Test Bank Docx Corrections In The 21St Century Ch21

Chapter 21: Corrections in the 21st Century

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Punitive sentiments have led to an increase in the use of ______.

a. all forms of corrections

b. community corrections

c. treatment programs

d. punitive programs

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following correctional population has quadrupled between the 1980s and 2017?

a. Probation

b. Parole

c. Jail

d. Prison

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What developed nation most closely approximates the United States in terms of its incarceration rate?

a. Japan

b. United Kingdom

c. Russia

d. Germany

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between punitive policies and sentencing length?

a. Punitive policies have increased sentence length.

b. Punitive policies have decreased sentence length.

c. Punitive policies have not had any impact.

d. Not enough data is available

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The proportion of women to men or racial/ethnic minorities to Whites under correctional supervision remained stable until ______.

a. the introduction of the war on drugs.

b. inmates became more recalcitrant.

c. the population exploded with the baby boomers.

d. none of these

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. High turnover is evident among correctional personnel because:

a. training and pay are insufficient

b. administrators are tough

c. officers do not feel challenged in their professions

d. officers do not get along

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professionalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The greatest expense for any public service organization is:

a. the staff

b. the physical structure that houses the organization

c. instituting programming

d. care of inmates

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationship Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What is the double-edged sword in relationships according to Goleman?

a. Forming them is difficult so individuals are unlikely to exert the effort and yet a lack of relationships is causally related to mental illness.

b. Positive relationships enhance health, whereas negative relationships produce adverse effects on mental health.

c. All relationships will inevitably reach a stage of conflict, so individuals must be prepared to deal with conflict when they enter into a relationship.

d. None of these.

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationship Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What can reduce some of the negative emotions associated with working in corrections?

a. Democratization of the workplace

b. Privatization of prisons

c. Prisonization of offenders

d. Incapacitation of offenders

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationship Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following punitive policies have yielded an overuse of corrections?

a. The drug war

b. Mandatory sentencing

c. Supermax prisons

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. When looking at our history in corrections, which often cited truism of 20th century philosopher is often used?

a. If you build it, they will come

b. No crime is good crime

c. Those who do not know their history are likely to repeat it

d. All of these

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: Learning From the Past So That We Have Hope for the Future

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. One possibility as to why sentence lengths have decreased at the same time more punitive policies have been put into place is:

a. it may be one of those unintended consequences of overuse of incarceration.

b. rehabilitation.

c. restorative justice.

d. people are being sentenced for lesser crimes than before.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The advent and increased use of _____ have caused management of inmates to shift to warehousing.

a. The drug war

b. Mandatory sentencing

c. Indeterminate sentences

d. Supermax prisons

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What can be attributed to the explanation for the decline in the use of incarceration?

a. Decline in crime

b. Effect of drug war has waned

c. Declines are tied to reduced state populations

d. All of these

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Explanations for the Decline in the Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Declines in the numbers of persons in prisons and jails and community corrections were generally at the _____ level.

a. local

b. state

c. federal

d. tribal

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Decarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Saylor and Iwaszko (2009) acknowledge that the huge incarceration increase over the last 20 years was likely responsible for somewhere between______ and ______ of the decrease in violent crime since the mid-1990s.

a. 10%, 35%

b. 20%, 34%

c. 45%, 57%

d. 34%, 67%

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Recession, Cost Cutting and the Decreased Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. It is said that mass decarceration can bring which of the following outcomes?

a. a greater sense of justice.

b. fewer tax dollars being devoted to corrections.

c. reduction in correctional industry growth.

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implications of Decarceration and the Need for a Plan of Action

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Money saved through decarceration can be put toward:

a. reentry programs.

b. work and training programs.

c. expansion of drug and alcohol programs in communities.

d. all of these.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implications of Decarceration and the Need for a Plan of Action

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. As we look toward the future, one concern that should preoccupy those concerned about correctional practice is:

a. decarceration.

b. rising incarceration rates.

c. professionalism.

d. better training for staff.

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professionalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. What are the two different types of intelligence identified by Goleman (2006)?

a. Emotional and social

b. Physical and social

c. Emotional and physical

d. Personal and social

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationship Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. A collateral expense for correctional institutions and programs is:

a. the care of its staff.

b. the care of its facilities.

c. the care of its inmates/clients.

d. the care of its administration.

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationship Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Privatization in corrections is ______ phenomenon.

a. a relatively new

b. not a new

c. a waning

d. a disastrous

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Welch (2005) argues that corrections have become a/an, which is an enterprise for state legislatures, governors, and city and town leaders who receive contributions from prison/jail contractors.

a. Prison military complex

b. Military industrial complex

c. Corrections industrial complex

d. Complex industry

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In a study of private prisons by Camp and Gaes (2002), it was found that the private sector experienced significant problems with:

a. staff turnover

b. escapes

c. drug use

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following states experienced a discernible trend in declines of incarceration rates over the last decade?

a. New York

b. New Jersey

c. Maryland

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Decarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Porter (2011) notes that developing alternatives to incarceration contributed to a drop in ______ incarceration from 1999 to 2009.

a. 20%

b. 30%

c. 40%

d. negligible

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Recession and Decreased Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. In conclusion, the authors of the book:

a. indicate that much progress is being made in refining how we handle correctional practice and programming.

b. believe that jails may not represent the best places for people who are mentally ill or detoxing from drugs and alcohol.

c. believe that there is much more programming for those incarcerated in prisons than there was 10 years ago.

d. All of these.

