Parkin&Bade, Microeconomics, 2nd edition

Chapter 14: Perfect Competition

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) What is the difference between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?

A) Perfect competition has barriers to entry while monopolistic competition does not.

B) In monopolistic competition firms produce identical goods, while in perfect competition firms produce slightly different goods.

C) In perfect competition firms produce identical goods, while in monopolistic competition firms produce slightly different goods.

D) Perfect competition has a large number of small firms while monopolistic competition does not.

E) Perfect competition has minor barriers to entry, while monopolistic competition has major barriers.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

2) In which market structure do firms exist in very large numbers, each firm produces an identical product, and there is freedom of entry and exit?

A) Only monopolistic competition

B) Monopoly

C) Oligopoly

D) Only perfect competition

E) Both perfect competition and monopolistic competition

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

3) The characteristics that describe a perfectly competitive industry include

A) many firms selling an identical product.

B) a few firms selling to many buyers.

C) many firms selling a slightly differentiated product.

D) one firm selling to many buyers.

E) None of the above answers is correct.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

4) Each firm in a perfectly competitive industry

A) produces a good that is slightly different from that of the other firms.

B) has an important influence on the market price of the good or service being produced.

C) attains economies of scale so that its efficient size is large compared to the market as a whole.

D) produces a good that is identical to that of the other firms.

E) has control over at least one unique resource to separate itself from its competitors.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

5) One requirement for an industry to be perfectly competitive is that in the industry there

A) is a barrier to entry that makes the entry of new firms difficult.

B) is one firm that sells a product with no close substitutes.

C) are a few firms who control the market.

D) are many firms selling different products.

E) are many firms for whom the efficient scale of production is small.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

6) One requirement for an industry to be perfectly competitive is that

A) many firms sell slightly different products.

B) there are many firms selling different products.

C) there are multiple restrictions on entry into or exit from the market.

D) there are no restrictions on entry into or exit from the market.

E) sellers and buyers have imperfect information about prices.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

7) Perfect competition is characterised by all of the following EXCEPT

A) buyers and sellers are well informed about prices.

B) no restrictions on entry into or exit from the industry.

C) firms produce an identical product.

D) considerable advertising by individual firms.

E) a large number of buyers and sellers.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

8) Which of the following is the best example of a perfectly competitive market?

A) Athletic shoes

B) Soft drinks

C) Diamonds

D) Farming

E) Electricity distribution

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

9) Which of the following market types has the fewest number of firms?

A) Monopoly

B) Perfect competition

C) Monopolistic competition

D) Perfect competition and monopolistic competition

E) Oligopoly

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

10) In which market structure does one firm sell a good or service with no close substitutes and there is a barrier blocking the entry of new firms?

A) Only oligopoly

B) Only monopoly

C) Perfect competition

D) Monopolistic competition

E) Either monopoly or oligopoly

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

11) A market is classified as monopolistically competitive when

A) a small number of firms compete.

B) many firms produce a slightly differentiated product.

C) there is one firm that sells a good or service with no close substitutes.

D) many firms produce the same product.

E) there is a barrier that blocks entry by other firms.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

12) A market is classified as an oligopoly when

A) many firms produce a slightly differentiated product.

B) only one firm sells a product with no close substitutes.

C) a few firms compete.

D) many firms produce the same product.

E) no matter how many firms are in the market, a barrier blocks entry by other new firms.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

13) In which market structure are there a small number of firms competing?

A) Only monopoly

B) Only oligopoly

C) Monopolistic competition

D) Perfect competition

E) Either monopoly or oligopoly

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

14) The firm's over-riding objective is to

A) avoid an economic loss.

B) maximise normal profit.

C) maximise total revenue.

D) earn a normal profit.

E) maximise economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

15) In a perfectly competitive market, the type of decision a firm has to make is different in the short run than in the long run. Which of the following is an example of a perfectly competitive firm's short-run decision?

A) Whether or not to enter or exit an industry.

