Test Bank Chapter.4 Gender nan - Intimate Relationships 3e | Test Bank by Thomas N. Bradbury by Thomas N. Bradbury. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 4: Gender
1. Drawing Distinctions: Sex vs. Gender
a. Sex versus gender
i. Sex characteristics: Primary, secondary, tertiary
ii. Gender identity: cisgender and transgender
b. Gender expression
i. Masculinity, femininity, androgyny
c. Gender, thinking, and behavior
i. Schemas
2. Not So Innate: The Historical Context of Gender
a. Gender stereotypes
i. Historical shifts in gender differences
3. Measuring Gender Similarities and Differences
a. Research methods
i. Meta-analysis
b. Sex differences and similarities
i. Differences between women and men are not large
4. Explaining Gender Similarities and Differences
a. The evolutionary view
i. Mate preferences
ii. Intrasexual competition
b. The social structural view
i. Power
ii. Social structural theory
iii. Empathic accuracy
5. Gender and Intimacy
a. Relationship awareness
b. Expressing emotion and caring
c. Interest in sex
d. Ending relationships
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Sex is to ________ as gender is to ________.
a. | male or female; masculine or feminine |
b. | masculine or feminine; male or female |
c. | biology; physiology |
d. | physiology; biology |
2. ________ refers to whether a person has attitudes, traits, and/or behaviors that are masculine or feminine; ________ refers to the biological features that characterize a person as male or female.
a. | Gender; sex | c. | Socialization; biology |
b. | Sex; gender | d. | Biology; socialization |
3. Which of the following terms refers to the long-standing belief that “male” and “female” are the only two human sexes?
a. | social structural theory |
b. | intrasexual competition |
c. | the binary assumption |
d. | gender identity |
4. Ava, an 11-year-old girl, has recently become a little chubby and has started developing breasts. These body changes are examples of:
a. | primary sex characteristics. | c. | tertiary sex characteristics. |
b. | secondary sex characteristics. | d. | intersex characteristics. |
5. Facial hair, soft skin, and deep voices are all examples of:
a. | primary sex characteristics. | c. | tertiary sex characteristics. |
b. | secondary sex characteristics. | d. | gender characteristics. |
6. Women and men possess different chromosomes, sex hormones, and genitalia. These are considered:
a. | primary sex characteristics. | c. | tertiary sex characteristics. |
b. | secondary sex characteristics. | d. | adaptations. |
7. The term “tertiary sex characteristics” refers to the:
a. | different internal structures and external genitalia that are needed for sexual reproduction. |
b. | characteristics that distinguish the two sexes anatomically and facilitate courtship and mate selection. |
c. | expectations and beliefs about the acceptable and appropriate social roles for men and women. |
d. | the possession of internal genitalia, external genitalia, or chromosomes that are not clearly male or female. |
8. Juan thinks that, because he is a man, it is his “role” to ask a woman out on a date and to pay when they go out. These beliefs are examples of what type of sex characteristics?
a. | primary | c. | tertiary |
b. | secondary | d. | intersex |
9. The term “intersex” refers to the:
a. | different internal structures and external genitalia that are needed for sexual reproduction. |
b. | characteristics that distinguish the two sexes anatomically and facilitate courtship and mate selection. |
c. | social behaviors that women and men typically learn and the situations in which they are permitted to display them. |
d. | possession of genitalia or chromosomes that are not clearly identifiable as male or female. |
10. Gil was born with biological male sex characteristics. As an adult, Gil identifies as masculine. Gil’s gender identity is most likely:
a. | cisgender. |
b. | transgender. |
c. | intersex. |
d. | nonbinary. |
11. Curtis was born with biological female sex characteristics. However, when Curtis reached adolescence, he strongly identified as masculine and underwent sex reassignment surgery. Curtis’ gender identity is most likely:
a. | cisgender. |
b. | transgender. |
c. | intersex. |
d. | binary. |
12. The way people’s behaviors fulfill gender expectations is referred to as their:
a. | sex role socialization. | c. | gender schema. |
b. | binary assumption. | d. | gender expression. |
13. Tabitha describes herself as competitive, independent, self-reliant, willing to take risks, and analytical. Based on this description, Tabitha identifies with desirable traits associated with:
a. | men. | c. | androgynous individuals. |
b. | women. | d. | undifferentiated individuals. |
14. Jamil describes himself as analytical, affectionate, unpredictable, moody, independent, and gentle. Based on this description, Jamil identifies with desirable traits associated with:
a. | men. | c. | both men and women. |
b. | women. | d. | undifferentiated individuals. |
15. Hamad describes himself as sympathetic, affectionate, cheerful, childlike, and gentle. Based on this description, Hamad identifies with desirable traits associated with:
a. | men. | c. | both men and women. |
b. | women. | d. | undifferentiated individuals. |
16. According to Sandra Bem’s typology of sex role identity, which group of individuals tends to be the most adaptable, attractive, and secure in relationships?
a. | masculine | c. | androgynous |
b. | feminine | d. | undifferentiated |
17. Norah Vincent dressed and lived as a man (Ned) for 18 months. During her time as a man, what did Norah observe about men’s emotional experiences?
a. | Men and women are surprisingly similar in their approaches to expressing emotion. |
b. | Men, unlike women, do not generally worry about what others think of them. |
c. | Men and women adopt different approaches to expressing emotion. |
d. | Only heterosexual men adopt different approaches to emotion than do women; gay men adopt similar approaches to emotion as do women. |
18. Why should people continue to study “masculinity” and “femininity” if there is a wider range of gender identities?
a. | Although there are new categorizations of gender identity, each one has components of both “masculinity” and “femininity.” |
b. | While a small minority expresses their gender in alternative ways, 90 percent of the world’s population identify as either fully masculine or fully feminine. |
c. | While understanding of gender has evolved, these categorizations continue to affect people’s thoughts about, and behaviors within, intimate relationships. |
d. | While gender expressions are more diverse, there remain only two biological sexes that are studied by exploring “masculinity” and “femininity.” |
19. Cognitive representations that keep ideas about certain concepts mentally organized are:
a. | contexts. | c. | traits. |
b. | identities. | d. | schemas. |
20. What words posted on social media are most likely expressed by self-identified women?
a. | music, song, listen, singer, bands |
b. | win, lose, game, streak, losers |
c. | opinion, logic, fact, moral, beliefs |
d. | excited, tomorrow, tonight, super, yay |
21. Devon, a self-identified man, is most likely to post about what topic on social media?
a. | social life |
b. | anger |
c. | family |
d. | friends |
22. Leda recently gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl. Without revealing the sex of her babies, she has invited guests over and dressed her daughter in blue and her son in pink. Which of the following is an unlikely response from her guests?
a. | They will most likely treat her son more delicately than her daughter. | c. | They will encourage her daughter to be friendlier than her son. |
b. | They will encourage her daughter to behave more aggressively than her son. | d. | They will incorrectly identify her daughter as a boy. |
23. What is true about behaviors and expectations associated with gender?
a. | Expectations regarding gendered behavior are primarily communicated via the legal system. |
b. | Gendered expectations reflect predetermined, essential facts regarding men and women. |
c. | What it means to be a man or a woman depends on context, including time and culture. |
d. | While gender expectations remain rigid, the genetics underlying biological sex are constantly changing. |
24. Jane is looking at black and white photographs of babies born during World War I as inspiration for her next painting. To be consistent with the historical context, what color should Jane use while painting to identify a baby as a boy?
a. | blue | c. | white |
b. | pink | d. | yellow |
25. According to _____________, men were capable of forming relationships whereas women were too emotional for true relationships.
a. | the ancient Greeks |
b. | the founding fathers of the United States |
c. | Sigmund Freud |
d. | Charles Darwin |
26. Which of the following is an example of how gender stereotypes around the world have persisted?
a. | Women are believed to be incapable of forming true relationships. |
b. | The colors used to identify babies as boys and girls have not changed over time. |
c. | Women are described as vulnerable, whereas men are described as strong. |
d. | Acceptable occupational roles for men and women are fewer than in the past. |
27. Dr. Torroba conducted a meta-analysis on whether men and women differ in their liking of chocolate, and she found that d = 1.17. What can she conclude based on this finding?
