Shiraev Ch.3 Complete Test Bank Realism And Liberalism

CHAPTER 3: REALISM AND LIBERALISM

Test Questions

Multiple-Choice Questions

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

1. According to realism, only ____ can be players in international relations.

1. States.
2. Corporations.
3. International organizations.
4. Individuals.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

2. Which of the following is the LEAST important to realists?

1. Economic growth.
2. Military force.
3. Geopolitical factors.
4. Cultural factors.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

3. The international system is the system ________among states that results as they exercise their power to promote their interests.

1. Of survival of the fittest.
2. Of checks and balances.
3. Of collaboration.
4. Of competition.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

4. According to the realist perspective, international relations primarily involves

1. Competition between multinational corporations.
2. Lobbying efforts from NGOs.
3. Balancing of power among states.
4. Peaceful relations between states.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

5. The term realpolitik refers to

1. Preparing for imminent military action.
2. Policy involving states’ behavior and acts of balancing power.
3. Monetary policy in Nazi Germany in the 1930s.
4. The applicable state strategy in solving domestic crises.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

6. Which of the following statements would be LEAST likely to represent the views of a realist?

1. The international order cannot be perfect and harmonious.
2. To balance each other and maintain order, states use violent and nonviolent means.
3. States try to build order in the situation of anarchy.
4. There is an authority or law above that of states.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

7. ______ in international relations is the ability of a state to defend itself, guard its interests, and impose its will on other states.

1. Force.
2. Retaliation.
3. Power.
4. Monopoly of violence.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

8. The ability to exert state power in international relations is based on several factors. Which of the following is NOT a major factor in international relations?

1. Military force.
2. Diplomacy.
3. Economic growth.
4. Cultural diversity.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

9. When a state dominates the power distribution in international relations it is called

1. Hegemony.
2. Supremacy.
3. Monogamy.
4. Monarchy.

Question type: factual

Section 3.1 Realism

10. When was Machiavelli’s The Prince written?

1. 1532.
2. 1697.
3. 1789.
4. Fifth century BC.

Question type: factual

Section 3.1 Realism

11. Who is the author of Leviathan?

1. Thomas Paine.
2. John Locke.
3. Thomas Hobbes.
4. Thomas Robert Malthus.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

12. Thomas Hobbes in 1651 wrote that without order imposed by the state,

1. Humans naturally struggle against one another.
2. Humans cannot survive.
3. Humans form groups that live peacefully together.
4. Humans compete or collaborate depending on the power they have.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

13. In 1648, several European powers

1. Started a bloody 30-year war over religious differences.
2. Signed an agreement on expanding mercantilism practices.
3. Put a moratorium on the Westphalian peace treaty.
4. Established the uncontested authority of a ruler of its subjects.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.1 Realism

14. Which duo is associated with the origins of realpolitik?

1. Bismarck and Metternich.
2. Bismarck and Livingston.
3. Lincoln and Livingston.
4. Napoleon III and Metternich.

Question type: applied

Section 3.1 Realism

15. Morgenthau’s 1948 Politics among Nations postulated two principles:

1. Foreign policy is driven by a power, whereas ethical principles should be secondary.
2. Moral values are important for foreign policy decisions and guide state leaders’ actions.
3. International relations is based on state collaboration and peace.
4. Foreign affairs consist of diplomacy and its ultimate means are war.

Question type: applied

Section 3.1 Realism

16. Neorealists such as Kenneth Waltz were MOST concerned with

1. Moral issues.
2. Security.
3. Power politics.
4. Ethics.

Question type: applied

Section 3.1 Realism

17. According to neorealists, in a bipolar world,

1. A unipolar structure is likely to emerge.
2. A multipolar composition of states will eventually result.
3. States tend to ignore short-term pacts with their neighbors.
4. States have to adapt to the current system and form alliances.

