Chapter 6: Research Ethics

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The deontological approach to ethics argues that ______.

A. there are no universal ethical codes

B. ethical judgments depend on culture and time

C. ethical judgments are dependent on costs and benefits

D. ethics must be judged by a universal moral code

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Research Ethics?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Ethical Skepticism argues that ______.

A. there are universal ethical standards

B. ethical moral codes are universal

C. ethical rules are relative to one’s culture and time

D. one should balance cost to participants and the benefits resulting from the study

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relationship Between Society and Science

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The Utilitarian approach to ethics argues that ______.

A. there are universal ethical standards

B. ethical moral codes are universal

C. ethical rules are relative to one’s culture and time

D. one should balance cost to participants and the benefits resulting from the study

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relationship Between Society and Science

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Societal concerns and cultural values ______.

A. should not be considered by researchers

B. impact the funding of research projects

C. must be included in informed consent documents

D. lead to research misconduct

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relationship Between Society and Science

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Generally, a study is ethical to perform if ______.

A. the benefits outweigh the costs associated with the study

B. the costs outweigh the benefits associated with the study

C. there is at least one benefit from the study

D. the study will advance knowledge regardless of the costs

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What Are Research Ethics?

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following is a type of research misconduct?

A. plagiarism

B. not collecting as much data as proposed

C. failing to find statistical significance

D. not using incentives to recruit participants

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professional Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which of the following is a type of research misconduct?

A. not collecting as much data as proposed

B. fabricating data

C. failing to find statistical significance

D. not using incentives to recruit participants

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professional Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of the following is a type of research misconduct?

A. not collecting as much data as proposed

B. failing to find statistical significance

C. failing to give authorship to a graduate student who contributed substantially to a study

D. not using incentives to recruit participants

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Professional Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What does Greek Idea of nonmaleficence refer to?

A. respect people’s rights

B. be inclusive in your research

C. do no harm to others

D. act for the benefit of others

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Guidelines for Research With Humans

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What does the concept of beneficence refer to?

A. respect people’s rights

B. be inclusive in your research

C. do no harm to others

D. act for the benefit of others

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Guidelines for Research With Humans

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?

A. a description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out

B. a description of the reliability and validity of test instruments

C. a list of publications that the researcher has had in the last 10 years

D. a description of the risks and benefits associated with participation

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?

A. a description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out

B. a description of the purpose of the research

C. a description of the reliability and validity of test instruments

D. a list of publications that the researcher has had in the last 10 years

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. When informed consent has been received, confidentiality can be breached if ______.

A. the participant reveals information about child abuse or neglect

B. the participant withdraws from the study

C. the research is conducted on the Internet

D. the participant does not speak English

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

Use the following to answer Question 14:

You are invited to participate in a study comparing two different memory strategies. You will be assigned to one of the two groups of participants. The study should take only 30 min of your time. There are no risks associated with your participation in this study. There are no benefits to you personally for participating in this study. However, results will be used to help us advance knowledge about which memory strategies work better.

Thank you for your time

Sincerely,

John Doe, Professor

14. Read the sample from above. Which of the following is found within this informed consent?

A. The amount of time the study generally takes.

B. A complete description of the research procedures.

C. A description of what will be done to maintain confidentiality.

D. A statement that participation is voluntary.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Hard

Use the following to answer Question 15:

You are invited to participate in a study comparing two different memory strategies. You will be assigned to one of the two groups of participants. The study should take only 30 min of your time. There are no risks associated with your participation in this study. There are no benefits to you personally for participating in this study. However, results will be used to help us advance knowledge about which memory strategies work better.

Thank you for your time

Sincerely,

John Doe, Professor

15. Read the sample from above. Which of the following was missing from this informed consent?

A. The amount of time the study generally takes.

B. A statement about the risks associated with participation.

C. A statement about the benefits associated with participation.

D. A statement that participation is voluntary.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. If a child’s parent gives consent for a child to participate and the child refuses to participate in the study?

A. His or her parents can override the child’s objection.

B. A teacher can override a child’s objections.

C. The researcher should obey the wishes of the child.

D. The child still must participate.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which of the following is true about the use of deception in research?

A. It should never be used.

B. It should be used in every research study.

C. Researchers do not need to disclose their use of deception.

D. The use of deception must be outweighed by other benefits of the study.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deception

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Confidentiality refers to ______.

