Test Bank Answers Reality Ch.1 Solomon

Chapter 1: Reality

Test Bank

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 1

1. Confucius, a Chinese thinker in the sixth century BCE, believed that each individual has an impact on the well-being of society by fulfilling his or her role in relation to other people.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 2

2. For Leibniz, space and time are substances.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 3

3. Western philosophy is said to begin with Thales.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 4

4. Plato postulated the pre-existence of the soul to account for our knowledge of Forms.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 5

5. Descartes thought that human existence could be reduced through science to the functioning of a mere machine.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 6

6. Spinoza believed that there were many substances.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 7

7. Aristotle referred to metaphysics as “first philosophy”, of which he was interested in investigating the nature of “Being as Being” or ultimate reality.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 8

8. Aristotle also adhered to Plato’s theory of the Forms.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 9

9. Monism is the attempt to reduce all the things in the world to things of one kind.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 10

10. The god of Zoroastrianism is Ahura Mazda.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 11

11. Teleology explains something by looking for its purpose, goal, or end.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 12

12. Causal explanations seek to understand how something came about rather than why it came about.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 13

13. Descartes declared that the principle attribute of the mind was extension.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 14

14. The main point of Spinoza’s proof is that if there were more than one substance, then those substances could not interact.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 15

15. The Principle of Sufficient Reason states that any human action is immoral unless there is sufficient reason for a person to do that particular act.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 16

16. According to Descartes, there is only one substance, which is mind.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 17

17. Spinoza argued that God, substance, and the cause-of-itself were all identical.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 18

18. The Upanishads of ancient Indian Verdic literature features the earliest articulation of a single ultimate reality.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 19

19. Laozi was a religious mystic who rejected Daoism and founded Confucianism.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 1 Question 20

20. Metaphysics is the division of ontology that asks questions about how the universe came to be, how a substances can exist, how things are composed, and how different substances interact.

a. True

b. False

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 1

1. Pythagoras believed that the universe is made of _________.

a. water

b. numbers

c. fire

d. apeiron

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 2

2. How do Leibniz’s monads come into being?

a. through friction

b. birth

c. from a previous cause

d. God creates them

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 3

3. __________ are central to Plato’s metaphysics.

a. Attributes

b. Forms

c. Substances

d. Accidents

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 4

4. Leibniz was a __________.

a. pantheist

b. monist

c. pluralist

d. Buddhist

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 5

5. Pantheism is the idea that __________.

a. God is in everything

b. God is in nothing

c. the universe is finite

d. the universe is infinite

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 6

6. “The realm of the visible should be compared to the prison dwelling, and the fire inside it to the power of the sun. If you interpret the upward journey and the contemplation of things above as the upward journey of the soul to the intelligible realm, you will grasp what I surmise … . Whether it is true or not God only knows, but this is how I see it, namely that in the intelligible world the Form of the Good is the last to be seen, and with difficulty … .”

The passage concludes Plato’s __________.

a. first definition of justice, as in paying what is due

b. famous allegory of the cave

c. dialogue Crito

d. argument for social contract theory

e. attack on Thrasymachus’s argument in Book 1

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 7

7. In his allegory of the cave, Plato advanced the notion that ___________.

a. the world as we see it is false and illusory; it is therefore an “intelligible realm”

b. the world as we see it is all there is: the intelligible realm

c. there are two realms: one of change and becoming, the other of being and eternal truth

d. there is one realm, consisting of being and eternal truth

e. philosophers are lovers of “sights and sounds”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 8

8. For Plato what aspects of the “intelligible realm” is controlled by the Form of the Good?

a. mathematics

b. the constellations

c. truth and intelligence

d. art and creativity

e. emotions

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 9

9. Who, in Plato’s allegory of the cave, were the people sitting in the cave?

a. Slaves

b. The Bronze caste

c. The Silver caste

d. All of us

e. Only philosophers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 10

10. The early Socratic dialogues tended to conclude __________.

a. aporetically, that is, without a solution to the problem posed

b. skeptically, that is, with a robust definition of the original concept addressed

c. ethically, with moral improvement for the characters involved

d. dogmatically, with a series of fundamental truths

e. tragically, with the death of most or all of the lead characters involved

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 11

11. __________ claimed, “You cannot step into the same river, for other waters are continually flowing on.”

a. Confucius

b. Plato

c. Parmenides

d. Aristotle

e. Heraclitus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 12

12. Plato believed that truth must be __________.

a. universal and eternal

b. based on particular facts and perspectives

c. an unrealistic pursuit

d. shown in rigorous logical proofs

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 13

13. Socrates was __________ teacher, who in turn taught __________.

a. Aristotle’s, Plato

b. Plato’s, Aristotle

c. Plato’s, Thrasymachus

d. Callicles’s, Plato

e. Crito’s, Plato

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 14

14. The concept of __________ allowed Plato to explain what it was that one came to understand when one learned that two or more things were of the same kind.

a. Form

b. definition

c. substance

d. causal interdependence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 15

15. Which of the multiple options would Aristotle categories as something of “Substance”?

a. hair

b. Seinfeld

c. a lion

d. a table

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 16

16. What does a philosopher mean when he or she claims not to understand something?

a. He or she believes the account is nonsense.

b. He or she is not satisfied with the account given.

c. He or she is declaring the account too riddled with error to be able to pass judgment on it.