B) What price to charge buyers for the product.

C) Whether or not to change its plant size.

D) How much to spend on advertising and sales promotion.

E) The profit-maximising level of output.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

16) A perfectly competitive firm can

A) sell additional output only by lowering its price.

B) set a higher price for customers who are willing to pay more.

C) sell all of its output at the prevailing market price.

D) raise its price in order to increase its total revenue.

E) usually not sell all the output it produces, but it still 'overproduces' because there are some periods when it can sell the extra output at very profitable prices.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

17) A firm in perfect competition is a price taker because

A) there are no good substitutes for its good.

B) its demand curve is vertical at the profit-maximising quantity.

C) many other firms produce identical products.

D) its demand curves are downward sloping.

E) it is very large.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

18) For a perfectly competitive firm, the price of its good is equal to the firm's marginal revenue because

A) there are only a small number of firms in the market.

B) individual perfectly competitive firms cannot influence the market price by changing their output.

C) the firm's total revenue cannot be changed by anything the firms do.

D) information about price changes is hard to come by for small sellers.

E) price and marginal revenue are the same economic concepts.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

19) We know that a perfectly competitive firm is a price taker because

A) MC and ATC are equal at the profit-maximising amount of output.

B) its MC curve slopes upward.

C) its demand curve is horizontal.

D) its ATC curve is U-shaped.

E) it has no supply curve.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

20) Suppose Pat's Paints is a perfectly competitive firm. If Pat's Paints' marginal revenue equals $5 per can, and Pat decides to sell 100 cans of paint, Pat's total revenue equals

A) $20.

B) $500.

C) $100.

D) $5.

E) Information on the price paint is needed.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

21) If a firm in a perfectly competitive market faces an equilibrium price of $5, its marginal revenue

A) will be less than $5.

B) may be either greater or less than $5.

C) will be any amount but $5.

D) will also be $5.

E) will be greater than $5.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

22) Cynthia is a Victorian wheat farmer. The demand for her wheat is

A) unit elastic.

B) perfectly inelastic.

C) perfectly elastic.

D) elastic but not perfectly elastic.

E) inelastic but not perfectly inelastic.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

23) If a perfectly competitive firm raised the price of its product,

A) its total revenue would rise but its total cost would rise by more.

B) its profits would increase.

C) the quantity of output it sells decreases to zero.

D) the firm will be forced to advertise more.

E) rival firms will follow suit and raise their prices also.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

24) How does the demand for any one seller's product in perfect competition compare to the market demand for that product?

A) The demand for any one seller's product is perfectly elastic while the market demand curve is downward sloping.

B) The demand for any one seller is proportionally smaller but otherwise identical to the market demand.

C) The demand for any one seller's product is not perfectly elastic, while the market demand is perfectly elastic.

D) They are identical.

E) There is no demand for any one seller's competitively sold product.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

25) Elsie is a perfectly competitive dairy farmer. The market price of milk was $2.40 per litre but just fell to $2.20 a litre. Elsie

A) will have to charge some customers $2.40 a litre to stay in business.

B) will be able to charge her initial customers $2.40 a litre.

C) can sell as much milk as she wants at $2.20 a litre.

D) can sell more at the lower price because the quantity demanded is higher at lower prices.

E) will produce the same amount of milk at both prices.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

26) If the market price of a product is $14 and all sellers are price takers, then which of the following is correct?

A) Each seller's total revenue line is graphed as an upward-sloping straight line.

B) Each seller's total revenue is graphed as an upside-down U-shaped curve.

C) Each seller can earn more total revenue by raising the price he or she charges to above $14.

D) The demand curve for each seller's product is a downward-sloping straight line.

E) The demand curve for each seller's product is a downward sloping but not necessarily straight line.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

27) A firm's marginal revenue is

A) the change in total revenue minus the change in total cost.

B) the change in total revenue that results from a one-unit increase in the quantity sold.

C) the change in total revenue that results from an increase in the demand for the good or service.

D) total revenue minus total cost.

E) less than the market price for a perfectly competitive firm.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

28) In perfect competition, marginal revenue

A) is zero.

B) increases as more is sold.

C) is equal to the market price.

D) is always greater than marginal cost.

E) decreases as more is sold.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

29) In the above, a marginal revenue curve for a perfectly competitive firm is shown in Figure

A) W.

B) X.

C) Y.

D) Z.

E) X and Figure Z.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

30) As a perfectly competitive firm produces more and more of a good, its economic profit

A) first increases, then decreases.

B) does not change.

C) constantly increases.

D) first decreases, then increases.

E) constantly decreases.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

31) In a perfectly competitive industry, when a firm is producing so that its total revenue equals its total cost, the firm is

A) making zero economic profit.

B) making an economic profit.

C) definitely not maximising its profit.

D) incurring an economic loss.

E) None of the above answers is correct because the relationship between total revenue and total cost has nothing to do with the firm's profit or loss.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

32) A firm maximises its profit by producing the amount of output such that

A) marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

B) marginal cost is minimised.

C) marginal revenue is maximised.

D) marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost by some amount.

E) marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost by the maximum amount possible.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

33) For a perfectly competitive firm, profit maximisation occurs when output is such that

A) average total cost (ATC) is minimised.

B) total revenue (TR) equals total cost (TC).

C) total cost (TC) is minimised.

D) marginal revenue (MR) = marginal cost (MC).

E) total revenue (TR) is maximised.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

34) For a perfectly competitive firm, profit is maximised at the output level where

i. total revenue exceeds total cost by the largest amount.

ii. marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

iii. price equals marginal cost.

A) i only

B) i, ii and iii

C) ii and iii

D) i and ii

E) ii only

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

35) In a perfectly competitive market, the market price is $23. At the current level of output, a firm has a marginal cost of $28. What should the firm do?

A) Produce less output to make more profit.

B) Raise the price of its product.

C) Nothing, it is currently maximising profit.

D) Shut down.

E) Produce a larger output to make more profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

36) Suppose that a perfectly competitive firm's marginal revenue equals $12 when it sells 10 units of output. If the marginal cost of producing the 10th unit is $14, to maximise its profit the firm should

A) increase the price it charges for its product.

B) shut down.

C) increase its production.

D) decrease its production.

E) do nothing because it is already maximising its profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

37) Jennifer's Bakery Shop produces baked goods in a perfectly competitive market. If Jennifer decides to produce her 100th batch of cookies, the marginal cost is $120. She can sell this batch of cookies at a market price of $110. To maximise her profit, Jennifer should

A) shut down.

B) charge $120 for this batch.

C) not produce this additional batch.

D) produce this batch of cookies because its MR exceeds its MC.

E) produce this batch of cookies because it will help lower her average fixed cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

38) Jerry's Jellybean Factory produces 2,000 kilograms of jellybeans per month and sells them in a perfectly competitive market. The marginal cost is $3 per kilogram, the average variable cost is $2 per kilogram, and the beans sell for $4 per kilogram. Jerry

A) could increase his profit by producing fewer beans.

B) is maximising profit.

C) could increase his profit by producing more beans.

D) is incurring an economic loss and should shut down.

E) could increase his profit by raising the price of his beans.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

39) Mark owns a cattle station near Darwin. Mark is currently producing beef at an output level where marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. In order to maximise his profit, Mark should

A) decrease his output.

B) shut down his cattle station.

C) increase his output.

D) not change his output.

E) probably change his output, but more information is needed to determine if he should increase, decrease or not change it.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

40) A perfectly competitive firm is earning an economic profit when total fixed costs increase. Assuming the firm does not shut down, in the short run the firm will

A) continue producing the same quantity as before and continue making the same economic profit as before.

B) produce less output to decrease total costs.

C) charge a higher price.

D) produce more output so the extra revenue will cover the increased costs.

