main roles of the EPA?

1. protecting public health
2. enacting pollution legislation
3. prosecuting future misconduct
4. managing public lands

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: EPA as a Protector of Public Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. What is one specific method that the EPA uses to help keep the public informed about air pollution issues?

1. research
2. AirNow
3. monthly reports available online
4. television commercials

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: EPA as a Protector of Public Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. How does the EPA generate funds in its efforts to fight environmental crime?

1. sharing costs for investigations with other regulatory agencies
2. collecting corporate fines to help clean up the cost of environmental

pollution sites

1. receiving large donations pledged by corporations who have committed

environmental crimes

1. using funds allocated by Congress for environmental investigations

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: EPA as a Fund Generator and Cost-Saving Entity

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Why was the EPA criticized by rural communities?

1. The EPA gave too much power to states to enforce EPA regulations in rural

communities.

1. The EPA did not provide enough guidance on the regulations it was imposing

on farmers.

1. The EPA was accused of overregulating farmers and interfering with their

ability to make a living.

1. Rural communities were angry that the EPA was not addressing the

environmental concerns that affected the farming industry.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criticisms of EPA

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. How does the media make it more difficult for authorities to respond to environmental crimes?

1. They focus on a high percentage of environmental crimes that occur.
2. They are critical of political attention to environmental disasters.
3. They give the public and policy makers a distorted image of environmental

crime

1. They do not report enough on the EPA’s environmental successes.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Evaluate the key barriers that affect combatting environmental crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Media Portrayals of Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Pollution itself is not an environmental crime.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Explain why pollution is not an environmental crime and what factors determine when it becomes one.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conceptualizing Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Because of the Fifth Amendment, companies are not required to self-report

incidents of large amounts of pollution being released into the environment.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Explain why pollution is not an environmental crime and what factors determine when it becomes one.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Emissions

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Illegal disposal of wastes often refers to companies disposing of products they

no longer want or can use, like old tires.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. The government recognizes organized crime entities like the Mafia as an

environmental threat.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Environmental Threats

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. It is estimated that close to 100,000 people die in the U.S. each year due to

pollution affects.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Explain why pollution is not an environmental crime and what factors determine when it becomes one.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences of Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

1. As part of deterrent efforts, EPA settlements include fines and agreements

with specific measures for companies to implement that will stop future offending.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: EPA as a Deterrent

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. AirNow is a tool used by the EPA to measure the amount of pollution

in the air at a given time in a specific location.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: EPA as a Protector of Public Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The domains of environmental risk assessment research include exposure

assessment and dose-response assessment.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: EPA as a Protector of Public Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The EPA was applauded for the information it provided to the public about the

dangers of the air surrounding Ground Zero after 9/11.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criticisms of EPA

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Evidentiary issues with responding to environmental crime include identifying harm and liability of crimes.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Evaluate the key barriers that affect combatting

environmental crime

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evidentiary Issues and Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Explain why, despite the Fifth Amendment, companies are required

to disclose any instances in which they have released harmful pollution into navigable waters and risk heavy fines?

Learning Objective: 11-2: Explain why pollution is not an environmental crime and what factors determine when it becomes one.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Emissions

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Before the “Cradle to the Grave” provision to the 1976 Resource Conservation

and Recovery Act, what was a common method that companies used to dispose of wastes?

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. List three common products that are illegally dumped.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Dumping

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. List and explain two criticisms of the EPA.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the main responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criticisms of EPA

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. In regards to responding to environmental crimes, list three aspects of

evidentiary issues.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Evaluate the key barriers that affect combatting

environmental crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evidentiary Issues and Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss the impacts of the BP oil well accident in the Gulf of Mexico

from 2010 and how the incident relates to white-collar crime.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Summarize the case of the BP corporation and the

environmental crime it represents.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Discuss the ways in which environmental crimes can be a form of white-collar

crime.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Discuss the types of environmental white-collar crime and the consequences that result from these crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Varieties of Environmental White-Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

1. Discuss the problems in addressing environmental crime. Provide examples.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Evaluate the key barriers that affect combatting

environmental crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Problems Addressing Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium