Chapter 2: Studying Sex and Gender

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is TRUE about sex and math ability?

A. Boys tend to have higher math anxiety than girls.

B. Girls would likely score higher than boys on math tests if not for math anxiety.

C. Math performance is predicted less by sex than by other factors such as socioeconomic status.

D. Large-scale reviews show strong sex differences in math performance.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Studying Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. When considering findings around gender and math anxiety, which of the following can be determined?

A. Any individual boy and girl would demonstrate this difference.

B. Within their own sex groups, boys and girls do not vary widely on math anxiety.

C. On average, girls tend to have higher math anxiety than boys.

D. On average, boys and girls have very different levels of math anxiety.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Meaning of Difference?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Imagine Mark is studying sex differences in emotional expression. His study contains measures for seven different types of emotional expression. He finds that women score higher on one of these and men score higher on another one. He interprets his findings as suggesting largely different styles of emotional expression across men and women. Mark’s interpretation indicates a ______ approach.

A. biological

B. cross-cultural

C. minimalist

D. maximalist

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is the Meaning of Difference?

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. When psychologists report discovering sex differences on some variable (e.g., optimism) what do they typically mean by this?

A. that these differences emerge from distinct biological sex categories

B. that the difference between sexes has a large effect size

C. that the difference has a practical level of significance

D. that the observed difference is unlikely to have occurred due to chance

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is the Meaning of Difference?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Some gender researchers argue that a maximalist approach is problematic because ______.

A. it ignores important sex differences

B. it perpetuates overgeneralized beliefs about the sexes

C. it prioritizes the effects of culture too strongly over biology

D. research on sex differences cannot be objective

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is the Meaning of Difference?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following accurately describes science?

A. It most heavily emphasizes evidence that is consistent with theory.

B. It is defined more by its contents than by its methods.

C. Repeating experiments over again is a key step in conducting science.

D. The range of topics covered by scientists is narrow.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Science?

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following is typically the first step in the scientific method?

A. study design

B. replication

C. hypothesis generation

D. data collection

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following is the best example of a hypothesis?

A. An observation that men tend to walk faster in pairs than when alone.

B. The idea that judgments are driven more by emotion than by conscious reasoning.

C. The belief that people rationalize unfairness in order to avoid cognitive dissonance.

D. A prediction that women will score higher on a test of verbal ability than men.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. A testable prediction regarding the outcome of a study is called a(n) ______.

A. theory

B. hypothesis

C. replication

D. boundary condition

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which of the following best represents the order of the scientific process?

A. generate hypothesis → replicate → collection and analysis → study design

B. generate hypothesis → study design → collection and analysis → disseminate results

C. study design → generate hypothesis → disseminate results → collection and analysis

D. study design → collection and analysis → generate hypothesis → disseminate results

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following measures best represents a unidimensional conceptualization of masculinity and femininity?

A. gender diagnosticity score

B. Personal Attributes Questionnaire

C. Bem Sex-Role Inventory

D. M–F Test

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Answer Location: Journey of Research: Conceptualizing and Measuring Masculinity and Femininity

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. ______ methods allow researchers to turn their variables of interest into numbers.

A. Quantitative

B. Qualitative

C. Experimental

D. Correlational

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Quantitative Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Researchers manipulate the ______ variable and observe changes in the______.

A. mediator; moderator

B. moderator; independent

C. dependent; mediator

D. independent; dependent

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: True Experimental Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of the following is crucial to making causal inferences from a true experiment?

A. organized assignment

B. low experimental control

C. a narrow sample

D. holding other variables constant

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: True Experimental Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Experimental methods in gender research can be especially challenging because ______.

A. the independent and dependent variables are difficult to operationalize

B. sex and gender identity cannot be easily or ethically manipulated

C. self-report measures of gender identity are especially unreliable

D. the field is more prone to bias than other social science research

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: True Experimental Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Consider a research study that brings participants into the laboratory one at a time where they have a brief social interaction with an accomplice. Researchers measure the amount of time each participant spends making eye contact during the interaction. They then compare the eye contact duration of male and female participants. Which design best describes the above study?

A. experiment

B. ex post facto

C. qualitative

D. person-by-treatment

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: True Experimental Designs

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Tracy examines sex differences in verbal ability by comparing Scrabble scores across hundreds of male and female participants. She predicts female participants will score higher on average than male participants; however, the results reveal no difference. This is called a ______ result.