Learning Objective: NA

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Concluding Thoughts

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. ______ in corrections occurs when services or whole correctional institutions are provided or operated by private businesses or corporations.

a. Privatization

b. Corrections industrial complex

c. Penal harm

d. Penal Help

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. What was the incarceration rate for jails in the United States in 2009?

a. 125 persons per 100,000 residents

b. 108 persons per 100,000 residents

c. 250 persons per 100,000 residents

d. 502 persons per 100,000 residents

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The United States has an incarceration rate ______ greater than Japan’s incarceration rate.

a. 2 times

b. 5 times

c. 10 times

d. 14 times

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In 2012, six states ended their contracts with private prisons because of concerns regarding

a. safety and cost cutting

b. medical care

c. staff salaries

d. quality of food

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which of the following types of prisons are easier and faster to build?

a. local jails

b. state prisons

c. federal prisons

d. private prisons

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Why are private prisons considered to be easier and faster to build?

a. private contractors can get better deals

b. they do not require the authorization of bonds from state legislatures

c. the public advocates for them

d. they are smaller in size

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Studies have found that prisons in the private sector have experience significant problems with

a. staff turnover

b. escapes

c. drug use

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Recidivism rates tend to be higher among those who did their time in

a. local jails

b. state prisons

c. private prisons

d. federal prisons

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Extent of Privatization and Its Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Some have argued that corrections has become a similar enterprise among

a. state legislatures, governors, and city and town leaders

b. prison/jail contractors, vendors, and private prison corporations

c. probation and parole managers

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. _____ is the key to moving correctional institutions and programs into the 21^st century.

a. Privatization

b. Professionalization

c. Diversity training

d. Technology

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Professionalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Another explanation for the decreased use of incarceration may be the increased use of treatment programming that addresses the appropriate

a. risk

b. needs

c. responsivity levels

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penal Help Versus Penal Harm

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which of the following has lead to cost of billions of dollars with no collateral decrease in crime?

a. the incarceration of too many first-time and nonviolent offenders

b. the professionalization of American corrections

c. the privatization of corrections in the United States

d. the increased use of treatment programming programs

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Recession and Decreased Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. By 2008, the mean length of stay for violent offenders was

a. 36 months

b. 44 months

c. 48 months

d. 52 months

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Explanations for the Decline in the Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Punitive policies vastly increase the use of all forms of corrections.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. We have proportionately more crimes these days than at any other period in our history.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Offenders sentenced to prison have more than quadrupled from 1980 to 2017.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm..

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Our use of corrections is greatly in sync with what most other countries are doing.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The effort to professionalize corrections has yielded consistent fruit.

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professionalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Russia is the only other developed nation that gets close in its incarceration rate to the United States.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. It is clear why sentencing length has decreased at the same time more punitive policies have been put into place.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The drug war has helped to increase the rates of female and racial and ethnic minority populations in prison.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The creation of supermax prisons has led to the decrease in use of warehousing prisoners.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. One outcome of punitive policies has been the increase in rehabilitation programs.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Money can be saved through decarceration.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Decarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. One explanation for the decline in incarceration rates can be attributed to reduced state populations.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Explanations for the Decline in the Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The more we incarcerate, the less we achieve the ideal of incarcerating the most serious repeat offenders.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Recession and Decreased Use of Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The Sentencing Project Report has indicated that in 2010 30 states continued the trend of reforming sentencing policies and reducing the use of imprisonment.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Recession and Decreased Use of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Penal harm is the movement in corrections based on punishment.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Penal Help Versus Penal Harm

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Goleman (2006) identified three types of intelligence.

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationship Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The corrections industrial complex is similar to what President Eisenhower warned the nation about when discussing the development of military industrial complexes.

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Courts are forced to adjust their sentences to the lower relative capacity of prisons, and parole boards are pressured to release inmates as prisons and jails fill up.

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Hiring and keeping a professional staff are keys to moving correctional institutions into the 21st century.

Learning Objective: 21-3: Comprehend the value of relationships in corrections.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professionalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Little supervision of inmates was not a crux of a problem at Walnut Grove.

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Walnut Grove Correctional Facility

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What has been attributed to the increase of warehousing in corrections?

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Name the two types of intelligence as identified by Goleman (2006)

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Corrections Is a Relationships Business

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What is the corrections industrial complex?

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is prison privatization?

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is the Penal Harm movement?

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Penal Help Versus Penal Harm

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What is the Penal Help movement?

Learning Objective: 21-2: Understand why we might be entering an age of penal help and exiting a period of penal harm.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Penal Help Versus Penal Harm

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In 1973, who wrote Kind and Usual Punishment: The Prison Business; a book that details the misuse of public monies for prisons?

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. How much did Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) make with the Idaho state contract?

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Idaho’s Own Private Prison

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Discuss the benefits and possible positive outcomes of mass decarceration.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Implications of Decarceration and the Need for a Plan of Action

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Discuss the possible negative outcomes of mass decarceration.

Learning Objective: 21-1: Learn what decarceration is and what is causing it.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Implications of Decarceration and the Need for a Plan of Action

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Discuss where you think the field of corrections will be in 50 years.

Learning Objective: NA

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various Pages

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Do you agree with where corrections is today? What would you change about the current corrections field?

Learning Objective: NA

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various Pages

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Do you agree or disagree with the privatization of prison systems? Use information from the book to support your answer.

Learning Objective: 21-4: Be aware of the potential problems with privatization.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Profit Motive in Corrections

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What do you think is the most crucial issue that affects corrections in the 21st century? (Whole Chapter)

Learning Objective: NA

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various Pages

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Choose one of the themes of corrections mentioned in chapter 1. How has this theme effected corrections as you now understand it? (All applicable chapters)

Learning Objective: NA

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various Pages

Difficulty Level: Hard