Test Bank + Answers Ch12 Riches in Rock Energy and Mineral

CHAPTER 12: Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

12A. Discuss the concept of an energy resource, and list the variety of energy resources available to society.

12B. Explain how oil and gas differ from each other and from coal, and how all these materials can be considered to be fossil fuels.

12C. Describe the steps that take place in geologic environments to form fossil fuel reserves.

12D. Distinguish between conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reserves, and describe the technologies needed to access them.

12E. Describe the challenges society faces regarding future reliance on fossil fuels and what options exist for alternative energy sources.

12F. Explain how coal forms and how it is classified.

12G. Describe where nuclear fuel comes from.

12H. Describe the geologic settings in which ore deposits form, and how we find ores.

12I. Provide examples of nonmetallic resources and their origins.

12J. Describe the environmental consequences of extracting and using mineral resources, and why reserves of mineral supplies may run out in the coming years.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Most of the world’s energy and mineral resources derive from

2. Most of the world’s energy supply comes from ________.

3. Global use of fossil fuels today is approximately __________ as/than it was in the year 1920.

4. Which of the following lists contains only fossil fuels?

5. Chemically, oil and gas are both examples of ________.

6. Most of the hydrocarbons within oil and natural gas are derived from the breakdown of organic matter from once-living ________.

7. As an energy supply, the use of fossil fuels relies on ________.

8. Which of the following petroleum product would be the least viscous?

9. A rock that has the potential to generate oil or gas if subjected to elevated temperature and pressure is known as a

10. Given a typical geothermal gradient of 25°C/km, oil is generated from kerogen at ______, corresponding to temperatures of _____.

11. Conventional oil and gas reserves are those

12. _______ describes how much of a rock consists of open pore spaces, while _______ describes how well-connected pore spaces allow gases and liquid to flow through the rock.

13. In which geologic setting are oil and gas reserves most likely to be found?

14. To produce a commercially viable oil deposit, there must be a source rock, a reservoir rock, a seal rock, and a(n) ________.

15. An impermeable rock, regardless of lithology, is a good candidate to serve as a(n) ________ in an oil-producing scenario.

16. Why is a trap necessary to create a conventional reserve?

17. Oil and gas source rocks are always __________.

18. A permeable and porous rock, regardless of lithology, is a good candidate to serve as a ________ in an oil-producing scenario.

19. Which of the following would make the best reservoir rock in a conventional hydrocarbon system?

20. Oil taken directly from the ground, without treatment at a refinery, is termed ________.

21. ________ create(s) an easy route for oil to follow from the rock to a well.

22. ________ is/are an example of unconventional hydrocarbon sources.

23. Drilling for an oil or gas well that allows the well bore to bend in curves and extend for long distances within an underground target is called

24. Coal is formed when heat and pressure alter deposits of ancient ________.

25. Which sequence correctly shows an increase in coal rank from lowest to highest?

26. In which geologic setting were most of the world’s coal reserves deposited?

27. Nuclear energy relies on ________.

28. Uranium, the fuel that drives nuclear energy, is found in which geologic setting?

29. Iceland and New Zealand are two places in the world where geothermal energy provides a cost-effective energy resource because ________.

30. ________ is harnessed from the potential energy of water.

31. Which of the following is a renewable energy resource?

32. Which is the most abundant gas produced from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas?

33. _______ is an environmental issue in which groundwater and surface water can become polluted with sulfuric acid that is produced when sulfur-bearing minerals are exposed to conditions at the Earth’s surface.

34. A resource is considered renewable if ________.

35. Gypsum, sand, and copper ore are examples of _______.

36. Which of the following is a metallic mineral resource?

37. Metals are very useful to modern society because they _______ and ___________.

38. Nonmetals extracted from metals during smelting are termed ________.

39. The industrial process that separates metals from ore material is known as ____________.

40. Most ores belong to which mineral class(es)?

41. Smelting is a technique applied to ________.

42. A ________ is a type of ore deposit that forms when sulfide minerals crystallize in lenses or bands directly from magma.

43. In the geologic setting shown in the picture, the dense minerals of the ore are concentrated in stream sediments after eroding, while less dense minerals are washed away. This is known as a

44. Waste rock left over after a mine has removed the ore is known as ________.

45. Stone used for buildings, chemicals in fertilizers, and sand used to make glass are all examples of mineral resources known as ________.

46. The blocks of rock used in construction are termed ________.

47. ________ is a nonmetal evaporite mineral used in the construction of interior walls in homes and other buildings.

48. _________ is a construction product formed by heating limestone, sandstone, and shale in a kiln, driving off CO₂, and forming a material that hardens when mixed with water.

49. Which of these best describes the sustainability of most mineral resources?

50. A drawback to mining of sulfide minerals is the risk of ________.

1. Explain how sources of energy for society have changed over time. Be sure to include both the timescale of this figure as well as likely energy sources prior to 1860.

2. What is meant by the term fossil fuel? Where did the energy in a fossil fuel originate? What three energy resources are fossil fuels?

3. How is oil formed? Make sure to address what organisms must accumulate, in what environment they must be deposited, and how the oil window affects the formation.

4. Describe the different types of rock structures that can create hydrocarbon traps and the tools that geologists could use to discover these traps.

5. How does coal form? How does this process differ from the ones that yield oil and gas?

6. How does a nuclear power plant generate electricity?

7. Despite the fact that nonrenewable energy resources will eventually run out and that many tend to be large sources of pollution, why are they still used so prevalently in our society?

8. Categorize the differences between a renewable and nonrenewable resource. What are some examples of each?

9. Aluminum atoms are found in feldspars, which are a common mineral component of granite. Why then is granite NOT mined as an ore for aluminum? If not from granite, how do we obtain metals like aluminum?

10. How are ore deposits distributed among the countries around the globe? What are strategic minerals? Why is international trade necessary to ensure the supply of different minerals?