Test Bank Chapter 25 Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis - Organic Chemistry 13e | Test Bank by Solomons by Graham Solomons. DOCX document preview.
Package Title: Solomons Test Bank
Course Title: Solomons 12e
Chapter Number: 25
Question type: Multiple choice
1) The following structure represents the less common (in DNA, at least) tautomeric form of ___.
a) Cytosine
b) Thymine
c) Adenine
d) Guanine
e) Uracil
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
2) The DNA and RNA molecules carry genetic information in cells. What is their specific function?
a) DNA is the most important molecule as it directs the synthesis of proteins by transcribing and translating the information from RNA.
b) DNA translates the information for protein synthesis; RNA archives and transcribes information from the DNA for protein synthesis.
c) DNA archives information for protein synthesis; RNA transcribes and translates information from the DNA for protein synthesis.
d) DNA and RNA are in charge of both transcribing and translating information for the synthesis of proteins from the nucleus.
e) RNA archives information for protein synthesis, transcribes and translates it with help of molecules synthesized from DNA.
Topic: General
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
3) The primary function of nucleic acids is:
a) the catalysis of biochemical reactions.
b) the regulation of reactions that occur in the body.
c) the preservation, transcription and translation of information.
d) the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleotides.
e) the neutralization of nucleic bases.
Topic: Assorted Definitions
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
4) Each section of DNA that codes for a given protein is called:
a) Proteome
b) Gene
c) Allele
d) Genome
e) Metabolome
Topic: Assorted Definitions
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
5) A genome is defined as:
a) the set of all genetic information coded by DNA in an organism.
b) the set of all genes present in the RNA in an organism.
c) the set of alleles coded by the DNA of an organism.
d) the gene that produces a protein in an organism.
e) the set of proteins elaborated by an organism.
Topic: Assorted Definitions
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
6) The monomeric units of nucleic acids are which of these?
a) d-Ribose or 2-deoxy-d-ribose
b) Phosphate ions
c) Purines
d) Nucleosides
e) Nucleotides
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
7) Which statement concerning the monosaccharide portion of nucleotides is true in every case?
a) The monosaccharide is in the pyranose form.
b) The linkage to phosphate is at carbon #3.
c) The heterocyclic base is attached to carbon #1 of the monosaccharide.
d) The monosaccharide–nitrogen base linkage is .
e) The monosaccharide is 2-deoxy-d-ribose.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
8) A nucleotide unit is composed of:
a) a five carbon monosaccharide.
b) a phosphate group.
c) a heterocyclic base.
d) an amino acid.
e) More than one of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
9) An RNA nucleoside will undergo hydrolysis in dilute acid to yield which of the following?
a) 2-Deoxy-d-ribose and a heterocyclic base
b) 2-Deoxy-d-ribose, a heterocyclic base, and phosphate ion
c) d-Ribose and a heterocyclic base
d) d-Ribose, a heterocyclic base, and phosphate ion
e) d-Ribose and phosphate ion
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
10) Which are the products of hydrolysis of a certain RNA nucleotide?
a) d-Ribose, adenine
b) d-Ribose, guanine, phosphate
c) d-Ribose, thymine, phosphate
d) 2-Deoxy-d-ribose, cytosine, phosphate
e) 2-Deoxy-d-ribose, adenine
Topic: Assorted Reactions
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
11) What are the monomeric units released upon mild degradation of a nucleotide?
a) A purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose and a phosphate ion.
b) A purine or pyrimidine base and a pentose.
c) A purine or pyrimidine, a hexose and a phosphate ion.
d) A purine or pyrimidine, a hexose and three phosphate ions.
e) A pyrimidine, a pentose and adenylic acid.
Topic: Nucleotides and Nucleosides
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
12) The carbohydrates that form part of nucleosides in RNA and DNA, respectively, are:
a) d-ribose and 2-deoxy-l-ribose
b) d-ribose and 2-deoxy-d-ribose
c) l-ribose and 2-deoxy-l-ribose
d) 2-deoxy-d-ribose and d-ribose
e) 2-deoxy-l-ribose and d-ribose
Topic: Nucleotides and Nucleosides
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
13) In RNA, adenine can be linked to
a) deoxyribose via -N-glycosidic bonds
b) uracil via hydrogen bonds
c) phosphate via phosphodiester bonds
d) guanine via amide bonds
e) All of the above
Topic: RNA Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
14) A purine:
a) contains four nitrogens in the ring system.