a. | This is a small difference, showing that, on average, women like chocolate more than men do. |
b. | This is a small difference, showing that, on average, men like chocolate more than women do. |
c. | This is a large difference, showing that, on average, men like chocolate more than women do. |
d. | This is a large difference, showing that all men like chocolate more than women do. |
28. Meta-analyses show that men are more likely to interrupt during a conversation than are women (d = .15), and that women are more skilled at expressing emotion than are men (d = .52). Based on these findings we can conclude that, overall, differences between males and females are:
a. | large and meaningful. | c. | moderate but inconclusive. |
b. | not large and not meaningful. | d. | not large but may be meaningful. |
29. According to the research on differences between men and women, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. | When it comes to social behaviors, men and women are more similar than dissimilar. |
b. | Knowing how men’s and women’s social behaviors differ allows us to understand those differences. |
c. | When the average difference between men and women is significant, it means that most men differ from most women. |
d. | Male-female differences in tertiary sex characteristics are slightly smaller than male-female differences in secondary sex characteristics. |
30. David and Filippa have been dating for almost a year. Based on the research discussed in the textbook, which of the following differences would you most expect to see in David’s and Filippa’s behavior?
a. | Filippa will self-disclose more than David will. |
b. | David will use problem-focused coping more than Filippa will. |
c. | Filippa will be more assertive than David will be. |
d. | David will masturbate more frequently than Filippa will. |
31. How do evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences?
a. | They propose that the booming population growth has led to an increase in gender differences. |
b. | They propose that sexual promiscuity in women is a mutation that contributed to increased gender variability. |
c. | They propose that, over time, females began to develop in maladaptive ways whereas males became more suited to their changing environment. |
d. | They highlight the unique problems males and females faced in our ancestral past. |
32. Joseph, a self-identified male, is single. Consistent with an evolutionary explanation for sex differences, he is likely to date someone who is:
a. | physically attractive and older. |
b. | faithful and older. |
c. | physically attractive and younger. |
d. | untrustworthy and younger. |
33. According to the evolutionary perspective, males select mates based on their _____, whereas females select mates base on their _____.
a. | attractiveness and youthfulness; ability to protect and provide |
b. | ability to protect and provide; attractiveness and youthfulness |
c. | fertility and ambition; faithfulness and financial prospects |
d. | faithfulness and financial prospects; fertility and ambition |
34. According to evolutionary theory, aggression is likely to be considered advantageous because it:
a. | increases intrasexual competition. |
b. | allows men to protect their families from competitors. |
c. | decreases intrasexual competition. |
d. | allows men to inflict emotional injury to their competitors. |
35. Which of the following is most consistent with a social structural theory explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior?
a. | Jenny, who is a construction worker, will be viewed less favorably than Cathy, who is a nurse. |
b. | Connor, who works in a daycare center, will be viewed more favorably than Bob, who works as a mechanic. |
c. | Professors Nalini, in a country low on gender equality, and Tasha, in a country high on gender equality, will be viewed equally favorably. |
d. | Teachers Lacey and Mohammed will be viewed equally favorably in a country low on gender equality. |
36. Which of the following is LEAST consistent with a social structural theory explanation for sex differences in relationship behavior?
a. | Jenny, who is a construction worker, will be viewed less favorably than Cathy, who is a nurse. |
b. | Connor, who works in a daycare center, will be viewed less favorably than Bob, who works as a mechanic. |
c. | Nalini, a female college professor in a country low on gender equality, will be viewed more favorably than Tasha, a female college professor in a country high on gender equality. |
d. | Marco, who works as a lawyer, will be viewed more favorably than Jacob, who works as a receptionist. |
37. According to __________ theory, differences in how money, power, and resources are divided between women and men are important.