E) continue producing the same quantity as before but will make less economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

41) The above table has the total revenue and total cost schedule for Omar, a perfectly competitive grower of potatoes. When Omar produces 2 tonnes of potatoes, his total profit equals

A) $20.

B) -$8.

C) $28.

D) $0.

E) $48.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

42) The above table has the total revenue and total cost schedule for Omar, a perfectly competitive grower of potatoes. Omar's total profit is maximised when he produces ________ tonnes of potatoes.

A) 7

B) 6

C) 8

D) 3

E) 5

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

43) The above table has the total revenue and total cost schedule for Omar, a perfectly competitive grower of potatoes. When Omar maximises his profit, Omar's profit equals

A) $16.

B) $11.

C) $80.

D) $30.

E) $105.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

44) The above figure illustrates a perfectly competitive firm. Curve A represents the

A) MR curve.

B) ATC curve.

C) MC curve.

D) AVC curve.

E) AFC curve.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

45) The above figure illustrates a perfectly competitive firm. Curve B represents the

A) MR curve.

B) ATC curve.

C) MC curve.

D) AVC curve.

E) AFC curve.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

46) The above figure illustrates a perfectly competitive firm. Curve C represents the

A) MR curve.

B) ATC curve.

C) MC curve.

D) market demand curve.

E) AFC curve.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

47) A perfectly competitive firm will shut down when the price is just below the minimum point on the

A) average fixed cost curve.

B) average total cost curve.

C) marginal revenue curve.

D) average variable cost curve.

E) marginal cost curve.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

48) A perfectly competitive firm will continue to operate in the short run when the market price is below its average total cost if the

A) price is at least equal to the minimum average variable cost.

B) total fixed costs are less than total revenue.

C) marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost.

D) marginal cost is minimised.

E) price is also less than the minimum average variable cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

49) Which of the following is true if a firm shuts down?

i. The price is less than minimum average variable cost.

ii. The firm is able to avoid an economic loss.

iii. The firm incurs a loss equal to its total variable cost.

A) i only

B) i and ii

C) iii only

D) ii only

E) i and iii

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

50) Suppose a perfectly competitive firm's minimum average variable cost is $3 when it produces 50. If the price is $2 and the firm's marginal cost is $2, the firm should

A) continue to produce 50.

B) continue to produce, but produce less than 50.

C) shut down.

D) continue to produce, but produce more than 50.

E) continue to operate, but to determine the amount of production requires more information than is given.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

51) The largest loss a profit-maximising perfectly competitive firm can incur in the short run equals its

A) total variable cost.

B) average total cost multiplied by the number of units produced.

C) total fixed cost.

D) marginal cost multiplied by the number of units produced.

E) average variable cost multiplied by output.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

52) A perfectly competitive firm's short-run supply curve is

A) its marginal cost curve below the marginal revenue curve.

B) its marginal revenue curve below the ATC curve.

C) horizontal at the market price.

D) its total cost curve above the AVC.

E) its marginal cost curve above the AVC curve.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

53) Which of the following will increase a perfectly competitive seller's short-run supply and shift the firm's short-run supply curve rightward?

A) A decrease in average fixed costs.

B) An increase in the market price.

C) A decrease in marginal cost.

D) Both answers A and B are correct.

E) Both answers A and C are correct.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

54) A perfectly competitive firm is a price taker because

A) it faces a vertical demand curve.

B) many other firms produce the same product.

C) a few firms compete.

D) many firms produce a slightly differentiated product.

E) only one firm produces the product.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

55) For a perfectly competitive wheat grower in New South Wales, the marginal revenue curve is

A) downward sloping.

B) U-shaped.

C) vertical at the profit-maximising quantity of production.

D) the same as its demand curve.

E) upward sloping.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

56) If the market price is lower than a perfectly competitive firm's average total cost, the firm will

A) shut down if the price exceeds the average fixed cost.

B) continue to produce if the price exceeds the average variable cost.

C) immediately shut down.