b) is bicyclic.
c) can participate in hydrogen bonding.
d) is a heterocyclic base.
e) All of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
15) In a nucleotide unit, the components are sequentially linked:
a) monosaccharide-phosphate-heterocyclic base.
b) amino acid-monosaccharide-phosphate.
c) phosphate-monosaccharide-heterocyclic base.
d) monosaccharide-amino acid-phosphate.
e) heterocyclic base-phosphate-monosaccharide.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
16) Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?
a) Cytosine
b) Thymine
c) Guanine
d) Uracil
e) All of these choices are pyrimidines.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
17) The hydrogen bonding for the base pairs of DNA is between:
a) amide carbonyl and -NH2.
b) amide N-H and cyclic amine nitrogens.
c) alcohols and carbonyls.
d) All of these choices.
e) Only two of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
18) Which heterocyclic base found in RNA does not occur in DNA?
a) Guanine
b) Thymine
c) Cytosine
d) Uracil
e) Adenine
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
19) What are the names of the nucleosides found in RNA?
a) Adenosine, uracil, thymine, guanoside
b) 2’-Deoxyadenosine, 2’-deoxythymidine, 2’-deoxyguanosine, 2’-deoxycytidine
c) Adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine
d) Adenosine, uridine, guanosine, cytidine
e) Adenine, uracil, guanoside and cytosine
Topic: Nucleotides and Nucleosides
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
20) What are the names of the nucleosides found in DNA?
a) 2’-Deoxyadenosine, uridine, thymine, 2’-deoxyguanosine,
b) 2’-Deoxyadenosine, 2’-deoxythymidine, 2’-deoxyguanosine, 2’-deoxycytidine
c) 2’-Deoxyadenoside, 2’-deoxythymidine, 2’-deoxyguanoside, 2’-deoxycytidine
d) Adenosine, uridine, guanosine, cytidine
e) 2’-Deoxyadenoside, thymidine, 2’-deoxyguanoside, 2’-deoxycytidine
Topic: Nucleotides and Nucleosides
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
21) Complete hydrolysis of adenylic acid would yield which of these?
a) Adenosine and a phosphate ion
b) Adenine, d-ribose, and a phosphate ion
c) Adenine and d-ribose
d) Adenine and 2-deoxy-d-ribose
e) A pyrimidine, a pentose, and a phosphate ion
Topic: Assorted Reactions
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
22) Supply the missing reagent in the following synthesis.
a) (CH3)2C=O
b) HOCH2CH2OH
c) CH3CHOHCH3
d) CH3CCl2CH3
e) CH3CHClCH3
Topic: Nucleotide Synthesis
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Easy
23) Supply the missing reagent(s) in the synthesis below.
a) PO43– and C6H5CH2OH
b) PO43– and C6H5CH2Cl
c) 
d) C6H5CH3 + POCl3
e) C6H5CH2OH + H3PO4
Topic: Nucleotide Synthesis
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Easy
24) The synthesis of adenosine by the reaction shown below likely occurs by what reaction mechanism?
a) An SN2 reaction
b) An SNAr reaction
c) An elimination-addition reaction
d) An SN1 reaction
e) An E2 reaction
Topic: Assorted Reactions
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Easy
25) In the synthesis of cytidine (Bz protected), the amino group at position 4 (N4) of cytosine is protected with a benzoyl protecting group because
a) the primary amino group would react faster than the secondary N1.
b) The cytosine reagent would not be soluble in the reaction medium.
c) Cytosine needs to be activated with the benzoyl protecting group.
d) The amino group needs to remain protected after hydrolysis of benzoyl groups.
e) The activation of the primary is needed for the reaction with the d-ribose.
Topic: Nucleoside and nucleotides synthesis
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Hard
26) Acyclovir is a nucleoside that is highly effective in treating
a) leukemia in children
b) certain type of herpes viruses
c) gout
d) skin cancer
e) several type of tumors
Topic: Medical Applications
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Easy
27) The primary structure of DNA is given by
a) The sequence of nucleosides in the DNA strand.
b) The type of purine and pyrimidine bases along the DNA helix.
c) The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA strand.
d) The phosphate ester linkages in the DNA strand.
e) The 3’-OH of the ribose in connection to the 5’-OH of the subsequent nucleotide.