a. | evolutionary |
b. | social structural |
c. | social exchange |
d. | interdependence |
38. The capacity for an individual to know what someone else is thinking or feeling is known as:
a. | metacognition. |
b. | emotional awareness. |
c. | intimacy. |
d. | empathic accuracy. |
39. Which of the following conclusions about sex, gender, and intimacy is most accurate?
a. | Women are more interested in nurturing their intimate relationships than men. |
b. | Women tend to be oriented to a couple of people or a small group, whereas men tend to be more oriented to crowds. |
c. | Males’ and females’ capacities for behavior in intimate relationships differs significantly. |
d. | Men and women attempt to fulfill their need for social belonging in the same way. |
40. Following the _____, society began to view women’s responsibilities in the home and men’s in the workplace.
a. | American Revolution |
b. | Industrial Revolution |
c. | American Civil War |
d. | Civil Rights Movement |
41. What contributed to the creation of the social hierarchy between men and women?
a. | Men were paid for their work, whereas women were not. |
b. | Women received social praise for their work, whereas men did not. |
c. | Women created secret societies that barred men from entering. |
d. | Men used scientific data to support their status as the superior sex. |
42. Which of the following is NOT consistent with sex differences in relationship awareness?
a. | Stacy can remember more details of her first date with Sukhjot than he can. |
b. | When his friends ask Sai why he is getting divorced, he tells them he does not really know why the relationship ended. |
c. | Though Fiona can easily remember detailed statistics about all the players on her favorite hockey team, she has trouble remembering the date of her wedding anniversary. |
d. | When Martin and Yvonne tell the story of how they first met, Yvonne often corrects Martin’s description. |
43. Research on sex differences in relationship awareness suggests that:
a. | women develop more complex mental representations of their relationships than men do. | c. | men express more emotional range when discussing their relationships compared to women. |
b. | men develop more complex mental representations of their relationships than women do. | d. | women recall fewer details when discussing their relationships compared to men. |
44. Which of the following is most consistent with sex differences in relationship awareness?
a. | Sukhjot can remember more details of his first date with Stacy than she can. |
b. | When his friends ask Sai why he is getting divorced, he tells them he does not really know why the relationship ended. |
c. | Though Fiona cannot remember detailed statistics about all the players on her favorite hockey team, she has no trouble remembering the date of her wedding anniversary. |
d. | When Martin and Yvonne tell the story of how they first met, they generally agree on the description. |
45. According to research on opposite-sex interactions and same-sex interactions, which of the following is most accurate?
a. | Women rate their opposite-sex interactions as significantly more meaningful than do men. |
b. | Women rate their opposite-sex interactions as less meaningful than their same-sex interactions. |
c. | Men rate their opposite-sex interactions as more meaningful than their same-sex interactions. |
d. | Men rate their opposite-sex interactions as less meaningful than their same-sex interactions. |
46. Caleb and Dianne participate in a study of stress and partner social support. Each day, over the course of a week, they report on how much stress they experienced and how much partner support they received. Which of the following is most likely to be a finding in this study?
a. | Caleb reports that his stressful days are met with increases in Dianne’s support and criticism; Dianne’s stressful days are met with decreases in Caleb’s support. |
b. | Caleb reports that his stressful days are met with increases in Dianne’s support; Dianne’s stressful days are met with increases in Caleb’s criticism rather than support. |
c. | Dianne reports that her stressful days are met with increases in Caleb’s support and criticism; Caleb’s stressful days are met with decreases in Dianne’s support. |
d. | Dianne reports that her stressful days are met with increases in Caleb’s support and criticism; Caleb’s stressful days are met with increases in Dianne’s support. |
47. What did Hagedoorn and colleagues (2000) find in their study comparing distress in healthy couples to couples wherein one partner was diagnosed with cancer?
a. | Healthy couples were likely to experience the same levels of distress as couples in which one partner received a cancer diagnosis. |
b. | Women whose partners were diagnosed with cancer experienced the same level of distress as their partner experienced. |
c. | Men whose partners were diagnosed with cancer experienced greater distress than their partner experienced. |
d. | Women whose partners were diagnosed with cancer experienced the same level of distress as the healthy controls. |
48. When it comes to sex, men tend to:
a. | have a smaller variety of sexual fantasies than women. |
b. | desire a lower frequency of sex than women. |
c. | masturbate less than women. |
d. | be less willing to forego sex than women. |
49. According to data collected in 2011, approximately what percentage of American women reported experiencing some form of unwanted sexual contact?
a. | 24 percent |
b. | 34 percent |
c. | 44 percent |
d. | 54 percent |
50. In Clark and Hatfield’s (1989) study, _____ percent of men said they would be willing to go to bed with a complete stranger, whereas _____ percent of women said they would.
a. | 0; 75 |
b. | 25; 50 |
c. | 50; 25 |
d. | 75; 0 |
51. What was the startling discovery that Masters and Johnson made in 1966?
a. | Over 40 percent of American women have experienced a form of sexual harassment. |
b. | Women have a higher sex drive compared to men. |
c. | Men and women are equally capable of experiencing sexual pleasure. |
d. | Over 90 percent of American men reported masturbating. |
52. Gurmit and Sara have recently divorced after 27 years of marriage. Based on the material presented in the chapter, which of the following is most likely to be true?
a. | Sara was most likely the one who applied for the divorce. |
b. | Gurmit most likely accepted the need for counseling. |
c. | Gurmit was most likely the first to mention getting a divorce. |
d. | Sara was most likely reluctant to talk about getting a divorce. |
53. Who is most likely to be the first to recognize problems in one’s relationship?
a. | children |
b. | husbands |
c. | in-laws |
d. | wives |
54. Based on the socialization processes surrounding romantic relationships, compared to men, women are:
a. | more likely to be depressed about their relationship issues. |
b. | more sensitive to relationship issues. |
c. | less likely to be unfaithful to their partners. |
d. | less likely to criticize their partners. |
1. Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary sex characteristics.
2. What is gender identity? How is biological sex conceptualized for individuals who identify as cisgender compared to those who identify as transgender?
3. Tan was born with female internal genitalia and male external genitalia. How might Tan identify? How does Tan’s case contradict the binary assumption?
4. Describe the intersection between masculine and feminine traits and their associations with relationship outcomes.
5. Individuals who are androgynous are thought to have a number of advantages compared to those who are more stereotypically masculine or feminine. List and describe such advantages.
6. How do schemas impact gender expression and behavior?
7. Discuss the ways in which gender stereotypes have changed throughout history.
8. Belle, a self-identified female, and Gaston, a self-identified male, are participating in a study in which the words they use on social media are analyzed. Discuss the topics and types of words Belle and Gaston are likely to use.
9. Based on the accumulated research on sex and intimate relationships, what can we conclude about differences between men and women?
10. Trends in the behavior and experiences of men and women differ. For example, men are more likely to masturbate than women, and women are more skilled at expressing emotion than are men. Even though social scientists have come to a reasonable degree of consensus on the validity of the similarities and differences described, great controversy persists regarding how to best understand them. Briefly describe two broad approaches that seek to explain the observed differences between men and women’s behavior.
11. Imagine you are a high school teacher. As you walk into your classroom Monday morning, you overhear snippets of conversation your students are having. There is Tiroyaone, describing in detail how he scored the winning goal in his soccer game; across the room, while applying another coat of mascara to her lashes, Leitisha raves about the new tanning salon in town, and Ryland is making fun of Josh for failing the latest chemistry test. According to the evolutionary explanation for sex differences, why are your students engaging in these behaviors?
12. Define the structural and evolutionary view of gender differences and describe the ways in which they are similar and different from one another.
13. How did the Industrial Revolution impact men’s and women’s gender roles?
14. You are watching a reality TV dating show wherein partners are discussing how they met. Based on the information presented in the chapter on gender differences and relationship awareness, how are women and men likely to differ in the stories they share?
15. Caleb and Dianne, along with 39 other heterosexual couples, participate in a study of stress and partner social support. Each day, over the course of a week, they report on how much stress they experienced and how much partner support they received. Based on the textbook material about sex differences in the couple’s interactions, what would you expect the results of this study to show?
16. How might women and men experience the end of a relationship differently?
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Intimate Relationships 3e | Test Bank by Thomas N. Bradbury
By Thomas N. Bradbury