A. protecting the identity of research participants from anyone other than the researcher and his or her team

B. keeping the participants’ identity unknown to both the researcher and others

C. not telling participants about the use of deception in a study

D. not reporting the research results

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies conducted in the field?

A. getting informed consent

B. keeping participants from physical harm

C. maintaining consent forms

D. having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Research involving human participants at universities and other research institutions is reviewed by ______.

A. academic deans

B. Institutional Review Boards

C. The National Science Foundation

D. The National Institute for Mental Health

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following is often exempt from full IRB review?

A. research done in established or commonly accepted educational settings

B. research on sensitive issues such as sexuality

C. research with special populations such as people with mental retardation

D. research where responses could have legal consequences

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. If you assessed the ethics of a research study by weighing the costs of the research relative to the benefits that would accrue, you would have used which ethical approach?

A. utilitarianism

B. deontology

C. ethical skepticism

D. comparativism

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Are Research Ethics?

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Although research misconduct is an important ethical issue, a researcher’s most fundamental ethical concern should be ______.

A. seeking knowledge first and foremost

B. the treatment of the research participant

C. making sure that the research topic is a good one

D. insuring that the study does not involve any deception

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Treatment of Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Informed consent involves ______.

A. telling the participant everything about the study that could affect his or her willingness to participate

B. telling the participant that he or she is going to participate in a research study

C. telling the participant that the study may or may not involve emotional or physical discomfort

D. telling the participant that federal law may require that the information in the study be revealed in a court of law

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Informed consent can be waived if ______.

A. the research carries more than minimal risk

B. obtaining consent might affect the rights and welfare of the participants

C. the study involves young children

D. the study involves deception

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Joe’s action research study focuses on interviews focused on the social groupings of middle school students. To ethically conduct the study, Joe ______.

A. only needs parents’ agreement that their children can participate

B. must obtain student assent after parent approval is given

C. can force students, whose parents have consented, to participate even if they do not want to

D. needs to switch his research participants to adults because he cannot study minors

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. If you have obtained the consent of a parent or guardian by requesting them to return the consent form only if they do NOT want their child to participate in a research study, you will have ______.

A. obtained passive consent

B. obtained active consent

C. violated the principle of informed consent

D. used an inappropriate procedure for obtaining informed consent

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. After completing his study, Dr. Good conducted an interview with each research participant in which he told them about the study. This is an example of ______.

A. obtaining active consent

B. a debriefing activity

C. obtaining passive consent

D. a clinical procedure

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deception

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. If you have conducted a research study in which you have followed a procedure ensuring that the identity of the research participants cannot be identified by anyone, you have ______.

A. insured confidentiality

B. insured validity of the study

C. insured anonymity

D. insured an avoidance of harm

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. When reviewing research protocols for their ethical appropriateness, the IRB ______.

A. makes sure that no harm can possibly come to the participants

B. makes sure that all participants benefit from the study

C. makes sure that no deception is used in the study

D. weighs the risk of harm in relation to the potential benefits that might come from the study

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. If you do a study with collaborators from different institutions, it is likely that ______.

A. as long as one of the investigators has had an IRB review, then no others need approval.

B. principal investigators at all of the institutions may need an IRB approval

C. a new IRB committee with members from all institutions needs to be formed

D. the chairs of each IRB meet to discuss which institution will review the project

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Agreement to Participate in Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. ______ is the process by which a study with minimal or no risk is rapidly reviewed by fewer members than constitute the full IRB.

A. Committee review

B. Full board review

C. Expedited review

D. Rapid review

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. The determination as to whether a study falls into the exempt category is made by ______.

A. the IRB

B. the lead researcher

C. the research team

D. the participants

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. ______ refers to controlling other people’s access to information about a person.

A. Privacy

B. Anonymity

C. Secrecy

D. Seclusion

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. One of the difficult ethical issues to contend with when doing Internet research is the issue of obtaining informed consent and when informed consent should be obtained. One of the thorny issues is determining what information is public and what information is private. Which of the following is definitely within the public domain and does not need informed consent?

A. Information obtained from a television program aired over the Internet.

B. Information obtained from newsgroups communicating over the Internet.

C. Information obtained from chat rooms held over the Internet.

D. Information obtained from listservs on the Internet.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Privacy and Internet Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. While Internet research can create difficulties in effectively debriefing research participants, there are several options researchers can use to increase the chances that debriefing is available for participants who terminate the study early. Which of the following is NOT one of these options?