Topic: Primary DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
28) The base sequence of the DNA is known as:
a) Gene
b) Primary structure
c) Beta sheet structure
d) Tertiary structure
e) Secondary structure
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
29) Hydrolysis of DNA from various species gives which of the following results?
a) The mole percentage of adenine is approximately equal to that of thymine.
b) The mole percentage of cytosine is approximately equal to that of guanine.
c) The total mole percentage of purines is approximately equal to that of pyrimidines.
d) The mole percentage of adenine is approximately equal to that of cytosine.
e) More than one of these choices is correct.
Topic: Assorted Reactions
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
30) What is the secondary structure of DNA?
a) An alpha-helix
b) A pleated sheet
c) A flat sheet
d) A double helix
e) A random coil
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
31) Which is a correct statement concerning DNA structure?
a) The base and the phosphate units are linked by hydrogen bonds.
b) The sugar and the phosphate units are linked by phosphodiester bonds.
c) The base and the sugar units are linked by -N-glycosidic bonds.
d) Two of these statements are correct.
e) None of these statements are correct.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
32) The analytical data for DNA samples which led to generalizations such as (%G + %A) (%C + %T) came from the research of what individual?
a) James Watson
b) Francis Crick
c) Erwin Chargaff
d) Arthur Kornberg
e) Maurice Wilkins
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
33) Which bases pair in DNA by hydrogen bonding?
a) Cytosine and thymine
b) Cytosine and uracil
c) Adenine and guanine
d) Adenine and thymine
e) Adenine and uracil
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
34) In DNA, thymine can pair via hydrogen bonding to ___?
a) Cytosine
b) Uracil
c) Adenine
d) Guanine
e) Deoxyribose
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
35) In DNA, cytosine can pair via hydrogen bonding to ___?
a) Deoxyribose
b) Uracil
c) Adenine
d) Guanine
e) All of these choices.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
36) In DNA, adenine can be linked to ___.
a) Deoxyribose via -N-glycosidic bonds
b) Uracil via hydrogen bonds
c) Phosphate via phosphodiester bonds
d) Guanine via amide bonds
e) All of these choices.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
37) Which is an incorrect statement concerning DNA structure?
a) The base and the phosphate units are linked by phosphodiester bonds.
b) The sugar and the phosphate units are linked by hydrogen bonds.
c) The base and the sugar units are linked by -N-glycosidic bonds.
d) Two of these statements are incorrect.
e) All of these statements are incorrect.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
38) Which is an incorrect statement concerning the DNA double helix?
a) The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside of the helix and the base pairs are on the inside.
b) The two strands are identical but proceed in opposite directions.
c) Hydrogen bonding holds together the two strands.
d) Only purine-pyrimidine base pairs can be accommodated.
e) The sugar-phosphate backbone is completely regular.
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
39) Which is an incorrect statement concerning the DNA double helix?
a) The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside of the helix and the base pairs are on the outside.
b) The two strands are identical but proceed in opposite directions.
c) The two strands are linked by glycosidic bonds.
d) Only purine-purine and pyrimidine-pyrimidine base pairs can be accommodated.
e) All of these statements are incorrect.
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
40) Which is the predominant tautomeric form of guanine when it is present in DNA?
a) I
b) II
c) III
d) IV
e) V
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
41) In DNA, the lactim form of guanine will pair with which base?
a) Cytosine
b) Adenine
c) Uracil
d) Thymine
e) No pairing is possible.
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
42) The formation of a new DNA molecule which is an exact copy of a pre-existing one is designated by what term?
a) Duplication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Replication
e) Reproduction
Topic: Assorted Definitions
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
43) Nitrous acid (HNO2) is a suspected mutagen because of its reaction with:
a) amine groups.
b) ribose.
c) phosphates.
d) alcohols.
e) ketones.
Topic: DNA Mutation
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
44) Consideration of tautomerism in guanine suggests that it can exist in lactam and lactim forms. The form that is typically found in DNA is ___, typically pairs with ___, while the other form is likely to pair with ___, leading to the possible spontaneous mutations.
a) lactam, cytosine, thymine
b) lactam, cytosine, adenine
c) lactim, cytosine, thymine
d) lactam, uracil, cytosine
e) lactim, cytosine, uracil
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
45) Consider the effect of nitrous acid on the adenine residue of a DNA strand. The product now resembles ___, and is likely to pair with ___, instead of with ___, leading to the possible mutations.
a) guanine, cytosine, thymine
b) thymine, cytosine, guanine
c) thymine, guanine, cytosine
d) uracil, cytosine, guanine
e) cytosine, guanine, thymine
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
46) The action of nitrous acid (HNO2) on 5-methylcytosine produces which nitrogen base?
a) Adenine
b) Guanine
c) Cytosine
d) Thymine
e) Uracil
Topic: Assorted Reactions
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
47) Which is the predominant tautomeric form of cytosine when it is present in DNA?
a) I
b) II
c) III
d) None of these choices.
e) I, II and III are present in approximately equal amounts.
