Test Bank Chapter 11 Parenting More Choices And Constraints

Chapter 11: Parenting: More Choices and Constraints

11.1 Quick Quiz

1. Karen and Tim are having a debate on the benefits and costs of having children. Karen believes that having babies is a benefit, while Tim argues otherwise. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Karen’s argument?
2. There has been a steep decline in postpartum depression cases in the country.
3. Child-rearing costs tend to be more in urban areas than in the rural areas.
4. Abortion rates in the country have decreased over the past decade.
5. Most American parents have been found to be overjoyed at the birth of their first baby.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is an advantage of open adoptions?
2. Birth parents can maintain privacy while providing some information.
3. Adoptive parents are safe from interference or co-parenting by birth parents.
4. Adopted children are safe from unstable or emotionally disturbed birth parents.
5. Open adoptions offer a better understanding of the child’s history.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. __________ is the practice of sharing information and maintaining contact between biological and adoptive parents throughout the child’s life.
2. Silent adoption
3. Assisted adoption
4. Open adoption
5. Surrogate adoption

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. __________ is a serious illness that can occur up to a year after childbirth and usually requires medical treatment.
2. Postpartum depression (PPD)
3. Maternal gatekeeping
4. Paternal rejection
5. Postpartum rejection

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Dr. Tiffany wants to better understand the scale of human development across the entire lifespan. Which of the following theories should she use?
2. bioecological theory
3. psychosocial theory
4. cognitive development
5. theory of the social self

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. The __________ style involves parenting that is demanding but is also supportive and responsive.
2. authoritative
3. uninvolved
4. authoritarian
5. permissive

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following does corporal punishment involve?
2. hitting a child with a hand
3. using positive reinforcements
4. threatening to kick a child out of the house
5. calling a child names

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the concepts

1. Which of the following is a similarity between opposite-sex families and same-sex families?
2. There exists a genderless division of labor in same-sex families and in heterosexual parents.
3. Both same-sex and opposite-sex families experience stereotypes and discrimination.
4. Parents in same-sex families have to juggle work and domestic responsibilities just like those in opposite-sex families.
5. Neither same-sex nor opposite-sex families ever experience role conflict.

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of these is an important activity that stimulates a child’s cognitive and intellectual abilities, and prepares children for kindergarten?
2. visiting friends and relatives
3. using corporal punishment
4. reading to young children
5. bed sharing

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is a myth about child development?
2. Crying is the only way that babies can tell parents that they are hungry.
3. The more stimulation a baby gets, the better.
4. Special talents can surface in adolescence or in later life.
5. Parental conflicts affect babies.

Learning Objective: 11.7 Describe parenting across the life course.

Topic: Parenting throughout Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

11.2 Test Questions

1. Henry argues that having newborns can have a negative effect on fathers. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Henry’s claim?
2. Typically, the responsibility for a baby’s care tends to fall heavily on new fathers; they are more likely than mothers to experience marital dissatisfaction.
3. Between 4 and 10 percent of fathers are found to have postpartum depression symptoms in the first year after their children’s birth.
4. Fatherhood has been found to enhance the sense of maturity and responsibility in most men.
5. Bonding between the mother and the newborn has always been found to be more endearing and instant than between the father and the newborn.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is true of abortion according to demographics?
   1. Abortion is seen least among white, unmarried women.
   2. Abortion is most common among married Latinas.
   3. The majority of abortions occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
   4. The majority of abortions are performed on people who live in high-income households.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Laura, a student, never plans to have children in the future. If she decides to marry, she plans to marry someone who also does not want children. In this scenario, Laura is considered to be __________.
   1. reluctantly childless
   2. temporarily childless
   3. voluntarily childless
   4. biologically childless

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is true of infertility?
   1. Men are more likely than women to be infertile.
   2. Women are more likely than men to be infertile.
   3. About one-fourth of infertility cases are diagnosed as having idiopathic infertility.
   4. Infertility affects about 50 percent of all couples of reproductive age.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is a benefit of having children?
2. Many people believe that their lives would be incomplete without children.
3. Having children is an inexpensive way to grow the family.
4. Having children allows women to get promoted more quickly.
5. There is a strong association between motherhood and high emotional and physical well-being in later life.

