Test Bank Chapter 4 Socialization And The Life Course

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 4 Socialization and the Life Course

1) Socialization is the process

A) of mentally assuming the perspective of another.

B) of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.

C) whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.

D) whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

2) A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of

A) the dramaturgical approach.

B) social promotion.

C) socialization.

D) role taking.

3) Which term refers to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior?

A) Personality

B) Social promotion

C) Socialization

D) Human nature

4) The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over ________

A) nature versus nurture.

B) role versus status.

C) manifest versus latent functions.

D) sociobiology versus biosociology.

5) In the nature versus nurture debate, which position do social scientists take?

A) Environmental factors are more important than biological inheritance in human development.

B) Biological inheritance is more important than environmental factors in human development.

C) It is the interaction between environmental factors and biological inheritance that is important in human development.

D) Biological factors are irrelevant in human development.

6) Sara takes her four-year-old brother Matt to a carnival for the first time. They decide to ride the merry-go-round. Matt runs to the front of the line. His sister pulls him back and explains they have to stand in line. This is an example of

A) nature versus nurture.

B) socialization.

C) personality.

D) degradation.

7) The analysis of Isabelle is important because it emphasizes the relevance of

A) twin studies in sociology and psychology.

B) the consistency of the developmental processes.

C) the sensorimotor stage of development.

D) social interaction in human development.

8) Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that

A) early childhood deprivation could always be reversed with intense resocialization.

B) social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys.

C) there was no comparison between the development of the monkeys and human development.

D) midlife deprivation was more serious than early childhood deprivation.

9) Studies of identical twins have

A) proved conclusively the importance of biological factors in human development.

B) proved conclusively the importance of environmental factors in human development.

C) proved conclusively that human development is a result of the interaction between environmental and biological factors.

D) been based on extremely small samples and should be viewed as preliminary analyses at best.

10) The self is the

A) distinct identity that sets us apart from others.

B) child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole.

C) child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of the people who are most important in his or her life.

D) person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.

11) The looking-glass self is the

A) sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others.

B) child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole.

C) phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others.

D) person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.

12) In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

13) Charles Horton Cooley is responsible for developing the concept of

A) impression management.

B) reverse socialization.

C) the looking-glass self.

D) the preparatory stage.

14) According to the concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to

A) an increase in self-esteem.

B) the sensorimotor stage of development.

C) destruction of the looking-glass self.

D) a negative self-identity.

15) According to George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs when

A) children imitate the people around them, particularly family members.

B) children become able to pretend to be other people.

C) children grasp not only their own social positions, but also those of others around them.

D) we observe ourselves through the looking-glass self.

16) Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as

A) folkways.

B) norms.

C) rites of passage.

D) symbols.

17) The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is known as

A) role strain.

B) resocialization.

C) face-work.

D) role taking.

18) The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions, but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the

A) preparatory stage.

B) play stage.

C) imitative stage.

D) game stage.

19) During which of Mead's stages of the self does a child begin to "become" a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain?

A) The preparatory stage

B) The game stage

C) The play stage

D) The sensorimotor stage

20) Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development?

A) The preparatory stage

B) The imitative stage

C) The play stage

D) The game stage

21) Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively

A) demonstrating role taking.

B) playing the part of a significant other.

C) playing the part of a generalized other.

D) completing the preparatory stage of Mead's theory.

22) Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?

A) Erving Goffman

B) George Herbert Mead

C) Alvin Gouldner

D) William F. Ogburn

23) Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?

A) Generalized other

B) Significant other

C) Impression management

D) Symbolic other

24) According to George Herbert Mead, during which stage of development does a child respond to numerous members of the social environment and grasp his or her distinctive social position?

A) The preparatory stage

B) The game stage

C) The play stage

D) The concrete operational stage

25) Becky has a toy vacuum. She often pushes it around the living room. Becky is in the

A) preparatory stage.

B) game stage.

C) play stage.

D) concrete operational stage.

26) Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead?

A) The preparatory stage

B) The imitative stage

C) The play stage

D) The game stage

27) Significant others is

A) Charles Horton Cooley's term for a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole.

B) George Herbert Mead's term for altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.

C) George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.

D) George Herbert Mead's term for the sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others.

28) Which of the following is the best example of a significant other?

A) A casual acquaintance

B) A clerk in a department store

C) A parent

D) Someone you met at a party last night

29) Bob is on his first date with Mary, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. This is an example of

A) face-work.

B) impression management.

C) idealization of the other.

D) role taking.

30) Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work?

A) Charles Horton Cooley

B) George Herbert Mead

C) Erving Goffman

D) Wilbert Moore

31) Early in life, a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. This process is known as

A) impression management.

B) reverse socialization.

C) face-work.

D) anticipatory socialization.

32) The dramaturgical approach is

A) a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.

B) a framework developed by George Herbert Mead.

C) a phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others.

D) the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.

33) Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of face-work?

A) Altering the presentation of self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences

B) People's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public

C) Institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life

D) The variety of interactionism that utilizes theatrical concepts

34) A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, "There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." This is an example of

A) reverse socialization.

B) anticipatory socialization.

C) impression management.

D) face-work.

35) Most adolescents seek jobs in order to

A) identify a career choice.

B) make spending money.

C) assist with their parents' household expenses.

D) pay for education.

36) Gender roles are

A) expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

B) the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females.

C) universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females.

D) the biological characteristics of males and females, such as genital organs, hormones, and body hair.

37) The Amish period of discovery in which young people attend barn dances and break social norms is referred to as

A) Rumspringa.

B) enlightenment.

C) worldly activities.

D) adolescence.

38) Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful?

A) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

B) Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis

C) Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann

D) Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas

39) The statement "African American parents have learned that children as young as two years can absorb negative messages about Blacks in children's books, toys, and television shows" most likely supports the views of which sociological perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

40) Which sociological perspective emphasizes how schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

41) As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

42) Which of the following statements reflects a functionalist view of education as a socializing agent?

A) Schools can reinforce the divisive aspects of society, especially those of social class.

B) Schools are frequently used by those in power to maintain their power and to continue the subjugation of those with lower status.

C) Schools are responsible for teaching the values and norms of the larger society.

D) A teacher's style may often influence classroom interaction.

43) As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of

A) the family.

B) the state.

C) religion.

D) the mass media.

44) Which of the following is an example of a widely used agent of socialization amongst teenagers?

A) Internet

B) Radio

C) Motion pictures

D) Television

45) Which of the following statements regarding the use of media and technology as an agent of socialization is true?

A) Socialization tends not to occur online.

B) Today, the question is no longer if young people are plugged it, but how they use the resources.

C) The age at which people go online has been increasing.

D) A large percentage of teenagers are using the radio for socialization.

46) Which of the following statements regarding parental monitoring of the digital world is true?

A) Parents profess that they have a large amount of knowledge pertaining to their children's online behavior.

B) Mothers are more likely to monitor online activity than are fathers.

C) Parents who have higher incomes tend to discuss online activity more than those with lower incomes.

D) All parents know their children's passwords for e-mail and cell phones.

47) Prior to the 20th century, the protective function belonged to

A) hospitals.

B) the family.

C) child care centers.

D) mental health clinics.

48) Organized religion and government have impacted the life course by reinstituting some of the ________ once observed in agricultural communities and early industrial societies.

A) beliefs

B) folkways

C) informal norms

D) rites of passage

49) Rites of passage are

A) gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication.

B) stressful periods of self-evaluation, often occurring between 35 and 50 years of age.

C) rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another.

D) expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

50) Which of the following statements about rites of passage is true?

A) The quinceañera ceremony among Hispanic girls is considered a rite of passage.

B) All segments of American society celebrate the arrival of adulthood with the same rites of passage.

C) People in all societies experience adolescence between the ages of 15 and 17.

D) All of these answers are correct.

51) A retirement party, a high-school graduation party, and a confirmation party are all examples of

A) role taking.

B) impression management.

C) rites of passage.

D) face-work.

52) Life course theorists suggest socialization

A) stops after a person experiences a rite of passage.

B) continues through all stages of the life cycle.

C) is attributable solely to biological influences.

D) is attributable to both biological and physical influences.

53) Anticipatory socialization refers to

A) the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a culture.

B) processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

C) the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.

D) the process whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

54) A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school's swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swimming meets at a nearby college. This is an example of

A) reverse socialization.

B) resocialization.

C) desocialization.

D) anticipatory socialization.

55) Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life?

A) Role divestment

B) Resocialization

C) Desocialization

D) Anticipatory socialization

56) Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

A) A high school

B) A mental hospital

C) A Girl Scout troop

D) The New York Mets

57) In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as

A) degradation ceremonies.

B) resocialization.

C) anticipatory socialization.

D) reverse socialization.

58) An inmate enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of

A) anticipatory socialization.