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
48) Which is the predominant tautomeric form of adenine when it is present in DNA?
a) I
b) II
c) III
d) IV
e) V
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
49) What is a correct statement?
a) A gene contains a number of introns and exons.
b) Introns are portions of the genes that are expressed.
c) The exons are portions of the gene that are cut off during expression.
d) Introns and exons can express independent from each other.
e) Introns are spliced together after removal of exons.
Topic: Transcription
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
50) What statement is false?
a) mRNA migrates into the cytoplasm after the introns are removed in the nucleus.
b) The ribosomes are formed by approximately two-thirds RNA and one-third protein.
c) The 30S subunit of the ribosome carries catalytic activity for translation.
d) The 30S and 50S subunits are components of the ribosomal RNA.
e) The 50S subunit joins one amino acid to the next by an amide bond.
Topic: Ribosomes
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
51) The suggested mechanism of catalysis for the peptide bond formation during protein synthesis involves
a) a guanine group that produces acid-base catalysis in the attack of the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxylic acid function of the other.
b) an acid-base catalysis effected by a glutamic acid in the RNA during the nucleophilic attack of the amino group on the acyl carbon of the peptide.
c) A tetrahedral intermediate formed by the attack of a base from the tRNA on the -amino group of the incoming amino acid.
d) a total or partial removal of a proton on the-amino group of an amino acid facilitating the attack on the acyl carbon of the growing peptide on the tRNA.
e) a nucleophilic attack of an adenine on the-amino group of the incoming amino acid.
Topic: Ribosomes
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Medium
52) What is the transfer RNA anticodon for the messenger RNA codon, G—C—A?
a) T—A—T
b) G—U—T
c) G—C—A
d) U—C—G
e) C—G—U
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
53) Where is the sequence of bases termed an "anticodon" found?
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) DNA
e) Polysomes
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
54) Which of these has the smallest molecular weight?
a) rRNA
b) mRNA
c) DNA
d) tRNA
Topic: Miscellaneous
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
55) The anticodon is part of
a) mRNA
b) tRNA
c) rRNA
d) DNA
e) None of these choices.
Topic: Transcription
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
56) The codon is part of
a) mRNA
b) rRNA
c) tRNA
d) DNA
e) None of these choices.
Topic: Transcription
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
57) During translation, the segment on the mRNA that corresponds to the base sequence C—G—A along a gene segment of DNA, would bind to the anticodon ___ on a tRNA.
a) A—U—C
b) G—C—U
c) U—C—G
d) G—C—T
e) C—G—A
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
58) If an mRNA codon is GUC, what was the original base sequence in DNA?
a) GUC
b) GTC
c) CAG
d) GAC
e) CTG
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
59) Which is the messenger codon which calls for the initiation of protein synthesis?
a) AUG
b) GUA
c) UAG
d) AUC
e) CAC
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
60) Concerning the genetic code, which of the following is an incorrect statement?
a) Not all codons specify amino acids.
b) There are a total of 64 different triplets.
c) For each amino acid there are the same number of codons.
d) The triplet codons are incorporated in messenger RNA.
e) The triplet AUG is a "start" codon.
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
61) Which is the initial N-terminal amino acid in the developing polypeptide in bacteria?
a) Cysteine
b) Methionine
c) N-Formylmethionine
d) Glycine
e) Alanine
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
62) The codon consists of a sequence of three
a) bases
b) amino acids
c) three purines
d) pyrimidines
e) lipids
Topic: Transcription
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
63) Specific amino acids attach to the arm of a tRNA that ends in ___, via a(n) ___ bond.
a) CCG, ester
b) ACG, ether
c) CCA, glycosidic
d) ACA, amide
e) CCA, ester
Topic: Transcription
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
64) The time required to synthesize a protein depends on the number of amino acid residues it contains. A rough estimate is that each ribosome can cause ___ peptide bonds to be formed per minute.
a) 30
b) 50
c) 100
d) 150
e) 200
Topic: Transcription
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
65) The synthesis of proteins according to "the central dogma of molecular genetics" would require:
a) replication then translation.
b) translation then replication.
c) replication then transcription.
d) transcription then translation.
e) Any of these choices.
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.4 and 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
66) In DNA sequencing, what is used to convert DNA molecules into smaller, more manageable fragments?
a) DNA polymerase
b) Dilute HCl
c) Trypsin
d) Chymotrypsin
e) Restriction endonucleases
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
67) If the base sequence along a segment of DNA were G—C—C—A—T, what would be the base sequence of messenger RNA synthesized from this sequence?
a) G—C—C—A—T
b) C—G—G—T—A
c) C—G—G—U—A
d) G—C—C—A—U
e) A—T—T—G—C
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
68) The antisense oligonucleotide G—A—C—T—C, could be synthesized via a ___ template on ___?
a) T—C—A—G—A , RNA
b) C—T—G—A—G, DNA
c) C—T—G—A—G, RNA
d) G—A—C—T—U, DNA
e) A—G—T—C—T, RNA
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
69) If the base sequence along a segment of DNA were T—C—G—T—A, what would be the antisense oligonucleotide synthesized from this sequence?
a) G—C—C—A—T
b) C—G—G—T—A
c) U—G—C—U—T
d) A—G—C—A—U
e) A—G—C—A—T
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
70) If the base sequence along a segment of DNA were G—C—C—A—T, what would be the base sequence of messenger RNA synthesized from this sequence?
a) C—U—U—T—A
b) C—G—G—T—A
c) C—G—G—U—A
d) G—C—C—A—U
e) A—T—T—G—C
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
71) Separation of the fragments produced in the chemical sequencing of a DNA segment is achieved by the use of which of these techniques?
a) Column chromatography
b) Fractional distillation
c) Thin layer chromatography
d) Gas chromatography
e) Gel electrophoresis
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
72) Relatively short synthetic strands of DNA complementary to certain portions of a gene are known as:
a) antisense oligonucleotides.
b) templates.
c) palindromes.
d) endonucleases.
e) polymerases.
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Easy
73) What is the antisense nucleotide sequence of
ACC GTG CAA GAT
a) TGG CAC CTT GTA
b) ACC GTG CAA GAT
c) UCC CTC GTT CTU
d) TGG CAC GTT CTA
e) ATC TTG CAC GGT
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Easy
74) What is the acid-labile protecting group used for the carbohydrate during the laboratory synthesis of oligonucleotides.
a) -Cyanoethyl
b) Dimethoxyisopropylamine
c) Dimethoxytrityl
d) Dimethoxytriptamine
e) Phosphoramidite
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Medium
75) What is the order of the three main synthetic steps used for the laboratory synthesis of oligonucleotides?
a) Demethylation, coupling, hydrolysis
b) Protecting group removal, coupling, oxidation
c) Coupling, activation, detritylation
d) Detritylation of monomer, activation, coupling, oxidation, hydrolysis
e) Coupling, oxidation, detritylation
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Medium
76) During the laboratory synthesis of oligonucleotides
a) A phosphite triester is oxidized to a phosphate triester with iodine.
b) A phosphate triester is reduced to a phosphite triester with iodine.
c) A phosphate triester is reduced to a phosphite triester with tetrazole.
d) A phosphite triester is oxidized to a phosphate triester with tetrazole.
e) A phosphite triester is oxidized to a phosphate triester with NH4OH.
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Medium
77) The automated synthesis of oligonucleotides
a) Uses dimethoxytrityl resin as solid phase.
b) Is done in solution phase; the precipitated product is isolated by filtration.
c) Is done in solid phase using an exchange resin and phosphoramidite monomers.
d) Uses controlled pore glass as solid phase and phosphoramidite monomers.
e) Is done in solution phase on a type of glass container that catalyzes the reaction.
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Medium
78) Dimethoxytrityl is used as a protecting group on the 5’-OH of the carbohydrate in the synthesis of DNA. What is the species formed upon cleavage with acid? What factors contribute to its stability?
a) A dimethoxymethyl cation is formed. The cation is stabilized by hyperconjugation and by the donor effect of the OCH3 groups.
b) A carbanion is formed and this is stabilized by resonance of the benzene rings and by the inductive effect of the OCH3 groups.
c) A carbocation is formed and this stabilized by inductive effect of the OCH3 groups as well as by resonance of the negative charge on the benzene ring.
d) A dimethoxytrityl cation is formed. The cation is stabilized by resonance of the benzene rings and by the donor effect of the OCH3 groups.
e) A neutral dimethoxytrityl is formed. The lack of charge contributes to the easy of hydrolysis and the stability of the species released.
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Hard
79) Which of the following statements about the polymerase chain reaction are true?
a) It generates a large number of copies of DNA.
b) It polymerizes the short oligonucleotide strands formed during biosynthesis.
c) It catalyzes the formation of mRNA.
d) It needs a minuscule sample of DNA.
e) Two of these choices.
Topic: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section: 25.8
Difficulty Level: Easy
80) If you start a PCR amplification with one molecule of double stranded DNA, how many double stranded copies will you obtain after 10 cycles?
a) 2
b) 8
c) 20
d) 1024
e) 512
Topic: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section: 25.8
Difficulty Level: Easy
81) Which of the following is not a valid application of the PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?
a) Semen analysis in forensic investigations.
b) Evolutionary biology.
c) Detection of cytomegalovirus.
d) Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.
e) All of these are valid applications of the PCR.
Topic: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section: 25.8
Difficulty Level: Easy
82) Primers are needed for the enzyme polymerase
a) To start adding nucleotides on the 5’ end until the template is fully copied.
b) To start copying the template on the 3’ end until a stop codon.
c) To start adding nucleotides on the 3’ end of it until it copies the full template.
d) To start polymerizing nucleotides on the template.
e) To copy the template and the primers themselves until turning of the PCR.
Topic: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section: 25.8
Difficulty Level: Medium
83) The thermal cycler heats the DNA sample to: a) 90 oC; then cools down to: b) 50-60 oC; and after it is warmed to c) about 70 oC. This steps are done in order to
a) a) denature the DNA sample; b) allow the primers to bind; c) denature the DNA again.
b) a) denature the DNA sample; b) allow the primers to bind the templates; c) extend each strand by polymerase-catalyzed condensation of monomer nucleotides.
c) a) anneal; b) denature the DNA sample; c) bind the monomer triphosphate nucleotide.
d) a) anneal the primers; b) denature the DNA strand; c) activate the polymerase enzyme.
e) a) bind the primers to the annealed DNA; activate the polymerase enzyme; c) separate the copied strands.
Topic: Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section: 25.8
Difficulty Level: Medium
Question type: fill-in-the-blank
84) The molecular archive of instructions for protein synthesis is called ___. The molecules that transcribe and translate these instructions are called ___.
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
85) Each section of DNA that codes for a particular protein is called a ___.
Topic: Miscellaneous
Section: 25.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
86) The four bases that make up the DNA “ladder” are: ___.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
87) The four bases found in RNA are: ___.
Topic: RNA Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
88) Amino acids bear the same relation to proteins as ___ do to nucleic acids.
Topic: Miscellaneous
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
Question type: Essay
89) For the following statements, answer true or false.
a) The nucleic acids are base-substituted sugar esters of phosphoric acid. false/true
b) The two principal types of nucleic acids are ribose nucleic acids (RNA), and deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA). false/true
c) Both ribose and deoxyribose appear in nucleic acids as N-glycosides of five different purines. false/true
d) The base portion of the RNA molecule may be only a pyrimidine derivative. false/true
Topic: General
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
90) Draw the structures corresponding to the following abbreviations: UMP and AMP.
Topic: General
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Easy
91) For the following statements, answer yes or no.
a) Is the genetic code embodied in DNA? Yes/No
b) Does a sequence of three bases in a DNA polymer code for two amino acids that are used in protein synthesis? Yes/No
c) Is the genetic code transcribed to mRNA? Yes/No
d) Are amino acids carried to the protein building site by mRNA? Yes/No
Topic: General
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Medium
92) Draw the structures to represent what is likely to happen when cyclic AMP (3’,5’-cyclic adenylic acid) reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide, briefly explaining your rationale.
The reaction appears to follow an SN2 mechanism, with nucleophilic attack by OH– at the primary 5’- position to afford 3’-adenylic acid (rather than at the secondary 3’-position, which would yield 5’-adenylic acid).
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.3
Difficulty Level: Hard
93) While proteins are made up of amino acids connected by amide bonds, nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides connected by ___.