Answer A

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Why have abortion rates decreased in the United States?
2. legal restrictions
3. effective use of contraceptives
4. social stigma
5. an increase in pregnancy rates

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. In a(n) __________ adoption, the records of the adoption are kept sealed, and the birth parents aren’t involved in the adoptee’s life.
2. mediated
3. open
4. closed
5. semi-open

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. The Rutherfords are planning to adopt a child, but they do not wish to expose the child to the birth parents, nor are they interested in co-parenting the child with the birth parents. Which of the following types of adoption practices would best suit the Rutherfords?
2. semi-open adoption
3. open adoption
4. mediated adoption
5. closed adoption

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Semi-open adoptions differ from open adoptions in that in semi-open adoptions __________.
2. the child has no contact with the birth parent
3. communication between the adoptive and birth parents takes place only through a third party
4. adoptive parents don’t have access to much medical information about the birth family
5. adoptive parents are safe from the interference or co-parenting by birth parents

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Milo believes that open adoptions are better than closed adoptions, and Rico believes that semi-open adoptions are better than closed adoptions. Which of the following points would they agree upon?
2. that birth parents should not be informed of who the adoptive parents are
3. that adoptive parents should not be allowed medical information about the birth family
4. that adoptive parents should be completely insulated from interference by the birth parents
5. that adopted children should not be deprived of information regarding their birth parents

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Closed adoption differs from semi-open adoption in that in a closed adoption __________.
2. the adopted child is co-parented by the adoptive parents and the birth parents
3. birth parents are allowed to develop a relationship with the child as she or he grows
4. the adopted child has no contact with the biological parents and little, if any, information about them
5. communication between the adoptee and the adoptive and biological parents takes place only through a third party

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parents.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is true of the differences between open adoptions and semi-open adoptions?
2. Adoptive parents are safe from the interference or co-parenting by birth parents in open adoptions when compared to semi-open adoptions.
3. Adopted children are safe from unstable or emotionally disturbed birth parents in open adoptions when compared to semi-open adoptions.
4. Adoptive parents have a greater sense of control in semi-open adoptions when compared to open adoptions.
5. Adopted children are less likely to experience identity confusion in semi-open adoptions when compared to open adoptions.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parents.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Eldon is against transracial adoption and states that the child’s race should match that of the adoptive parent’s. However, Bryan argues otherwise and states that the American society is open minded and accepting of such differences. Which of the following is an accurate statement that strengthens Bryan’s claim?
2. Forty percent of adopted children in the United States are of a different race, ethnicity, or culture than their adoptive parent(s).
3. Studies have shown that adopted children are more likely to be physically abused by their adoptive parents.
4. Adopted children comprise 50 percent of the U.S. child population.
5. The Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA) requires that all transracial adoptions be open adoptions.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. International adoptions increased steadily from 1998 to 2004 but then started dropping. Which of the following is a reason for this?
2. Host countries have curtailed international adoptions for cultural, political, and economic reasons.
3. More childless American couples are adopting within America as the adoption process has become less rigid.
4. The waiting period for adoption in the United States has been adjusted to be shorter than that of most international countries.
5. American laws discourage childless couples from engaging in international adoption.

Learning Objective: 11.2 Describe adoption and pregnancy as routes to becoming a parent.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Adoption and Pregnancy

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is true of role overload?
2. It indicates conflicts that a person feels within a role.
3. It involves being overburdened by one primary role.
4. It is also known as role strain.
5. It refers to feeling overwhelmed by multiple commitments.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following is true about the relationship between role overload and role conflict?
2. Role overload eliminates role conflict.
3. They both result from realistic role expectations.
4. Role overload can lead to role conflict.
5. They both are a result of decreased responsibilities.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Carol is a mother of three children. Her day-to-day responsibilities as a mother involve preparing food for her children, helping with their homework, and dropping them at school. Due to the wide range of responsibilities, she often finds it difficult to devote equal time to all three children. This is an example of a __________.
2. role conflict
3. role strain
4. role enhancement
5. role overload

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Why is the transition to motherhood linked to a decline in marital satisfaction?
2. Many women feel that their increased child care and housework is unequal to that of their husbands.
3. Mothers experience lower levels of stress than married women without children.
4. Most mothers believe in traditional gender roles when it comes to child rearing.
5. Most new mothers feel that their parents should take an active part in child rearing activities.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is an example of maternal gatekeeping?
2. Linda often prioritizes her family’s needs over her own.
3. Barbara criticizes the way her husband, Tom, prepares the baby’s meals.
4. Patricia prioritizes her job over her domestic responsibilities.
5. Melissa and John share their household tasks equally among themselves.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. One of the factors that contributes to role strain is unrealistic role expectations. Which of the following is an example of this factor?
2. Many parents believe that they have less authority in raising kids than did parents in the past.
3. Teachers don’t penalize students when they fare poorly in class assignments if they perform well in their exams.
4. Parents are under a lot of pressure to ensure that their children grow up to be well-rounded, responsible adults.
5. Parents today have fewer responsibilities in raising children because most schools have after-school programs.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. The myth that mothering comes naturally creates several problems. One of the problems is that it __________.
2. assumes that a good mother cannot be perfect if she only follows her instincts
3. implies that there’s something wrong with mothers who don’t devote all their time to child rearing
4. encourages the involvement of the father of the baby in all child rearing activities
5. expects a mother to seek help from her parents and relatives in rearing children effectively