D) shut down if the price is less than the average fixed cost.

E) continue to produce if the price exceeds the average fixed cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.1 A Firm’s Profit-Maximising Choices

57) The market supply in the short run for the perfectly competitive industry is

A) divided up according to each firm's selling price.

B) the sum of the supply schedules of all firms.

C) set at the maximum price a buyer will pay for one unit.

D) equal to the average of each firm's supply schedule.

E) the same as each producer's supply.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

58) In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm

A) can possibly make an economic profit or possibly incur an economic loss.

B) can make only zero economic profit.

C) produces the level of output that sets the average total cost equal to the market price.

D) can change only its fixed inputs.

E) can vary all its inputs.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

59) If a perfectly competitive seller is maximising profit and is making zero economic profit, which of the following will this seller do?

A) Go to work in the next-best earning opportunity.

B) Remain open but decrease production in order to make an economic profit.

C) Shut down, with a loss equal to total fixed cost.

D) Continue at the current output, making zero economic profit.

E) Increase production in order to make an economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

60) If a perfectly competitive firm finds that the price exceeds its ATC, then the firm

A) will raise its price to increase its economic profit.

B) will lower its price to increase its economic profit.

C) is incurring an economic loss.

D) is making zero economic profit.

E) is making an economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

61) If Henry, a perfectly competitive lime grower in Renmark, can sell his limes at a price greater than his average total cost, Henry will

A) make zero economic profit.

B) have an incentive to shut down.

C) incur an economic loss.

D) incur an accounting loss.

E) make an economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

62) If the market price is $50 per unit for a good produced in a perfectly competitive market and the firm's average total cost is $52, then the firm

A) makes zero economic profit.

B) makes an economic profit of $2 per unit.

C) incurs an economic loss of $2 per unit.

D) incurs a total economic loss of $52.

E) More information is needed to determine the firm's economic profit or loss per unit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

63) Suppose that marginal revenue for a perfectly competitive firm is $20. When the firm produces 10 units, its marginal cost is $20, its average total cost is $22 and its average variable cost is $17. Then, to maximise its profit in the short run, the firm

A) should shut down.

B) must decrease its output to increase its profit.

C) must increase its output to increase its profit.

D) should stay open and incur an economic loss of $20.

E) should not change its production because it is already maximising its profit and is making an economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

64) A perfectly competitive firm is producing 50 units of output and selling at the market price of $23. The firm's average total cost is $20. What is the firm's total cost?

A) $23

B) $150

C) $1,000

D) $1,150

E) $20

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

65) For a perfectly competitive banana producer whose average total cost curve does not change, an economic profit could turn into an economic loss if the

A) marginal cost curve shifts downward.

B) market demand for bananas does not change.

C) market demand for bananas decreases.

D) market demand for bananas increases.

E) price of bananas rises.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

66) For a perfectly competitive beef farmer, if the price does not change, an economic profit could turn into an economic loss if the

A) average fixed cost decreases.

B) average total cost curve does not change.

C) average total cost curve shifts upward.

D) average total cost curve shifts downward.

E) marginal cost curve shifts downward.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

67) The above figure shows a perfectly competitive firm. If the market price is more than $20 per unit, the firm

A) will definitely shut down to minimise its losses.

B) will stay open to produce and will make zero economic profit.

C) will stay open to produce and will incur an economic loss.

D) will stay open to produce and will make an economic profit.

E) might shut down but more information is needed about the fixed cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

68) The above figure shows a perfectly competitive firm. If the market price is $20 per unit, the firm

A) will definitely shut down to minimise its losses.

B) will stay open to produce and will make zero economic profit.

C) will stay open to produce and will incur an economic loss.

D) will stay open to produce and will make an economic profit.

E) might shut down but more information is needed about the fixed cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

69) The above figure shows a perfectly competitive firm. If the market price is $15 per unit, the firm

A) will definitely shut down to minimise its losses.

B) will stay open to produce and will make zero economic profit.