d. He or she is just teasing.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 17

17. For Aristotle, the primary use of the word be tells us __________.

a. what qualities something possesses

b. what type of thing something is, that is, how to categorize it

c. what the real purpose of something is

d. what we mean when we say that something “is”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 18

18. Socrates was human. What type of property is “being human”?

a. Essential

b. Accidental

c. Quantitative

d. Aristotelian

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 19

19. Socrates had a wart on his nose. What type of property is “having a wart on your nose”?

a. Essential

b. Accidental

c. Quantitative

d. Aristotelian

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 20

20. Which Aristotilian causes is described as the person or event that actually makes something happen by doing something?

a. the formal cause

b. the material cause

c. the final cause

d. the efficient cause

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 21

21. Inherent in philosophical systems of the Middle Ages was the confidence that the world was ultimately __________.

a. benevolent

b. absurd

c. intelligible

d. unintelligible

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 22

22. Modern metaphysics, as exemplified by Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, includes a notion that was not considered in ancient metaphysics. This notion is __________.

a. emotions

b. free will

c. intentionality

d. mind

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 23

23. How many substances did Descartes divide the domain of nature into?

a. One

b. An infinite number

c. Two

d. None

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 24

24. What is Spinoza’s theory of how the universe came to be?

a. God caused existence

b. the big bang

c. the universe has always existed

d. existence is not real

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 25

25. The thesis that every event in the universe necessarily occurs as the result of its cause
is called __________.

a. causation

b. determinism

c. compatibilism

d. metaphysics

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 26

26. Spinoza believed that there was no such thing as __________.

a. determinism

b. mind

c. free will

d. causation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 27

27. According to Leibniz, the world was composed of aggregates of basic, immaterial, indivisible substances called __________.

a. monads

b. atoms

c. subatomic particles

d. self-caused points

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 28

28. For Bertrand Russell, “size” is __________.

a. absolute

b. relative to a point of reference

c. subjective to the viewer

d. an unintelligible concept

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 29

29. What guarantees that all of the views from all of the perspectives are in agreement in Leibniz’s theory?

a. Pre-established harmony

b. Newton's laws of Physics

c. they are not in agreement

d. action-at-a-distance

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 30

30. According to Leibniz, __________ is experience and present in every monad, ________ on the other hand is a very special kind of experience and found in only certain kinds of monads.

a. reality, space

b. perception, consciousness

c. time, space

d. thought, emotion

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 1

1. How does Plato’s theory of the forms drastically distinguish him from the pre-Socratics? Furthermore, explain Aristotle’s response to Plato’s theory of Forms.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 2

2. Explain the problem of having substances that interact with each other. Provide a detailed account of the ways that Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza solved (or failed to solve) this problem. Further, could any of these solutions have helped Plato solve the problem of participation? Are there any similarities between participation and substance interaction? Why or why not?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 3

3. The immortal recurring soul has played a key role in many philosophical theories of reality. How have philosophers used it in the past (eastern and western) to make sense of our ability to obtain knowledge? What are some weaknesses to this kind of metaphysical argument?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 4

4. Write a dialogue between Descartes and Aristotle on the Question of substance and our knowledge of substance.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 5

5. Explain the argument in the abstracted portion of Meno. Then offer three criticisms of the argument.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 6

6. What is the “appearance/reality” distinction? How has science increased the discrepancy between the way the world seems and the way it really must be? Discuss how philosophers through the ages have tackled this issue.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 7

7. What are the similarities between the western philosophy of the monist Parmenides and his theory of “the one” with the eastern monism philosophy of the Upanishads and Laozi’s “Dao De Jing”?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 8

8. How do Buddhists explain the causal interdependence of all things, if all things are insubstantial? How can insubstantial things, that is, nothing, interact or relate to anything?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 9

9. After reading both sides of the metaphysical arguments between Plato and Aristotle about “how to know what is real”, who appears to reflect contemporary scientific views and who reflects religious views?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 1 Question 10

10. Leibniz and Spinoza are both heavily influenced by Aristotle and have committed their philosophical approach to metaphysics on the notion of substance. But, the two drastically disagree about the structure of these substances as Leibniz is a pluralist and Spinoza a monist. Compare and contrast the unique views of each philosopher. Who appears to you to have the stronger argument?

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 1

1. __________ and __________ had a famous disagreement concerning the nature of space and time.

a. Newton, Leibniz

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 2

2. In The Symposium, Plato states that __________ always is, and neither comes to be nor passes away, neither waxes nor wanes.

a. Beauty

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 3

3. __________ was a radical determinist, but he assured us that we can, with heroic effort, understand the nature of this determinism and accept it gracefully.

a. Spinoza

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 4

4. Leibniz’s __________ can be created or destroyed but not by any “natural” means.

a. monads

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 5

5. One implication of __________ is that it serves as a principle of divine ethics.

a. the Principle of Sufficient Reason

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 6

6. At the center of Descartes’s metaphysics is Aristotle’s conception of __________.

a. substance

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 7

7. Among the most important teachings of __________ are the Four Noble Truths.

a. Buddha

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 8

8. Leibniz’s __________, based on the Principle of Sufficient Reason asserts that no two monads can have all the same properties.

a. Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 9

9. According to Descartes, __________ and __________ are distinct substances.

a. mind, body

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 1 Question 10

10. Thales suggested that the source of everything was, __________.

a. water