Topic: Miscellaneous
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
94) The secondary structure of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick to be a ___.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
95) In the DNA double helix, two strands of nucleic acids are held together by ___.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
96) In the DNA base pairs, adenine always bonds with ___ and cytosine with ___.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
97) The backbone of DNA is made up of ___.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
98) What sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is complementary to the following sequence on another strand?
G-G-C-T-A-A-T-C-C-G-T
DNA G-G-C-T-A-A-T-C-C-G-T is complementary to
DNA C-C-G-A-T-T-A-G-G-C-A.
Topic: DNA
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
99) Draw the structure with hydrogen bonds between uracil and adenine.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
100) Draw the structure of the dinucleotide DNA A-G.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
101) Draw the structures of the following nucleotides:
a) 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-phosphate
b) 2’-Deoxythymidine 5’-phosphate
Topic: Nucleotides
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
102) Draw the structure of the dinucleotide A-T.
Topic: Nucleotides
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
103) 2’-Deoxythymine exists in the lactam form rather than in the tautomeric lactim form. Explain.
The lactam form is more stabilized by resonance.
Topic: General
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
104) Draw structures to represent the hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
105) Draw structures to represent the hydrogen bonding between cytosine and guanine.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
106) Draw structures to represent the hydrogen bonding between adenine and uracil.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
107) Draw structures to represent the bonding between deoxyribose and thymine.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
108) Draw structures to represent the bonding between ribose and uracil.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
109) Draw the structures of two tautomeric forms of guanine, one a lactam, the other a lactim. Explain the possible involvement of the lactim form in causing spontaneous mutation during replication.
Topic: Tautomerism, Mutation
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
110) What product is likely to be formed from the reaction between an adenine residue on a nucleotide and nitrous acid? Explain the possible involvement of the product of this reaction in causing spontaneous mutation during replication.
Topic: Tautomerism, Mutation
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
111) Suggest a reasonable strategy for the specific phosphorylation of the 5’ –OH group of a nucleoside.
Topic: Nucleotide Synthesis
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
112) For the following statements, answer yes or no:
a) Does a nucleoside have an C-substituted glycoside? Yes/No
b) Does a nucleotide have a N-substituted glycosidic ester of phosphoric acid. Yes/No
c) Does the DNA polymer have the form of a double helix with the pyrimidine and purine base structures oriented toward the exterior of the helix? Yes/No
d) Does hydrogen bonding between complementary bases make possible the double helix DNA structure, as well as replication of the DNA molecule? Yes/No
Topic: General
Section: 25.2 and 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
113) A chemical that causes mutations in DNA is called a ___.
Topic: Miscellaneous
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
114) What is the function of the RNA polymerase?
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
115) What are the introns?
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
116) Protein synthesis requires that two major processes take place. The first takes place in the cytoplasm involving messenger RNA (mRNA) and is called ___. The second involves two other types of RNA: ___ and ___.
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
117) The anticodon is a specific sequence of ___, found on the ___, which allows it to bind to the ___, of ___.
Topic: Protein Synthesis
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
118) The molecular weight of tRNA is ___, compared with mRNA or rRNA; consequently, the solubility of tRNA is ___.
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
119) The function of tRNA is ___.
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
120) List the codon sequences for these amino acids:
a) Ala
b) Phe
c) Leu
d) Tyr
b) UUC, UUU
c) CUA, CUC, CUG, CUU, UUA, UUG
d) UAC, UAU
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
121) What amino acids sequence is coded for by the following mRNA base sequence?
CUU-AUG-GCU-UGG-CCC-UAA
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
122) What RNA base sequence would be complementary to the following DNA base
sequence?
G-A-T-T-A-C-C-T-A
RNA C-U-A-A-U-G-G-A-U.
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
123) List anticodon sequences on the tRNAs carrying the amino acids: Ala, Phe, Leu, Tyr.
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
124) What anticodon sequences of tRNAs are coded for by the mRNA sequence CUU-AUG-GCU-UGG-CCC-UAA?
tRNA GAA-UAC-CGA-ACC-GGG-AUU
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
125) What is the base sequence in the original DNA strand on which the mRNA sequence: CUU-AUG-GCU-UGG-CCC-UAA was made?
DNA GAA-TAC-CGA-ACC-GGG-ATT
Topic: RNA
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
126) Explain why 3 bases (triplet code) are needed in the genetic code to unambiguously identify each amino acid.
Topic: Triplet Code
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Medium
127) Why does the polymerase enzyme used in the PCR not denature at high temperature?