C) will stay open to produce and will incur an economic loss.

D) will stay open to produce and will make an economic profit.

E) might shut down but more information is needed about the fixed cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

70) The above figure shows a perfectly competitive firm. If the market price is $5 per unit, the firm

A) will definitely shut down to minimise its losses.

B) will stay open to produce and will make zero economic profit.

C) will stay open to produce and will incur an economic loss.

D) will stay open to produce and will make an economic profit.

E) might shut down but more information is needed about the fixed cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

71) Bill owns a lawn-care company in Bendigo, whose cost curves are illustrated in the above figure. The market equilibrium price in this perfectly competitive market equals $32 per lawn mowed. At this price, how many lawns will Bill mow per week?

A) Zero

B) 40

C) 50

D) More than 10 and less than 30

E) 30

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

72) Bill owns a lawn-care company in Bendigo, whose cost curves are illustrated in the above figure. The market equilibrium price in this perfectly competitive market equals $32 per lawn mowed. Bill's average total cost curve is ATC, so his TOTAL cost of production equals

A) more than $1,800 per week.

B) more than $1,400 per week and less than $1,800 per week.

C) $0 because Bill shuts down.

D) more than $1,200 and less than $1,400 per week.

E) more than $0 and less than $1,200 per week.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

73) Bill owns a lawn-care company in Bendigo, whose cost curves are illustrated in the above figure. The market equilibrium price in this perfectly competitive market equals $32 per lawn mowed. If Bill's average total cost curve is ATC, his total economic ________ equals ________.

A) profit; $1,280 per week

B) loss; $800 per week

C) loss; $1,280 per week

D) profit; $480 per week

E) profit; $32 per week

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

74) A perfectly competitive firm definitely makes an economic profit in the short run if price is

A) greater than average total cost.

B) equal to average total cost.

C) equal to marginal cost.

D) greater than average variable cost.

E) greater than marginal cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

75) The market for watermelons in Adelaide is perfectly competitive. A watermelon producer making zero economic profit could make an economic profit if the

A) average total cost of selling watermelons does not change.

B) marginal cost of selling watermelons rises.

C) average total cost of selling watermelons falls.

D) average total cost of selling watermelons rises.

E) marginal cost of selling watermelons does not change.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

76) If a perfectly competitive firm finds that price is less than ATC, then the firm

A) is making zero economic profit.

B) is incurring an economic loss.

C) will raise its price to increase its economic profit.

D) is making an economic profit.

E) will lower its price to increase its economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

77) Use the figure above to answer this question. Consider a perfectly competitive market experiencing good times. Figure ________ shows a firm maximising profit in the short run because it produces ________ units and makes an economic profit of ________.

A) A; 100; $2 per unit

B) C; 100; $3 per unit

C) B; 100; $0 per unit

D) A; 90; $3 per unit

E) C; 110; $2 per unit

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

78) Use the figure above to answer this question. Figure ________ shows a short-run equilibrium in good times because the firm makes a(n) ________.

A) C; normal profit

B) A; normal profit

C) B; normal profit

D) B; economic loss

E) A; economic profit

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

79) Use the figure above to answer this question. Consider a perfectly competitive firm in a short-run equilibrium. Figure ________ shows a firm in bad times because the firm makes a(n) ________.

A) A; economic loss of $4 so it must close

B) C; normal profit and can stay open in the long run

C) B; economic loss of $3 per unit

D) B; economic profit because the price exceeds average variable cost

E) A; economic loss of $4 per unit if the firm decides to operate

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

80) Use the figure above to answer this question. Consider a perfectly competitive firm in a short-run equilibrium. Figure ________ shows a firm in bad times because the firm produces ________ units and makes a(n) ________.

A) A; 100; economic loss

B) B; 90; economic profit

C) C; 100; economic loss

D) A; 110; economic loss

E) C; 100; normal profit

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.2 Output,Price and Profit in the Short Run

81) Suppose a perfectly competitive market is in long-run equilibrium and then there is a permanent increase in the demand for that product. The new long-run equilibrium will have

A) fewer firms in the market.

