Test Bank Chapter 9 Women’s Status and Reproductive Rights

Chapter 9

Multiple Choice Questions

1. An estimated ___________women and their partners lack access to reproductive health services, including contraception.
   1. 22 million
   2. 50 million
   3. 122 million
   4. 222 million
2. Which statement is not true?
   1. Domestic violence and rape account for 5 percent of the disease burden for women aged 15 to 44 in developing countries
   2. Domestic violence and rape account for 19 percent of the disease burden in developed countries.
   3. An estimated 4 to 7 percent of women murdered in Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa, and the United States, are killed by husbands or boyfriends.
   4. Rape is increasingly being used as a genocidal tool.
3. Child marriage (before age 18)
   1. Has nearly disappeared in India.
   2. Is not a risk factor for young women’s offspring.
   3. Is associated with obstetric fistula.
   4. Is more common for boys than for girls.
4. Sexual and reproductive rights include
   1. The freedom to decide how many children to have and when to have them.
   2. The right to have the information and necessary means to regulate one’s fertility.
   3. The right to control one’s own body.
   4. All of the above.
5. Which of these statements is not true regarding the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)?
   1. The U.S. Congress ratified CEDAW in 1980.
   2. The United Nations General Assembly adopted CEDAW in 1979.
   3. CEDAW is often described as an international bill of rights for women.
   4. 187 countries had ratified CEDAW by 2013.
   5. Among the countries that have ratified CEDAW are Afghanistan, Germany, India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, and the United Kingdom.
6. That family planning is a human right was first formalized
   1. At the U.N. International Conference on Human Rights held in Teheran, Iran in 1968.
   2. By the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
   3. By the 1974 World Population Plan of Action.
   4. By the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo, Egypt.
7. The United Nations projects that unnatural sex ratios (at or above 1.08)at birth will persist in which countries until at least 2050.
   1. China
   2. India
   3. Armenia
   4. All of the above.
8. Obstetric fistula can be prevented by
   1. Delaying the age of first pregnancy.
   2. Stopping harmful traditional practices (e.g., FMG).
   3. Ensuring timely access to obstetric care
   4. All of the above
9. Female genital mutilation
   1. Is performed on an estimated 3 million girls a year in Africa alone.
   2. Is a risk for about 30 million girls in the world over the next decade
   3. Has been performed on about 91.5 women and girls globally.
   4. Is most commonly done in Africa and Yemen.
   5. All of the above.
10. Worldwide, adolescent mothers account for more than ___________ of all births.
    1. 10
    2. 20
    3. 30
    4. 40
11. Principle 4 of the ICPD Programme of Action did not mention
    1. Abortion
    2. Violence against women
    3. Gender equality, equity, and empowerment
    4. The right of women to control their fertility.
12. Globally, there is widespread agreement that ICPD implementation has been less than optimal. What is not a reason for this lackluster performance?
    1. HIV/AIDS funding supplanted support for reproductive health.
    2. Liberal politics, particularly in the United States
    3. The term, reproductive health, has different meanings in different cultures and contexts.
    4. Too many implementing organizations.

True/False Questions

1. T F Gender inequalities remain deeply entrenched in every society.
2. T F Globally, ten million more boys than girls do not attend school.
3. T F The sex ratio is the number of females to males in a population
4. T F Across the world, women and girls are more likely than males to be victims of human trafficking.
5. T F Millenium Development Goal #5, to reduce maternal mortality by three quarters, was achieved ahead of the global target set for 2015.
6. T F The only substantive critic of the 1994 ICPD Programme of Action was the Vatican.
7. T F Proclamations of human rights by the United Nations have multiplied since 1948. These include declarations and resolutions, which are binding, and covenants and conventions, which are not binding.
8. T F More than ninety percent of babies do not survive the traumatic labor that causes obstetric fistula.
9. T F Men and women often disagree about the number of children they should have.
10. T F Globally, the application of human rights to maternal health care has had mixed results.
11. T F Biologically, the sex ratio at birth is usually about 1.05.
12. T F Throughout the world, formal banking institutions neglect women’s needs for credit.
13. T F The majority of women and girls who are trafficking victims are subjected to forced labor, not sexual exploitation.
14. T F Globally, eight out of ten women workers are considered to be in vulnerable employment.
15. T F Women produce more than half of the world’s food supply, but they own less than one percent of the its property.
16. T F The estimated 5,000 honor killings globally per year worldwide is probably underestimated.

Essay Questions (Suggested Main Points listed)

1. Describe the reaction to the ICPD Programme of Action by feminists, demographers, the Vatican, and other analysts.
   1. Many feminists hailed ICPD as a complete paradigm shift.
   2. Demographers and other analysts worried about leaving out demographic targets.
   3. The Vatican worried that reproductive health meant abortion.
   4. Many family planning advocates were concerned that the term reproductive health was too vague
   5. Some feminists (e.g., Betsy Hartmann) criticized ICPD as not going far enough to distance women’s health from population concerns.
2. Discuss how sexual and reproductive rights have evolved from human rights.
   1. Concept of natural and unalienable rights.
   2. Mary Wollstonecraft published, “A Vindication of the Rights of Women,” in 1792, which is later hailed as “the feminist declaration of independence.”
   3. Encourages 19^th century women’s suffragists and 20^th century women’s liberation movement.
   4. Importance of bodily integrity and reproductive freedom for exercising women’s rights.
   5. Various United Nations declarations and convenants.