B) a rite of passage.

C) a degradation ceremony.

D) ascription.

59) Starting around age 40, adults often experience a stressful period of self-evaluation, commonly known as

A) resocialization.

B) a degradation ceremony.

C) a midlife crisis.

D) anticipatory socialization.

60) Jane has two young, active children. She is also the primary caregiver or her aging father, who still lives alone but needs help around the house and assistance in getting to doctors' appointments. Which of the following best describes Jane's situation?

A) Jane is a member of the sandwich generation.

B) Jane is a member of Generation X.

C) Jane is experiencing a rite of passage.

D) Jane is experiencing a midlife crisis.

61) According to gerontologist Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, in what phase of the retirement experience do retirees learn to deal with life after retirement in a reasonable and comfortable fashion?

A) Near phase

B) Stability phase

C) Reorientation phase

D) Honeymoon phase

62) In the near phase of Robert Atchley's phases of retirement, retirees

A) feel a sense of let-down as they deal with their new lives.

B) can no longer engage in basic, day-to-day activities such as self-care and housework.

C) develop a more realistic view of their retirement options.

D) establish a specific departure date from their jobs.

63) Areas where older Americans congregate and that gradually become informal centers for senior citizens are known as

A) retirement communities.

B) naturally occurring retirement communities.

C) nursing homes.

D) assisted living communities.

64) Which of the following is responsible for propelling mothers of young children into the working world?

A) The need for additional family income

B) The decrease in single-parent families

C) Increased job opportunities for men

D) The decrease in the gender pay gap

65) Which of the following statements is true of child care in the United States?

A) Children under the age of five are more likely to be cared for by their grandparents or other relatives.

B) High-quality child care centers do adversely affect the socialization of children.

C) The majority of infants in the United States are cared for by their parents.

D) The federal government does not support child care.

66) Which social scientist believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?

A) Sigmund Freud

B) Harry Harlow

C) Charles Horton Cooley

D) George Herbert Mead

67) A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Jean Piaget?

A) Concrete operational

B) Sensorimotor

C) Formal operational

D) Preoperational

68) Susie is beginning to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas. According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, Susie is in the

A) sensorimotor stage.

B) preoperational stage.

C) concrete operational stage.

D) formal operational stage.

69) Which of the following is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development?

A) The preoperational stage

B) The concrete operational stage

C) The formal operational stage

D) The sensorimotor stage

70) In the nature versus nurture debate, most social scientists maintain that "nurture" is considerably more important than "nature."

71) Parents must concern themselves with an infant's physical needs, in addition to their children's social development.

72) Twin studies are viewed with some skepticism because they are based on very small sample sizes.

73) Studies of identical twins have proved conclusively the importance of biological factors in human development.

74) Girls are socialized differently than boys within the United States.

75) The members of your nuclear family, your athletic coach, a teacher in a large lecture hall, and your best friend are all significant others.

76) Individuals who learn to slant their presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences are participating in impression management.

77) Education, religion, and the government all impact an individual's socialization.

78) The family is the most important agent of socialization in the United States.

79) Within peer groups, individuals tend to associate with others who are close in age and enjoy a similar social status.

80) Gender roles are the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females.

81) Socialization does not take place online.

82) Religion and the state are examples of agents of socialization.

83) The methods of celebrating rites of passage can provide a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status.

84) Individuality is often lost within total institutions.

85) Socialization ends when you become an adult.

86) Retirement is not a single transition, but rather a series of adjustments that varies from one person to another.

87) Pre-schoolers typically are not cared for by their parents.

88) Few people in the United States or elsewhere can afford the luxury of having a parent stay at home, or of paying for high-quality live-in child care.

89) Finding affordable child care is not a problem in the United States.

90) Nearly all child care workers are women.

91) Discuss the nature versus nurture debate with regard to the socialization of one's social self or personality.

92) Describe George Herbert Mead's various stages of the self. Define the terms generalized others and significant others.

93) Identify the various agents of socialization and discuss the importance of each in the formation of a social self.

94) Describe how the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives view the role of socialization in creating a social self in society.

95) Discuss the importance of peer groups on children's social development.

96) Describe the ways in which the media impacts youth in the U.S.

97) Identify and describe a rite of passage in your culture. Why are rites of passage important in one's culture?

98) Explain the differences and similarities among socialization, resocialization, and anticipatory socialization.

99) Discuss the various stages of retirement. What factors can complicate the retirement process?

100) Discuss child care in the United States from the sociological perspectives.