B) the same number of firms in the market.

C) more firms in the market.

D) probably a different number of firms, but it is not possible to determine if there will be more or fewer firms.

E) a permanent decrease in supply.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

82) If perfectly competitive lawn-care firms are making an economic profit, then

A) they are not equating marginal revenue to marginal cost.

B) government regulation will be imposed to decrease their profit.

C) the firms must be superior and will continue to make an economic profit.

D) wages will be bid up until the economic profits are gone.

E) new firms will enter the industry.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

83) The corn market is perfectly competitive, with thousands of corn farmers. In the 2000s, the price of corn soared so that new farmers entered the corn market. Initially, entry ________ the economic profit of the initial corn farmers and in the long run the initial corn farmers ________.

A) decreased; made zero economic profit

B) decreased; incurred an economic loss

C) increased; made an economic profit

D) increased; made zero economic profit

E) increased; made an even greater economic profit than initially

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

84) When firms in a perfectly competitive market incur economic losses, exit by some firms means the market supply will

A) become vertical.

B) increase.

C) decrease.

D) not change.

E) become the same as the individual producers' supplies.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

85) To eliminate losses in a perfectly competitive market, firms exit the industry. This exit results in

A) a decrease in market demand.

B) a decrease in market supply.

C) an increase in market demand.

D) a decrease in BOTH the market supply and the market demand.

E) an increase in market supply.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

86) In the long run, existing firms exit a perfectly competitive market

A) if they make a positive economic profit.

B) only if they incur an economic loss.

C) if normal profits are greater than zero.

D) if they either make a normal profit or incur an economic loss.

E) only if economic profits are zero.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

87) A perfectly competitive market is in equilibrium and then demand decreases. The decrease in demand means the market price will ________ and eventually there will be ________.

A) rise; entry by new firms

B) rise; exit by existing firms

C) fall; entry by new firms

D) fall; exit by existing firms

E) fall; neither entry nor exit because the market is perfectly competitive

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

88) Keith is a perfectly competitive carnation grower. The market price is $2 per dozen carnations. Keith's average total cost to grow carnations is $2.50 per dozen. In the long run, Keith will

A) incur an economic loss.

B) raise his price to $2.50 per dozen carnations.

C) continue to make an economic profit.

D) exit the industry if the price and his costs do not change.

E) raise his price to more than $2.50 per dozen carnations.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head:14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

89) In the long run, perfectly competitive firms produce at the output level that has the minimum

A) average total cost.

B) average fixed cost.

C) total revenue.

D) average variable cost.

E) marginal cost.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

90) In a perfectly competitive industry,

i. entry by new firms shifts the market supply curve rightward.

ii. exit by existing firms shifts the market supply curve leftward.

iii. at all times existing firms make only zero economic profit.

A) i and iii

B) i and ii

C) ii only

D) ii and iii

E) i, ii and iii

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

91) In the long run, a perfectly competitive firm makes

A) either a positive economic profit or a normal profit.

B) negative economic profit, that is, an economic loss.

C) zero accounting profit.

D) zero economic profit.

E) a positive economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

92) In the long run, a perfectly competitive firm

A) can make either an economic profit or a normal profit.

B) incurs an economic loss.

C) makes an economic profit.

D) can make an economic profit, zero economic profit or incur an economic loss.

E) makes zero economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

93) Suppose a perfectly competitive market is in long-run equilibrium with a price of $12. Then there is a permanent increase in demand. As a result, in the short run the market price ________ and in the long run the number of firms ________ and the price is ________ the price was in the short run.

A) rises; does not change; equal to what

B) rises; increases; lower than

C) rises; does not change; lower than

D) rises; increases; higher than

E) falls; decreases; equal to what

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

94) A market is initially in a long-run equilibrium and there is a permanent increase in demand. After the new long-run equilibrium is reached, there

A) are the same number of firms in the market.