A. significant

B. mediating

C. null

D. negative

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: True Experimental Designs

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. Naturally occurring features of research participants that are measured instead of manipulated are called ______ variables.

A. dependent

B. participant

C. mediating

D. observational

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ex Post Facto Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. ______ refer to instances when the strength or direction of the association between an independent and dependent variable differ as a function of another variable.

A. Bivariate correlations

B. Mediation effects

C. Interaction effects

D. Third variable problems

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Quasi-Experiments

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The value of a correlation coefficient describes both ______ and______.

A. reliability; significance

B. reliability; strength

C. significance; direction

D. strength; direction

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correlational Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. One limitation of correlational designs is ______.

A. small sample sizes

B. the third variable problem

C. dependence upon self-report measures

D. lack of external validity or generalizability

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correlational Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A key difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal designs is that ______.

A. cross-sectional designs are experimental and longitudinal are correlational

B. longitudinal designs are immune to third variable problems

C. longitudinal designs can reduce causal ambiguity

D. cross-sectional designs produce more generalizable results

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correlational Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Imagine Sandy is conducting a longitudinal study on exposure to violent pornography and hostile attitudes toward women. She finds that exposure to violent photography at Time 1 predicts hostile attitudes toward women at Time 2. But she also finds that hostile attitudes at Time 1 predict exposure to violent pornography at Time 2. Which of the following is the BEST interpretation of Sandy’s findings?

A. Exposure to violent pornography causes hostile attitudes toward women.

B. Hostile attitudes toward women cause people to watch violent pornography.

C. The causal relationship between violent pornography and hostile attitudes likely works in both directions.

D. There is no causal relationship between violent pornography and hostile attitudes toward women.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Correlational Designs

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Which of the following is TRUE of qualitative research methods?

A. They are the most popular method in psychology.

B. They rely upon inferential statistics.

C. They are more concerned with trends in large populations over contextualized experiences.

D. They emphasize depth over breadth and subjective interpretations over objective reality.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Qualitative Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of the following is an example of a qualitative method?

A. collecting M–F scores from victims of cyberbullying

B. examining arresting court records, personal histories, and media releases for perpetrators of domestic terrorism

C. administering the Big Five personality inventory to a group with ADHD

D. administering multiple-choice surveys to victims of domestic abuse

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Qualitative Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. The qualitative method in which researchers conduct an in-depth individualized investigation of a single entity, usually a person, providing great detail but lacking generalizability is referred to as ______.

A. an interview

B. a focus group

C. ethnography

D. a case study

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Qualitative Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Crawford and Kaufman (2008) conducted an interview with 20 girls rescued from sex trafficking in Nepal and then statistically summarized the main themes in the case. This type of research is best characterized as ______.

A. mixed methods

B. qualitative

C. quantitative

D. quasi-experimental

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mixed Methods

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. In meta-analyses, the most typical unit of analysis is a(n) ______.

A. effect size

B. group average

C. p value

D. confidence interval

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do We Draw Conclusions from Multiple Studies?

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A(n) ______ is a quantitative technique for analyzing the aggregate results from a set of individual studies.

A. literature review

B. meta-analysis

C. archival analysis

D. regression

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Multiple Studies?

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following is represented by the d statistic?

A. the likelihood that an observed difference between two groups is due to chance

B. the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables in unstandardized units

C. the amount of spread, or deviations around the mean, in a variable

D. the difference between two groups in standardized units

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following represents a second-order meta-analysis?

A. a summary of the results of multiple individual studies

B. an approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative methods

C. an examination of two different studies of the same construct

D. summary of the results of a set of meta-analyses

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Do We Draw Conclusions From Multiple Studies?

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Standard deviation is a measure of ______.

A. variability

B. reliability

C. mean difference

D. association

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which of the following contributes to a larger effect size?

A. a small difference between two means

B. high between-group variance

C. high within-group variance

D. large sample size

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. What do researchers mean when they describe a difference as statistically significant?