Topic: DNA
Section: 25.8
Difficulty Level: Easy
128) A nucleotide unit lacks the following:
a) a five carbon monosaccharide.
b) a phosphate group.
c) a heterocyclic base.
d) an amino acid.
e) More than one of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
129) A pyrimidine:
a) contains two nitrogens in the ring system.
b) is monocyclic.
c) can participate in hydrogen bonding.
d) is a heterocyclic base.
e) All of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
130) In a nucleotide unit, the phosphate is linked to the:
a) monosaccharide
b) amino acid
c) heterocyclic base
d) fatty acid
e) None of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
131) In a nucleoside unit, the monosaccharide is linked to the:
a) fatty acid
b) amino acid
c) heterocyclic base
d) phosphate
e) None of these choices.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
132) Which of the following is a purine?
a) Cytosine
b) Thymine
c) Guanine
d) Uracil
e) All of these choices are purines.
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
133) Which heterocyclic base found in DNA does not occur in RNA?
a) Guanine
b) Thymine
c) Cytosine
d) Uracil
e) Adenine
Topic: Nucleic Acid Structure
Section: 25.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
134) Which bases pair in RNA by hydrogen bonding?
a) Cytosine and thymine
b) Cytosine and uracil
c) Adenine and guanine
d) Adenine and thymine
e) Adenine and uracil
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
135) In RNA, uracil can pair via hydrogen bonding to ___?
a) Cytosine
b) Thymine
c) Adenine
d) Guanine
e) Deoxyribose
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
136) In RNA, cytosine can pair via hydrogen bonding to ___?
a) Thymine
b) Uracil
c) Adenine
d) Guanine
e) All of these choices.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
137) In RNA, adenine can pair via hydrogen bonding to ___?
a) Thymine
b) Uracil
c) Cytosine
d) Guanine
e) All of these choices.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
139) In RNA, guanine can pair via hydrogen bonding to ___?
a) Thymine
b) Uracil
c) Cytosine
d) Adenine
e) All of these choices.
Topic: DNA Structure
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
140) Which is a correct statement concerning the DNA double helix?
a) The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside of the helix and the base pairs are on the outside.
b) The two strands are identical but proceed in opposite directions.
c) The two strands are linked by glycosidic bonds.
d) Hydrogen bonding holds together the two strands.
e) All of these statements are incorrect.
Topic: The Double Helix
Section: 25.4
Difficulty Level: Medium
141) What is the transfer RNA anticodon for the messenger RNA codon, C—G—U?
a) T—A—T
b) G—U—T
c) G—C—A
d) U—C—G
e) C—G—U
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
142) What is the transfer RNA anticodon for the messenger RNA codon, A—G—C?
a) T—A—T
b) G—U—T
c) G—C—A
d) U—C—G
e) C—G—U
Topic: Codons and Anticodons
Section: 25.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
143) If the base sequence along a segment of DNA were C—G—G—T—A, what would be the base sequence of messenger RNA synthesized from this sequence?
a) G—C—C—A—T
b) C—G—G—A—U
c) C—G—G—U—A
d) G—C—C—A—U
e) A—T—T—G—C
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
144) If the base sequence along a segment of DNA were G—C—C—T—A, what would be the base sequence of messenger RNA synthesized from this sequence?
a) G—C—C—A—T
b) C—G—G—A—U
c) C—G—G—U—A
d) G—C—C—A—U
e) A—T—T—G—C
Topic: Sequencing
Section: 25.6
Difficulty Level: Easy
145) What is the antisense nucleotide sequence of
ACC GTG GAA CAT
a) TGG CAC CTT GTA
b) ACC GTG CAA GAT
c) UCC CTC GTT CTU
d) TGG CAC GTT CTA
e) ATC TTG CAC GGT
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Easy
146) What is the antisense nucleotide sequence of
TGG CAC CTT CTA
a) TGG CAC CTT GTA
b) ACC GTG CAA GAT
c) UCC CTC GTT CTU
d) TGG CAC GTT CTA
e) ATC TTG CAC GGT
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Easy
147) What is the antisense nucleotide sequence of
TAG AAC GTG CCA
a) TGG CAC CTT GTA
b) ACC GTG CAA GAT
c) UCC CTC GTT CTU
d) TGG CAC GTT CTA
e) ATC TTG CAC GGT
Topic: Laboratory Synthesis of Oligonucleotides
Section: 25.7
Difficulty Level: Easy