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which theorist focused on social interaction as the core of the developing human being?
2. Jean Piaget
3. Erik Erikson
4. George Herbert Mead
5. Urie Bronfenbrenner

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. In the imitation stage of George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self, children __________.
2. mimic the behavior of significant others
3. begin to use language
4. distinguish between self and others
5. learn social norms

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. The first stage in Erikson’s psychological theory of human development is the __________ stage.
2. initiative versus guilt
3. identity versus identity confusion
4. trust versus mistrust
5. generativity versus self-absorption

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. In George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self, a difference between the imitation and play stage is that in the __________.
2. play stage, children learn to respond to and fulfill social roles
3. play stage, children distinguish between self and others
4. imitation stage, children learn to play multiple roles
5. imitation stage, children participate in organized activities

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Kim, age 13, knows that if she does not get good grades, her mother will not allow her to go out for movies. According to Piaget’s cognitive development theory, Kim is in the __________ stage.
2. sensorimotor
3. preoperational
4. trust versus mistrust
5. formal operational

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. According to Erikson’s theory of human development, the identity versus identity confusion stage occurs in the __________ age group.
2. birth to 1
3. 13 to 19
4. 2 to 3
5. 31 to 64

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Peyton, age 2, watches her sister pat their dog and starts doing the same. She often observes her sister and repeats her actions. According to Mead’s theory of social self, in which of the following stages is Peyton?
2. the games stage
3. the imitation stage
4. the preoperational stage
5. the initiative versus guilt stage

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. According to the cognitive development theory, children learn to discern cause and effect and

begin to understand the views of others in the __________ stage.

1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. generativity vs. self-absorption

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. In the __________ stage in the theory of the social self, children learn social norms, especially that they are expected to behave in certain ways.
2. play
3. autonomy
4. imitation
5. trust

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following theorists emphasized the importance of process, including interaction between children and significant others, children’s own biology and disposition, and community and societal factors that promote or constrain development over time?
2. Sigmund Freud
3. George Herbert Mead
4. Jean Piaget
5. Urie Bronfenbrenner

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Bronfenbrenner argues that children’s characteristics, such as their physiological tendencies, __________, and environment interact in shaping development.
2. biology
3. autonomy
4. imitative
5. personality

Answer D

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following theorists traces human development through eight stages over an individual’s entire life span?
2. Sigmund Freud
3. George Herbert Mead
4. Jean Piaget
5. Erik Erikson

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Devin expects absolute compliance from his children. He sets rigid rules and expects his children to follow them without questioning him. His style of parenting is an example of __________ parenting.
2. authoritarian
3. permissive
4. authoritative
5. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following parenting styles is considered to be most effective in contributing to healthy child development?
2. authoritarian
3. permissive
4. uninvolved
5. authoritative

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. A difference between authoritative and uninvolved parenting is that __________.
2. uninvolved parents establish more rules for their children
3. uninvolved parents are more indulgent
4. authoritative parents interact more often with their children
5. authoritative parents are less demanding

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following best describes authoritarian parenting?
2. parenting that is neither supportive nor demanding because parents are indifferent
3. parenting that is supportive and responsive
4. parenting that is demanding, controlling, and rigid
5. parenting that is warm, responsive, and indulgent

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Which of the following is true of authoritarian parents?
2. They instill autonomy and self-reliance in children.
3. They use forceful measures to control children’s behavior.
4. They use positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior.
5. They encourage verbal give-and-take.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of permissive parents?
2. indulgent
3. punitive
4. demanding
5. indifferent

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

1. Which of the following is a difference between authoritarian and permissive parents?
   1. Authoritarian parents are more responsive.
   2. Permissive parents place fewer requirements on their children for orderly behavior.
   3. Authoritarian parents are less regulatory.
   4. Permissive parents demonstrate less warmth and support toward their children.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. The parenting style in which both parental control and parental support are high is __________ parenting.
2. authoritative
3. authoritarian
4. permissive
5. uninvolved

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Barry is the father of Kevin, age 7. Barry believes that adopting an authoritative parenting style would help Kevin grow up to become a mature, responsible adult. Which of the following is a true statement that would strengthen his belief?
2. Healthy child development is most likely when parents consistently combine warmth and discipline.
3. Children grow up to be responsible adults when they learn to accept parental authority without questioning them.
4. Research indicates that healthy child development occurs when parents are detached from their children and do not interfere in their affairs.
5. A child grows up to become a balanced, responsible adult when parents are indulgent and avoid being demanding.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Jenifer and Rachel are both mothers of teenage children. They are discussing which parenting style is most effective. Jenifer states that authoritative parenting is better than permissive parenting. However, Rachel argues that permissive parenting is a better approach. Which of the following is a true statement that would weaken Rachel’s argument?
2. A majority of children who grow up in homes with disciplinary parents tend to be hyperactive and irritable.
3. Studies show that children with responsive parents are able to assume leadership positions in adulthood more efficiently.
4. Adolescents raised in lenient households tend to be less mature and less responsible.
5. Research indicates that setting fewer boundaries for children helps them become more self-reliant.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is a consequence of using physical punishment to stop child misbehavior?
2. increased mental health problems
3. increases in long term positive outcomes
4. decreases in fighting and lying
5. decreased likelihood to perpetrate domestic violence

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is an example of the most effective form of child punishment?
2. taking away privileges
3. yelling at children
4. spanking children
5. ignoring misbehavior

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Researchers and pediatricians believe that physical punishment is a futile disciplinary method. They state that it has negative, long-term effects. Which of the following is a true statement that supports this belief?
2. Research indicates that children raised in permissive homes are less likely to be swayed by harmful peer pressure.
3. Physical punishment discourages children from misbehaving.
4. Studies show that physical punishment results in higher levels of aggression against parents.
5. Corporal punishment reduces externalizing behavior of children.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following best describes a middle-SES family?
2. families in which parents work in minimum wage jobs
3. families in which parents have a high school diploma and work in blue-collar jobs
4. families in which parents work in managerial positions
5. families in which parents are unemployed because they have no occupational skills

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Research indicates that the most vulnerable low-SES families are those formed by adolescents. Which of the following, if true, is most likely to strengthen this finding?
2. Families formed by adolescents often receive resources and support from their parents and extended families.
3. Teenage parents often don’t have a strong parenting alliance in raising children.
4. Research indicates that adolescents in the past tended to be less responsible than they are today.
5. Adolescents are more inclined to maintain and nurture relationships with their partners.

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Which of the following is true of low SES-families?
2. Mothers in low-SES families are more likely to talk to their infants than those in middle-SES families.
3. Parents in low-SES families are less likely to experience interpersonal conflict than middle-SES families.
4. Parents in low-SES families are more likely to work in blue-collar jobs than those in middle-SES families.
5. Mothers in low-SES families are more likely to be depressed than those in high-SES families.

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. A difference between low-SES families and middle-SES families is that __________.
2. middle-SES families face more problems of unemployment and racism
3. low-SES families have more occupational skills
4. low-SES families experience more problems associated with unemployment
5. low-SES families are more likely to seek professional advice about a child’s development

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. Dr. Raymond, a researcher, is conducting a study on child development. After observing several infants, he finds that parental conflicts have no effect on babies as they are too young to understand. Which of the following is a fact that would challenge Dr. Raymond’s findings?
2. Babies understand the facial expressions of people around them and react accordingly.
3. Babies who are abused or neglected in infancy rarely experience negative impacts as they get older.
4. Babies can’t identify signs of negative emotion in parents or caretakers until they are out of the infancy stage.
5. Babies are oblivious to parental yelling because they are at a development stage when they are only aware of their physiological needs.

Learning Objective: 11.7 Describe parenting across the life course.

Topic: Parenting throughout Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. The American Academy of Pediatrics and many healthcare providers discourage the practice of “bed sharing,” which is a new and controversial trend in the U.S. Which of the following best describes this practice?
2. siblings who prefer to share their beds with each other
3. parents who share a bed with one another when children are at home
4. parents who share a bed with other relatives, such as aunts and uncles
5. parents sleeping in the same bed as their infants or toddlers

Learning Objective: 11.7 Describe parenting across the life course.

Topic: Parenting throughout Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. Clara is the mother of Ashton, age 5. Ashton is an energetic child who often behaves violently and goes into rages when he doesn’t get his way with things. Ashton’s doctor has diagnosed him with a behavioral disorder. In this scenario, Ashton’s diagnosis is an example of __________.
2. generalization
3. medicalization
4. socialization
5. stigmatization

Learning Objective: 11.7 Describe parenting across the life course.

Topic: Parenting throughout Life

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Caroline is an interfering and intrusive parent to her daughter Melody, age 16. She wants to know where Melody is at all times. Whenever Melody steps out of the house, Caroline calls her every hour to check in on her. In this scenario, Caroline is a(n) __________ parent.
2. reactive
3. unresponsive
4. helicopter
5. problem

Learning Objective: 11.7 Describe parenting across the life course.

Topic: Parenting throughout Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Which of the following is an example of a boomerang child?
2. Greg, who is married with children, is moving back into his parents’ home.
3. Mary is moving out of her parents’ house because she has found a job.
4. Chris is paying his own tuition fees at college.
5. Harry, who is in high school, is working part-time to help out his parents financially.

Learning Objective: 11.7 Describe parenting across the life course.

Topic: Parenting throughout Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

1. Briefly explain why people typically choose to be child free.

An ideal answer will include:

1. Women with a college education and careers are more likely than their male counterparts to be child free.
2. This is likely because women still have more responsibility than men for housework and child care.
3. Some people decide not to have children because their family has a history of diseases such as breast and other cancers, early Alzheimer’s, and muscular dystrophy.
4. Because social pressure to bear children has diminished, both women and men feel freer to focus on their own goals and interests, value their independence, and do whatever they want without worrying about raising children.

Learning Objective: 11.1 Describe the benefits, costs, and effects of parenthood.

Topic: Whether to Be a Parent

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1. Define role strain and provide three factors that increase the likelihood of role strain for parents.

An ideal answer will include:

1. Role strain refers to conflicts that someone feels within a role. Parents can experience role strain because of several factors.
2. Unrealistic role expectations: Parents expect and are expected to succeed with every child and may feel guilty if they “fail.” The way children turn out is often the only measure culture uses to assess whether men and women are “good” parents.
3. Decreased authority: Parents may feel that they have less authority in raising kids than did parents in the past.
4. High parenting standards: In contrast to previous generations, parents are now expected to live up to high standards such as being informed about the latest medical technologies, watching their children closely for early signs of physical or mental abnormalities, and consulting specialists immediately if they detect learning problems.

Learning Objective: 11.3 Describe parents’ expectations and experiences when a child is born or adopted.

Topic: Becoming a Parent: Expectations, Realities, Transitions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

1. In Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, how does the preoperational stage differ from the concrete operational stage? Explain.

An ideal answer will include:

1. In the preoperational stage, children have difficulty seeing things from another person’s viewpoint.
2. However, in the concrete operational stage, children begin to understand the views of others. They also understand that quantities remain the same even when their shape or form changes.
3. Additionally, the preoperational stage occurs when a child is between the ages of 2 and 7 years.
4. The concrete operational stage occurs when the child is between the ages of 8 and 12 years.

Learning Objective: 11.4 Compare four important child development theories.

Topic: Child Development Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. What are the effects of corporal punishment on children?

An ideal answer will include:

1. Physical punishment stops misbehavior in the short term, but usually has serious long-term negative outcomes.
2. Physical punishment was associated with higher levels of aggression against parents, siblings, peers, and spouses. Research also indicates that corporal punishment increases externalizing behavior.
3. Adolescents raised by parents who rely on spanking as a form of discipline are more likely than children raised in authoritative homes to experience depressive symptoms such as sadness and anxiety.
4. Children who grow up in homes where corporal punishment is used are more likely than their non-spanked counterparts to hit their parents and other children, and to physically abuse their dating and marital partners and their own children later in life.

Learning Objective: 11.5 Compare four parenting styles and describe the most effective discipline strategies.

Topic: Parenting Styles and Discipline

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

1. In what ways are low-SES families different from high-SES families?

An ideal answer will include:

1. Low-SES families are those at the bottom of the economic ladder because the parents have little education and few occupational skills, work in minimum wage jobs, or are often unemployed.
2. Most low-SES families are poor, but many are headed by a married couple with at least one full-time, full-year worker.
3. In high-SES families, the parents’ occupations—mainly professional and managerial—usually require a Ph.D. or advanced degree in business, law, or medicine.
4. This group also includes super-rich families that have inherited their wealth and those who have earned rather than inherited their wealth.

Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare parenting variations by race, ethnicity, social class, and sexual orientation.

Topic: Parenting Variations by Race, Ethnicity, Social Class, and Sexual Orientation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It