A. have the participant provide an e-mail address so that a debriefing statement can be sent to them

B. put the debriefing statement at the end of the experiment

C. provide a “leave the study” radio button on every page that will direct the participant to a debriefing page

D. incorporate a debriefing page into the program driving the study that automatically directs them to the debriefing page if they terminate the study early

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Debriefing and Internet Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Misleading or withholding information from the research participant about a research study is known as ______.

A. deception

B. debriefing

C. dehoaxing

D. desensitizing

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deception

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Helping study participants deal with and eliminate any stress or other undesirable feelings that the study might have created is known as ______.

A. deception

B. dehoaxing

C. desensitizing

D. debriefing

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deception

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Carol has just completed her participation in a research study. Before she leaves, the graduate student whom was present during the experiment explained the real purpose of the study as well as why he did not tell her the whole truth about the study at the beginning. He also asked her if she had any questions and he answered the one question she had. This is an example of ______.

A. deception

B. debriefing

C. dehoaxing

D. desensitizing

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deception

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Carol has just completed her participation in a research study. Before she leaves, the graduate student whom was present during the experiment explained the real purpose of the study as well as why he did not tell her the whole truth about the study at the beginning. He also asked her if she had any questions and he answered the one question she had. The explanation of the deception and why it occurred is called ______.

A. deception

B. debriefing

C. dehoaxing

D. desensitizing

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deception

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. A nurse who works in a clinic has been asked by the doctor who owns the clinic to participate in a study he is conducting. She agrees to participate but later wishes to leave the study because she feels uncomfortable asking to do so. This is an example of ______.

A. fundamental ambiguity principle

B. coercive pressure to participate

C. participatory rights syndrome

D. breach of confidentiality

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Freedom to Withdraw

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. When you quote 40 or more words from a document, it is formatted using ______.

A. a short quotation

B. a block quotation

C. an italics quotation

D. a different font

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Writing the Research Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. What type of IRB review would be required for research involving the relative effectiveness of classroom management procedures in an elementary school classroom?

A. full board

B. expedited

C. exempt

D. none of these

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Wendy is planning a descriptive study of the behavior of teenage students who are prisoners in juvenile detention facilities. What type of IRB review will her study need?

A. There is no need for the IRB to review the study.

B. exempt review

C. expedited review

D. full board review

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Expedited IRB review is typically used for ______.

A. studies that include more than minimal risk

B. studies conducted in educational settings

C. studies that include no more than minimal risk

D. studies that involve no risks

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. In writing her research proposal, Andrea took ideas from one of the articles she read and did not cite the author. This is an example of ______.

A. passive consent

B. maleficence

C. beneficence

D. plagiarism

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Writing the Research Report

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. Karen is planning a study where she looks at high school students’ transcripts to look at the on-time graduation rates for students from different middle schools. She will not identify either the students or middle schools by name. The IRB review this study should be ______.

A. full board

B. expedited

C. exempt

D. this study does not need to be reviewed by the IRB

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. A researcher at the local university wants to interview students about their enjoyment of reading. Haley’s second-grade teacher sent home a consent form with her. When the researcher got the consent form back, she noticed that Hayley had signed the consent form. What should the researcher do?

A. send out the consent form again and request a parent signature

B. accept the returned consent form as is

C. give the signed consent form to the IRB to see if it is acceptable

D. allow Haley to participate in the interviews

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following best describes that age at which you should ask minors for assent?

A. at age 9 years and older

B. at age 14 years and older

C. at age 5 years and older

D. It is best to do it no matter what age if the child has some sense of the task required.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. The American Educational Research Association has developed principles for educational researchers. They focus on ______.

A. research with children only

B. striving to protect vulnerable populations

C. recommending qualitative and not quantitative research

D. getting student assent

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Assent is ______.

A. not needed for research to occur

B. agreeing to participate in a study after learning about its purpose and how data will be handled

C. agreeing to participate in a study after learning about factors that could limit the participant’s willingness to participate

D. the same as providing consent

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Informed consent forms do NOT need to contain information on ______.

A. potential risks

B. potential benefits

C. the voluntary nature of participation

D. where the results of the research will be published

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Informed consent forms ______.

A. should be written at most an eighth-grade reading level

B. are needed for every research study

C. are never needed for educational research

D. must be anonymous

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. A researcher develops a questionnaire that examines teacher mentoring. Some colleagues use the questionnaire and report results on it in a journal article, claiming it is their own and not acknowledging the source of the questionnaire. Why is this an example of plagiarism?