B) is no change in the market.

C) are fewer firms in the market.

D) are more firms in the market.

E) probably is a different number of firms in the market, but more information is needed to determine if the number of firms rises, falls or perhaps does not change.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

95) The potato market is perfectly competitive. Research is published claiming that eating potatoes leads to gaining weight and so the demand for potatoes permanently decreases. The permanent decrease in demand results in a

A) higher price, economic profits for potato farmers, and entry into the market.

B) lower price, economic profits for potato farmers, and entry into the market.

C) lower price, economic losses by potato farmers, and exit from the market.

D) higher price, economic losses by potato farmers, and exit from the market.

E) lower price, economic losses by potato farmers, and entry into the market.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

96) When a firm adopts new technology, generally its

A) cost curves are unaffected.

B) cost curves shift upward.

C) production permanently decreases.

D) supply curve shifts leftward.

E) cost curves shift downward.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

97) If the technology associated with producing fibre-optic cable continues to advance, over time the cost of producing fibre-optic cable will

A) increase, firms that use the new technology will incur an economic loss, and in the long run some firms will exit the industry.

B) decrease, firms that use the new technology will incur an economic loss, and in the long run some firms will exit the industry.

C) increase, firms that use the new technology will make an economic profit, and in the long run new firms will enter the market.

D) decrease, firms that use the new technology will make an economic profit, and in the long run new firms will enter the market.

E) decrease, firms that do not use the new technology will make an economic profit, and in the long run new firms will enter the market.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

98) Technological change allows perfectly competitive firms to ________ and leads to ________.

A) lower their costs; lower prices for consumers

B) raise their prices; higher prices for consumers

C) lower their costs; deadweight loss

D) raise their costs; higher prices and maximum profits in the long run

E) lower their costs; higher prices so the firms can earn economic profits in the long run

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

99) In the long run, new firms enter a perfectly competitive market when

A) the existing firms are weak because they are incurring economic losses.

B) normal profit is equal to zero.

C) economic profit is greater than zero.

D) normal profit is greater than zero.

E) economic profit is equal to zero.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

100) If perfectly competitive firms are making an economic profit, the economic profit

A) generally leads to firms exiting as they seek higher profit in other markets.

B) is less than the normal profit.

C) attracts entry by more firms, which lowers the price.

D) leads to a decrease in market demand.

E) can be earned both in the short run and the long run.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

101) As a result of firms leaving the perfectly competitive frozen yoghurt market in the early 2000s, the market

A) demand curve shifted leftward.

B) supply curve shifted rightward.

C) supply curve did not change.

D) demand curve shifted rightward.

E) supply curve shifted leftward.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

102) If firms in a perfectly competitive market are incurring economic losses, then as time passes firms ________ and the market ________.

A) enter; supply curve shifts rightward

B) exit; supply curve shifts leftward

C) exit; supply curve shifts rightward

D) exit; demand curve shifts leftward

E) enter; demand curve shifts leftward

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

103) In the long run, a firm in a perfectly competitive market will

A) remove all competitors and become a monopoly.

B) make zero economic profit, so that its owners earn a normal profit.

C) remove all competitors and become a monopolistically competitive firm.

D) incur an economic normal loss but not earn a positive economic profit.

E) make zero normal profit but its owners will make an economic profit.

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

104) Technological change brings a ________ to firms that adopt the new technology.

A) permanent economic loss

B) temporary normal profit

C) temporary economic loss

D) temporary economic profit

E) permanent economic profit

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run

105) Perfect competition ________ a fair outcome ________.

A) achieves; because total surplus is maximised

B) may achieve; if average total costs are minimised

C) achieves; because both the fair rules and fair results conditions are met

D) does not achieve; because firms must be price takers

E) does not achieve; because entrepreneurs only earn a normal profit

Difficulty: Basic

Standard/Graduate Attribute AACSB: Reflective thinking

A-Head: 14.3 Output,Price and Profit in the Long Run