A. that the variance in one variable is significantly greater than the variance in other

B. that there is a 95% chance that one variable caused a change in another

C. that the effect size is large

D. that it is very unlikely that the observed difference resulted merely from chance

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Laura is studying the effect size of sex differences in vertical jumps and finds a d of 0.87. She concludes the effect size is ______.

A. large

B. medium

C. small

D. null

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following refers to the difference between the average values for each group?

A. the within-group variance

B. the between-group variance

C. standard deviation

D. the intergroup effect

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. What best describes Alice Eagly and colleagues’ findings from a meta-analysis on sex differences in leadership effectiveness?

A. They found no sex differences in leadership effectiveness.

B. Overall, men are better leaders than women.

C. Overall, women are better leaders than men.

D. Men are more effective in male-dominated contexts, and women are more effective in context less dominated by males.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Beyond Overall Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Anderson and Leaper’s (1998) discovery that studies with female first authors found larger sex differences in interruptions (favoring men) and studies with male first authors might be an example of ______.

A. researcher bias

B. participant bias

C. demand characteristics

D. social desirability

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Sam conducts a study of 1,000 male participants examining how candidate attitudes, age, and education affect voting behavior. He finds a positive association between education and the likelihood of voting, from which he concludes that overall, more educated people are more likely to vote. Based on the above information alone, at which stage of the research process might Sam’s study be biased?

A. study design

B. sampling strategy

C. identifying the question

D. disseminating the results

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which of the following best illustrates a type of question a researcher operating from the female deficit model might ask?

A. Do girls lack math abilities compared to boys?

B. What factors might cause girls to underperform in math relative to boys?

C. Under what conditions do boys and girls perform differently on math exams?

D. What is the effect of stereotypes upon math anxiety among boys and girls?

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Identifying the Research Question

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Bias at which stage of the research process most directly affects the generalizability of the findings?

A. data collection/sampling

B. identifying the research question

C. designing the study

D. interpreting the findings

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which of the following is a strategy that psychologists might use to address issues of intersectionality?

A. conduct more qualitative research

B. examine single identities in isolation

C. expanding the number of demographic questions in studies

D. always reporting effect sizes

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Designing the Study and Collecting Data

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Proponents of intersexuality might offer which of the following critiques of how samples are typically collected in psychological studies in the United States?

A. They are too small in size and lacking in statistical power.

B. They are largely composed of white, middle-class participants--ignoring the individual differences that exist within sex.

C. They often offer extra credit or other confounding incentives for participation.

D. They aren’t truly random samples. People choose voluntarily whether or not to participate.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Designing the Study and Collecting Data

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Stephen is studying sex differences in helping behavior but he only measures heroic or chivalrous types of helping behaviors. He concludes that men are far more likely to help than women. What is one possible critique of Stephen’s study?

A. He did not collect a representative sample.

B. He only measured male-gendered types of helping behavior.

C. The dependent measures he chose are irrelevant to everyday helping.

D. He did not randomly assign participants to different types of helping contexts.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Designing the Study and Collecting Data

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Androcentric thinking refers to a bias ______.

A. that frames men- or male-typed traits as the default

B. favoring feminine traits over masculine traits

C. in research toward interpreting results in a way that paints men in a more negative light

D. centering on sex differences rather than similarity

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interpreting and Communicating the Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Meta-analyses examining the size of all sex differences examined by researchers have found which of the following?

A. Over three quarters of the effect sizes examined have been in the small to near-zero range.

B. Most effect sizes tend to fall into the media.

C. Approximately 20% of the effect examined are large in size.

D. There are no meaningful sex differences after accounting for publication bias.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interpreting and Communicating the Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which best illustrates the meaning of postpositivism?

A. Objective and value-free knowledge can be attained through empirical investigation.

B. Science is a useful but flawed process that is heavily influenced by the values of researchers.

C. Empiricism is inherently patriarchal and skewed toward favoring men.

D. Science is better described as a tool for social change than knowledge acquisition.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do We Address Challenges in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Which of the following is TRUE of postpositivism?

A. Cultural context influences are absent in evidence collection and interpretation.

B. Science is mostly free of bias.

C. Science is a cumulative process susceptible to shifting conclusions.

D. Empirical investigation is an inferior method toward studying politically charged questions.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do We Address Challenges in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Given the recorded biases in gender research, which of the following would be an appropriate strategy to reduce bias?

A. embrace using androcentric research materials

B. generalize findings from single-sex samples to all people

C. publish more research focusing on sex differences rather than sex similarities

D. always report effect sizes when publishing research

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Guidelines for Gender-Fair Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Which of the following is key to avoiding exaggerating the magnitude of sex differences?

A. reporting patterns and effect sizes across multiple studies via meta-analysis

B. privileging studies that show sex differences in journals

C. taking a maximalist approach to research

D. using primarily experimental methods

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Guidelines for Gender-Fair Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Someone with a minimalist approach might envision that girls and boys have largely overlapping distributions of math anxiety scores.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Meaning of Difference?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Of all the stages of the scientific method, replication, or repeating an experiment that someone has already conducted is the least important.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Qualitative research is less scientifically valid than quantitative research.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are the Primary Methods Used in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. One of the advantages of longitudinal studies is that they are not susceptible to third-variable problems.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correlational Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. A well-conducted true experiment allows researchers to make causal inferences.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: True Experimental Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Qualitative methods emphasize individual experiences and subjective interpretations over the idea of objective reality.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Qualitative Research Methods

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The presence of a statistically significant difference tells you that there is a large effect size.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. When there is a great deal of variability within groups then effect sizes tend to be smaller.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overlap and Variance

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. A d of −1.12 is small effect size.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Scientific positivism is the philosophical position that objective and value-free knowledge can be attained through empirical investigation.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do We Address Challenges in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Asking how negative stereotypes about women’s math abilities can artificially lower their math performance is a good example of someone operating from the female deficit model.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Identifying the Research Question

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Generalizing results from a sample composed entirely of men to all people is an example of androcentrism.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Designing the Study and Collecting Data

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Proponents of intersectionality argue that it is not meaningful to make comparisons between women and men without taking other identities such as race, class, or sexual orientation into consideration.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Designing the Study and Collecting Data

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Over three quarters of effect sizes associated with sex differences in cognitive, social, and motor variables fall in the small or close to zero range.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interpreting and Communicating the Results

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Emphasizing studies that focus on sex differences rather than similarities is an effective guideline for gender-fair research.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Guidelines for Gender-Fair Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What is the difference between a maximalist and a minimalist approach to interpreting sex differences?

Learning Objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Meaning of Difference?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Name five steps in the scientific method in the order in which they typically occur.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Briefly explain how the gender diagnosticity score offers a more multifaceted conceptualization of masculinity and femininity than previous measurements of these constructs.

Learning objective: 2.1: Evaluate the meaning of sex differences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Journey of Research: Conceptualizing and Measuring Masculinity and Femininity

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What two types of variance are especially relevant to the degree of overlap between two distributions? For each of these types of variance, do higher or lower degrees of variance contribute to a larger effect size?

Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe meta-analyses and explain how to interpret effect sizes of different magnitudes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Overlap and Variance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is meant by researcher bias and participant bias?

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Briefly describe postpositivism’s critique of scientific positivism.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Do We Address Challenges in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Callie is interested in whether men are more likely to make eye contact with a male conversation partner than a female partner. She is also interested in whether the topic of conversation (masculine topic vs. feminine topic) affects the amount of eye contact men make with their conversation partner. She randomly assigns 200 male participants to interact with either a male or female conversation partner (played by a research assistant) and to either discuss a masculine (sports) or feminine (childcare) topic for 5 min. Research assistants then time eye contact duration for each participant over the 5-min window. Identify each of the following: The general method used by the researcher, the independent and dependent variables, the number of conditions or study groups, and whether or not Callie can make causal inferences from her results. Why or why not can Callie infer causality from this design? Are there any possible interaction effects and how do you know?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Studying Sex and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are the pros and cons of quantitative versus qualitative research designs? How do mixed method approaches incorporate the advantages of both approaches?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Explain the scientific method and specific quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study of sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Are the Primary Methods Used in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe three stages of the scientific process that are vulnerable to bias. Describe an example for each.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Analyze methodological challenges and biases in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Are Some Biases Common in Sex and Gender Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe three possible guidelines for encouraging gender-fair research design.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Explain the principles of gender-fair and inclusive research, and describe issues of diversity in sex and gender research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Guidelines for Gender-Fair Research

Difficulty Level: Medium