A. The idea was someone else’s and there was no citation acknowledging the author.

B. It would not be plagiarism if the colleagues had not published it in a journal.

C. It is plagiarism because the colleagues used the questionnaire.

D. It is plagiarism because the questionnaire because the research was done in schools.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Writing the Research Report

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Carol has been working on writing a research report. She is considering who should be considered authors on the report. Ethically, authorship is awarded to individuals who ______.

A. made substantial contributions to the conceptualization of the study

B. edited and typed an initial draft of the research report

C. participated in the research study even if their data are quoted

D. have collected data for the project

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authorship

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. Studies involving children can receive exempt IRB review if ______.

A. the children are older than 15

B. the study is conducted in children’s homes

C. the children are too young to consent

D. the research involves observation and not intervention

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Full board IRB review is required for projects that ______.

A. present more than minimal risk

B. involve the use of standard educational tests

C. have data from video recordings made for research purposes

D. involve minimal risk

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. If a survey is conducted on an educational research topic and a student voluntarily gives unexpected information such as he or she is being subjected to physical or sexual abuse, then the researcher is ethically bound to address the issue in some form or fashion.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Treatment of Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. It is standard practice to obtain informed consent from adults verbally only.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. It is the researcher, not the IRB, who decides whether a research study falls into the exempt category and does not need full IRB review.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Ethically speaking, it is important that research participants feel free to withdraw from a study at any time.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freedom to Withdraw

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Students are sometimes given class credit for research participation. An ethical issue raised here has to do with coercion. Unless there are other alternatives for this credit, students will feel compelled to participate in research. Hence, universities and colleges generally require alternatives be provided to research participation for students receiving class credit.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Freedom to Withdraw

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Researchers should gain assent from each child in addition to parental consent when children are the research participants in a research study.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Plagiarizing yourself is not possible since you are aware of what you have written in the past and are obviously giving permission for the work to be used in its present context.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Writing the Research Report

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. One way to minimize the problem in online research of the researcher not being available 24 hr a day to answer questions is for the researchers to make a Frequently Asked Questions list available to participants who have questions at times when the researcher is not available.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Internet Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Because qualitative research is more common than in the past, most IRB members make a point of being as familiar with the requirements for this type of research as for quantitative research.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Because the Internet provides such a wealth of resources that a participant in an online research study can visit to receive information, the one part of Internet research that is not needed is debriefing.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Debriefing and Internet Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Although more than one organization might set ethical standards for educational research, the American Educational Research Association is considered by most to be the principal organization responsible for developing the standards by which most education researchers should operate.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Guidelines for Research With Humans

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. In the field of educational research, ethical issues are not an area of concern because educational research does not cause harm to participants.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Analysis

Answer Location: Treatment of Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Authorship is granted to individuals who have made substantive contributions to any phase of a research study.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authorship

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. According to the book, the forms of research misconduct differ in terms of their seriousness.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Authorship

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Block quotations are used when quoting more than 40 words.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Writing the Research Report

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Exempt projects do not have to be submitted to an IRB for review.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. A project that collects and analyzing student transcripts does not need IRB review

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Describe the precautions that are put in place for research involving minors.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Specify the issues involved in conducting research with minors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Describe when exempt, expedited, and full board reviews must be completed by the IRB.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutional Review Board

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What elements must be included in a consent form for an adult college student participating in research study of a new math tutoring program?

Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain the procedures that must be followed to obtain approval to conduct a study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Informed Consent

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Compare and contrast confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy.

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How can scientific misconduct be prevented?

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Professional Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What are the ethical concerns that arise when doing research electronically and over the Internet?

Learning Objective: 6-2: State the guidelines that must be followed in conducting research with humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Electronic Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. A research study was completed looking at the predictors of dropout in urban schools. There were four individuals who were involved in the study. Tom, a faculty member came up with design of study and decided on the predictors to collect in conjunction with Sarah a graduate student. Two other graduate students, Marie and Josh, also worked on the project. Josh collected the data from the students and the schools and entered the data into the computer. Marie analyzed the data, coming up with a new conceptualization of the data analysis that led to some significant insights that made the study’s results interesting. If you were to assign authorship to the study, who would get authorship, what order would you list the authors? and why?

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain why it is necessary to consider ethical issues when designing and conducting research.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report

Difficulty Level: Medium