Question type: applied

Section 3.1 Realism

18. Which of the following statements is NOT true about realism today?

1. Realists continue to stress the importance of security.
2. Realism remains a leading theory in international relations.
3. Many realists started questioning their fundamental assumptions.
4. Realism has been replaced by alternative theories and is no longer relevant.

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

19. The following is NOT a realist power distribution

1. Unipolar.
2. Multipolar.
3. Quasipolar.
4. Bipolar.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

20. What event brought about a unipolar world?

1. The collapse of the Soviet Union.
2. The rise of Brazil, Russia, India, and China as economic powers.
3. The victory of the Allies in World War II.
4. The initiation of the Westphalian system.

Question type: factual

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

21. Approximately when did the United States become a single global superpower?

1. 1945.
2. 1963.
3. 1991.
4. 2009.

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

22. In which of the following years was the international system multipolar?

1. 1931.
2. 1949.
3. 1971.
4. 1995.
   

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

23. In which of the following years was the international system bipolar?

1. 1822.
2. 1927.
3. 1971.
4. 1999.
   

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

24. Which statement BEST captures the situation of smaller states, such as Cuba?

1. They have their hands tied in international politics.
2. They can exert their power if they use available foreign policy tools strategically.
3. They are dependent on bigger powers.
4. They will become superpowers if they acquire nuclear weapons.

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

25. Which of the following is NOT a rule suggested by realism to succeed in power politics?

1. A state needs a substantial military and economic advantage over other countries.
2. A state must combine its military power with successful diplomacy.
3. A state should not make too many commitments that constrain its freedom of action.
4. A state should rely on diplomatic means for its foreign policy.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

26. The security dilemma

1. Can result in arms races.
2. Does not occur under defensive realism.
3. Last occurred with Germany.
4. is a problem of liberal approaches, not realist approaches.

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

27. A rogue state acts _____in regard to other states, in systematic ______for international rules.

1. Belligerently . . . respect.
2. Belligerently . . . disregard.
3. Peacefully . . . disregard.
4. Peacefully . . . respect.

Question type: applied

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

28. Which of the following is MOST likely as a result of a rogue state’s action?

1. Neutrality.
2. Retreat.
3. Alliances.
4. Capitulation.

Question type: factual

Section 3.2 Realist Arguments about Power and Sovereignty

29. Who believed that “war is a continuation of politics by other means”?

1. Karl von Clausewitz.
2. Otto von Bismarck.
3. Adolf Hitler.
4. Emperor Wilhelm I.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

30. Which of the following is NOT a principle of liberalism?

1. It rejects power politics as the inevitable source and outcome of international relations.
2. It emphasizes international cooperation and mutual benefits.
3. International organizations and nonstate actors are shaping state policy choices.
4. States are the most important actors to shape foreign policy.

Question type: factual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

31. Political liberalism, which is a powerful social and political movement that challenged nobility and inherited privileges, was most advocated by which of the following people?

1. Voltaire and John Locke.
2. Karl Marx and Leon Trotsky.
3. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.
4. Thomas Hobbes and Niccolò Machiavelli.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

32. Perpetual Peace by Immanuel Kant imagines a _______that would share mutual responsibilities, respect for the rule of law, and joint economic interests.

1. Confederation of interdependent republics.
2. Federation of independent republics.
3. Federation of dependent republics.
4. Confederation of independent republics.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

33. In the late nineteenth century _____interlinked states in a web of seemingly peaceful trade and cooperation.

1. Mercantilism.
2. Colonialism.
3. Capitalism.
4. Globalization.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

34. Norman Angell in Great Illusion argued that

1. Wars disrupt economic order.
2. Wars are the continuation of diplomacy by forceful means.
3. Wars offer economic opportunities for development.
4. Wars disrupt the social order.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

35. Joseph Schumpeter wrote in Sociology of Imperialism that the ever-greater prominence of the ______would lead to the decline of_______.

1. Workers . . . free trade.
2. Bourgeoisie . . . military aristocracies.
3. Bourgeoisie . . . proletariat.
4. Workers . . . bourgeoisie.

Question type: factual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

36. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, people were intrigued by the ideas of the philosophers _______, who argued that irrational forces dominate human motivation.

1. Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud.
2. Friedrich Nietzsche and Edmund Husserl.
3. Edmund Husserl and Sigmund Freud.
4. Theodor Herzl and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Question type: applied

Section 3.3 Liberalism

37. Sigmund Freud was

1. Extremely optimistic about the ability of humans to preserve peace.
2. Extremely skeptical about the ability of humans to preserve peace.
3. Silent about the ability of humans to preserve peace.
4. Indifferent about the ability of humans to preserve peace.

Question type: factual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

38. The United Nations was created in

1. 1945.
2. 1918.
3. 1933.
4. 1961.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

39. In The Anarchical Society, Hedley Bull showed that countries, despite a frequent lack of ____, ____ common regulations and institutions.

1. Trust . . . develop.
2. Cooperation . . . observe.
3. Trust . . . violate.
4. Cooperation . . . break.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

40. The raison d’être for neoliberalism is MOST likely

1. To capture the rise of the United States as a superpower.
2. To explain the changing nature of international relations after 1945.
3. To create more precise analytical tools to evaluate state power politics.
4. None of the above.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

41. Like realism, neoliberalism postulates that state interests

1. Are less important for the analysis of foreign policy.
2. Become more influential over time.
3. Are unpredictable.
4. Remain a main subject of analysis.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

42. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main features of complex interdependence?

1. Security is not always the prime agenda.
2. Military force is typically not used by countries.
3. States interact through multiple channels.
4. States still rely on military power to prevail their interests.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

43. Which of the following statements about liberalism is true?

1. It is neither descriptive nor prescriptive.
2. It is descriptive, but not prescriptive.
3. It is prescriptive, but not descriptive.
4. It is both descriptive and prescriptive.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

44. Which of the following BEST characterizes the beliefs of liberalism in international politics?

1. Struggle among humans is inevitable.
2. The best path for cooperation is an emphasis on international organizations.
3. The international system is dominated by sovereign states.
4. The best way to deal with terrorism is to solve territorial disputes.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.3 Liberalism

45. Compared to the liberal tradition, realism places more emphasis on

1. The importance of sovereign states.
2. The importance of intergovernmental institutions.
3. Achieving order through complex interdependence.
4. Achieving order through diplomacy and economic interactions.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

46. The management of international relations through negotiations best characterizes

1. Diplomacy.
2. Soft power.
3. Democratic peace theory.
4. Globalization.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

47. Democratic peace theory is an extension of the work of this philosopher:

1. John Locke.
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau.
3. Immanuel Kant.
4. John Stuart Mill.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

48. Democratic peace theory states that democracies

1. Never go to war with weaker states.
2. Do not go to war with other democracies.
3. Will only go to war with other democracies.
4. Are the only forms of government to pursue peace.

Question type: factual

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

49. What is “soft power”?

1. The amount of manufactured consumer products.
2. The power to create a sovereign state.
3. The size of the air force.
4. The power to capture people’s imagination.

Question type: applied

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

50. Which of the following is an example of soft power?

1. U.S. Department of Labor discussions with Canada on seasonal cross-border workers.
2. A U.S. Department of Trade and Commerce agreement with Central American countries.
3. The Department of State educational and cultural programs.
4. U.S. military airstrikes during the invasion of Iraq.

Question type: applied

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

51. Which of the following is true? Soft power _______.

1. Is not based on perceptions.
2. Barely relies on state leaders, elites, and public opinion.
3. Cannot be calculated.
4. Is based on statistical analysis.

Question type: applied

Section 3.4 Liberal Arguments

52. Which country made the BEST use of soft power in Europe after World War II?

1. The United States,
2. Soviet Union.
3. Great Britain.
4. Italy.

Question type: applied

Section 3.5 Comparing Realism and Liberalism

53. Given recent developments in the international system, most realists now say that

1. International politics is now essentially the same as domestic politics.
2. International politics is shifting to an acceptance of cooperation and free markets.
3. International politics is now driven primarily by internal state disputes.
4. International politics is still about the distribution of power.

Question type: conceptual

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

54. The “states plus nations” concept of Gidon Gottlieb

1. Would support realist principles over liberal principles.
2. Would allow many people to have a form of dual citizenship.
3. Has already been formally applied within the European Union.
4. Really only applies to people of European descent.

Question type: applied

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

55. Gorbachev’s policies that led to the end of the Cold War showed that

1. Neorealism has great predictive power.
2. Individuals can make a substantial difference in foreign policy.
3. It is the international system that determines state actions, not the type of state.
4. The structure of the international system can change only in small increments.

Question type: factual

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

56. Robert Putnam’s two-level game includes

1. Domestic politics and foreign policy.
2. Foreign policy and warfare.
3. Local politics and regional security.
4. None of the above.

Question type: factual

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

57. The European Coal and Steel Community was set up by these two countries:

1. France and China.
2. China and Japan.
3. The United States and the United Kingdom.
4. West Germany and France.

Question type: applied

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

58. Which countries does the EU include from Asia?

1. None.
2. Albania.
3. Turkey.
4. Poland and Turkey.

Question type: factual

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

59. In what year was the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht, which greatly accelerated the process of unity and transformed the European Community into the European Union?

1. 1951.
2. 1957.
3. 1992.
4. 2001.

Question type: factual

Section 3.6 Critical Applications of Realism and Liberalism

60. Which of the following countries is NOT a member of the European Union?

1. Germany.
2. Italy.
3. Poland.
4. Russia.

Short-Answer Questions

1. Define realism.

2. Name two great powers and two small powers. Explain the difference.

3. What constitutes power in international relations? Name a few factors and explain why they are significant.

4. What do we mean by “balancing power”?

5. Define the term “realpolitik” and give an example.

6. How has power changed over time, especially over the past 100 years? Explain briefly.

7. Describe the key features of the Westphalian system.

8. Which international order was created after 1945? Explain why.

9. What are the two main principles put forward in Morgenthau’s Politics among Nations?

10. Why did neorealism emerge in the 1960s?

11. What are some of the differences between realists and neorealists?

12. What international order emerged after the implosion of the Soviet Union? Explain why.

13. What are rogue states?

14. What are the key differences between defensive realists and offensive realists?

15. Explain the three fundamental principles of liberalism.

16. What are the intellectual roots of liberalism?

17. Describe the concept of Kant’s Perpetual Peace.

18. Why is 1945 a new beginning for liberal principles?

19. What was the Marshall Plan?

20. Define the concept of democratic peace.

21. What is soft power?

22. Why was the Maastricht Treaty so important?

Essay Questions

1. Has the “Pax Americana” reached its limits? Analyze the pros and cons.

2. Drawing on the case of the fall of the Soviet Union, examine why the power concept of realists is problematic.

3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of a multipolar order?

4. Discuss the concept of power balance within the bipolar order during the Cold War. Use examples not only of the United States and the Soviet Union but also of peripheral states for your argument.

5. Are we living in a multipolar world today? Discuss.

6. Using a historical example of your choice, explain the concept of power shifts. Does it result in more or less stability?

7. What role do individuals and domestic politics play in the formulation of foreign and military policy? How do realists account for this?

8. What are the key principles of liberalism and realism? What are the key differences between the two approaches? Which makes a stronger case in your view, and why?

9. What are the main tenets of the liberal approach to international relations? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this approach?

10. Has liberalism replaced the realist perspective? Drawing on examples of international relations, discuss your argument.

11. Analyze the pros and cons of the democratic peace concept.

12. Drawing on a case study of your choice, discuss the concept of soft power.

13. Do you consider the European Union a success story of liberal thought? Discuss.

14. Should the European Union seek to expand even further? Discuss.