Chapter 13: Contemporary Issues in Victimology: Victims of Hate Crimes, Human Trafficking, Terrorism, and Identity Theft

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which agency compiles statistics on hate crimes?

A. U.S. Census Bureau

B. Central Intelligence Agency

C. Federal Bureau of Investigation

D. Bureau of Justice Statistics

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Hate Crime Victimization?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 include ______ category to the list of hate crimes.

A. disabilities

B. gender

C. age

D. occupations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Hate Crime Victimization?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The Matthew Shephard and James Byrd, Jr. Crime Prevention Act added ______ category to the list of hate crimes classifications.

A. disabilities

B. gender

C. age

D. occupations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Hate Crime Victimization?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The majority of hate crimes are perpetrated by those who have a bias against individuals with a specific ______.

A. religion

B. national origin

C. sexual orientation

D. race/ethnicity/ancestry

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Type of Hate Crime Victimization Experienced

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The NCVS found that the second most likely hate crime occurred against those who had a specific ______.

A. religion

B. ethnicity

C. sexual orientation

D. race

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Type of Hate Crime Victimization Experienced

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. When a hate crime involved a crime against property, what percentage of acts were acts of destruction, damage, or vandalism?

A. 25%

B. 45%

C. 76%

D. 75%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Some victims are targeted because of their qualities. Qualities that an offender may target are ______.

A. sexual orientation

B. race

C. religion

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victims of Hate Crimes

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Who commits most hate crimes?

A. intimate partners

B. coworkers

C. acquaintances

D. strangers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Unlike victims of other crimes, hate crimes victims are unable to ______.

A. cope with the victimization

B. apply for victim compensation

C. change the characteristic for which they were victimized

D. submit a victim impact statement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The ______ directed the Sentencing Commission to provide sentencing enhancement (add time to a sentence) for those crimes proven beyond a reasonable doubt to be hate crimes.

A. Justice for All Act

B. Victims of Crime Act

C. Matthew Shephard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crime Prevention Act

D. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Human trafficking became a federal offense in ______.

A. 1995

B. 2000

C. 2005

D. 2010

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Human Trafficking?

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which type of human trafficking is a larger market?

A. forced labor

B. sexual trafficking

C. bonded labor

D. involuntary domestic servitude

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Human Trafficking?

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Most victims of human trafficking that end up in the United States come from which countries?

A. Asia, Mexico, and the former Soviet Bloc countries

B. Thailand, Western Europe, and Latin America

C. South America and Africa

D. Australia, Canada, and the United States

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Who Is Trafficked?

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. ______ United Nations’ legislation called for criminalization of trafficking.

A. Prague Protocol

B. Philadelphia Protocol

C. Peking Protocol

D. Palermo Protocol

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Response to Human Trafficking Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The 3P paradigm includes all of the following EXCEPT which of the following components?

A. prevention

B. criminal prosecution

C. victim protection

D. legislative participation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Response to Human Trafficking Victims

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Trafficking victims operating in the United States are allowed to be ______ so they can receive certain benefits and services from the government.

A. given citizenship

B. certified

C. accredited

D. given a work visa

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: United States Governmental/Criminal Justice Response

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What percentage of terrorism victims are police?

A. 90%

B. 68%

C. 36%

D. 18%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Who Are Victims of Terrorism?

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. ______ was the country with the most terrorist attacks and deaths in 2015.

A. United States

B. Pakistan

C. Iraq

D. Africa

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Terrorism Victimizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which act provided benefits to direct victims, spouses, and dependent children victimized through terrorism?

A. Victims of Terrorism Compensation Act

B. Hostage Relief Act of 1980

C. Victims of Terrorism Tax Relief Act

D. U.S. Patriot Act

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responses to Victims of Terrorism

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. As of 2011, how much money has been awarded to victims and victims’ families of 9/11?

A. $6.1 million

B. $567,200

C. $8.7 billion

D. $1.2 billion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Responses to Victims of Terrorism

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. According to the statistics compiled by the FBI, in 2016, ______ people were victims of hate crimes in the United States.

A. 4,749

B. 5,987

C. 6,578

D. 7,615

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent of Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Hate crimes accounted for ______ of all violent victimizations recorded in the NCVS.

A. 15%

B. 10%

C. 1%

D. 5%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent of Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Persons who are between the ages of ______ have higher hate crime victimization rates than persons who are 25–34 and older age-groups.

A. 18 and 21

B. 12 and 17

C. 10 and 11

D. 21 and 24

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. About ______ of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals have experienced a victimization based on their sexual orientation during their adult life.

A. 15%

B. 20%

C. 35%

D. 65%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Special Case: Sexual-Orientation-Bias-Motivated Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Hate crime victimization may be a response to perceived threat, such as ______.

A. violations of territory or property

B. violations of what is sacred

C. violations of status

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. According to the UCR, sexual orientation is the third largest category of hate crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In 2009, the majority of hate crimes were crimes against persons (or violent crimes).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Characteristics of Hate Crime Victimizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Identity theft is defined as the use of public information by a relative to commit some type of fraud.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Identity Theft

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 prohibits damage to religious property because of religious, racial, or ethnic characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. As of 2009, all states had some form of hate crime legislation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Victims of involuntary domestic servitude are enslaved to work off a debt.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Human Trafficking?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Victims of human trafficking are not likely to experience a variety of traumatic events.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Russia supplies most of the women and girls who are trafficked for sex.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Who Is Trafficked?

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The majority of human trafficking cases investigated by the Human Trafficking Reporting system were forced labor incidents.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extent of Human Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Most people who were victims of terrorism in 2009 were Christian.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Who Are Victims of Terrorism?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. There are often physical consequences associated with hate crime victimization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences for Individuals

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and persons who have had same-sex partners and who have been violently victimized are not likely to experience PTSD in response to the experience as are people in the general population.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences for Individuals

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. When a hate crime victimization occurs, especially if it is made public, others in the community who share characteristics of the victim may not become fearful that they will also become a target.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consequences for the Community

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. To the extent that people identify with the victim, they may also experience primary victimization whereby they suffer similar psychological consequences to those of the direct victim.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consequences for the Community

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. It was not until the 1980s that hate crime victimization received widespread formal attention from the criminal justice system and the media.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. List three characteristics that help us determine if a crime falls under the category of hate crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Is Hate Crime Victimization?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are the most common motivations for committing a hate crime?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Hate Crime Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Name at list two risk factors for human trafficking on the country level.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Country-Level Risk Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What are the different types of Labor trafficking?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Is Human Trafficking?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe how routine activities theory may explain hate crimes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Terrorism Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium