Test Bank Answers Courts And Multiculturalism Chapter 12 2e

CHAPTER 12: COURTS AND MULTICULTURALISM

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following does NOT occur at the initial appearance in felony case processing? b

a. the defendant is informed of their rights

b. the defendant enters a plea

c. the defendant is possibly granted pretrial release

d. the defendant is informed of the charges against him/her

2. Those who cannot afford legal representation in court are referred to as __________ defendants. c

a. dependent

b. volatile

c. indigent

d. extemporaneous

3. The grand jury’s task is to determine if a prosecutor’s case is strong enough to warrant a(n) ___________. d

a. information

b. subpoena

c. warrant

d. indictment

4. Discovery refers to: a

a. the sharing of information among attorneys

b. illegally obtained evidence being introduced at trial

c. the use of the same witness by both the prosecution and defense

d. the questioning of jurors

5. The Federal Jury Selection and Services Act of 1968: a

a. prohibited the exclusion of individuals based on certain characteristics

b. mandated that courts use voter registration lists in constructing a venire

c. required all juries to include at least one member of a minority group

d. mandated that only judges may ask questions of potential jurors during

voir dire

6. In 1986, the Supreme Court ruled in ­­­­­­­­­­__________ that a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges may not include the dismissal of members of the jury pool based solely on their race. a

a. Batson v. Kentucky

b. Gideon v. Wainwright

c. Mapp v. Ohio

d. Terry v. Ohio

7. Although not widely used, the defense ___________ attempts to provide legal justification for criminal behavior by some African Americans frustrated by oppression resulting from living in a White-dominated society. c

a. social strain

b. moral outrage

c. black rage

d. discrimination justification

8. __________ refers to the practice of jurors acquitting particular defendants despite strong evidence suggesting guilt. It has become increasingly controversial as several prominent African American scholars encouraged Blacks to acquit other Blacks due to perceived mistreatment of African Americans by the courts. c

a. Strongholding

b. Excusable oversight

c. Jury nullification

d. Outcasting

9. A number of states have adopted ____________ sentencing practices that involve offenders receiving a specific amount of time to be served based on the crime for which they were convicted. The move toward this type of sentencing is typically accompanied by the elimination of parole. d

a. distributive

b. intermediate

c. indeterminate

d. determinate

10. Researchers have identified four reasons why African American and Hispanic defendants receive harsher penalties than their White counterparts. Which of the following is NOT among the reasons? b

a. contextual discrimination

b. capitulated discrimination

c. economic discrimination

d. blatant racial or ethnic discrimination

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

1. Prosecutors primarily rely on the strength of evidence in their decisions to file charges. T

2. In Johnson v. Zerbst, the Supreme Court ruled that all who enter state courts have the right to counsel at all critical stages of the criminal justice process. F (Gideon v. Wainwright)

3. The research literature has not consistently demonstrated that those represented by public defenders receive harsher sentences than those who use private counsel. T

4. Grand jury hearings involve a prosecutor demonstrating to a judge why charges have been filed and justification for continued processing. F (Preliminary hearing)

5. Defendants are typically present during grand jury hearings. F

6. A plea of nolo contendere has the legal effect of a not guilty plea. F (guilty)

7. Minorities and the poor are more likely than their counterparts to receive a summons informing them of their call to jury duty. F

8. Most states permit convicted felons from serving on juries. F

9. During voir dire, attorneys are granted an unlimited number of challenges for cause. T

10. At trial, defendants offer one of two defenses: an alibi or an affirmative defense. T

FILL-IN-THE BLANKS

1. Defendants who enter a(n) _____________ at trial admit committing the action in question, however, they have legal justification for doing so.

2. The questioning of potential jurors is known as:

3. States use various methods to construct the __________, the list of potential jurors.

4. With regard to the purposes of criminal sentencing, ___________ involves physically preventing one from committing similar acts in the future.

5. Although most U.S. counties use the assigned counsel system, most defendants are represented by ___________ who work in offices that exist solely to provide indigent representation.

6. A ___________ is a document informing individuals of their call to jury duty.

7. Attorneys typically do not need to justify using a ____________ challenge to eliminate seemingly unfit or inappropriate members of the jury pool.

8. The federal government in the United States ceased using sentencing guidelines following the Supreme Court’s decision in ___________. The guidelines are now used in an advisory manner in federal courts.

9. The ______________ Act, passed in 2018, was created to address sentencing concerns and help ensure that released offenders do not recidivate.

10. The ___________ doctrine holds that a trial court decision will not be overturned based

on small, insignificant mistakes that appear to have small or no impact on the trial.