Psychology: Yesterday And Today Verified Test Bank Chapter 1 - Test Bank | Psychology Around Us 4e by Nancy Ogden. DOCX document preview.
CHAPTER 1
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
- Psychology is the study of mental processes and behaviour.
- The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals more than others.
- The study of psychology must occur at multiple levels, including the level of the brain (the biological activity associated with mental processes and behaviour), the level of the person (the content of mental processes), and the level of the group (social influences on behaviour).
- The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour and mental processes. Psychologists vary in the degree to which they focus on some of these goals more than others.
2. Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
- Early explanations of human behaviour were rooted in superstition and magic.
- Later, philosophers, beginning with the ancient Greeks, tried to develop more objective theories of human consciousness and reality.
- The work of such early philosophers as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle contributed to the later formation of psychology as a natural science.
3. Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
- The development of psychology has been strongly influenced by shifts in the social environment and development of new technology.
- The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany, by physiologist Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt was interested in human consciousness and will, which he studied through small, structured activities that could be easily watched and replicated.
- Structuralism, a school of thought developed by one of Wundt’s students, relied upon the use of introspection, the careful observation of human perception. The goal of the structuralists was to find the smallest building blocks of consciousness.
- William James established the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Harvard. He helped shift the field’s focus to the functions of mental events and behaviours, forming a school of thought known as functionalism.
- Gestalt psychologists studied human tendencies to perceive pattern rather than dividing consciousness into its smallest parts. They focused on putting together the “parts,” or individual sensations, to create a “whole” or perception that went beyond the sum of the parts.
4. Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
- Over the years, different fields of psychology emerged, with different ideas about what was the appropriate area of study for human psychology. Some of the most influential fields were the psychoanalytic, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience schools of thought.
- Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory focused on the importance of unconscious mental processes.
- Behaviourists believed strongly that psychology should restrict its focus to the careful study of observable behaviours.
- Humanistic psychologists reacted against the mechanical portrayals of people by the behaviourists and emphasized individuals’ potential for growth and self-actualization.
- Cognitive psychologists reignited interest in the study of mental processes, comparing the workings of the mind to the workings of computers.
- Biological science, including interest in the workings of the brain and in our genetic inheritance, was the major influence on neuroscience approaches.
5. Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
- The theoretical and cultural diversity of the field of psychology has increased dramatically over recent years.
- There are three key branches of psychology: academic, applied, and clinical/counselling.
- Across the three branches and many specialty areas in psychology, psychologists are united by their shared values. Psychologists generally agree that psychology is theory-driven, empirical, multi-level, and contextual.
- Currently, psychology appears to be developing as a science in response to a growing diversity throughout the field, advances in technology (such as brain scanning), and the development of new schools such as positive psychology.
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1. Mental processes describe the activity of our brains when we are engaged in thinking.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
2. The person level of analysis may include how intelligence or motivation influences behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
3. The history of psychology (and most other sciences) drew heavily on philosophy.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
4. Socrates believed that “truth” is an objective concept that is NOT dependent on perception.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
5. Darwin argued that dihybrid crossing was responsible for the characteristics that survive in a population.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
6. Voluntarism focused on the belief that a person’s free will ultimately determines human behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
7. Functionalists viewed the mind as an ever-changing stream of mental events that respond to changing environments.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
8. Gestalt psychology is named after the German psychologist, Ernst Gestalt, who coined the term.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
9. Wundt believed that the unconscious mind, rather than the conscious mind, was instrumental in predicting behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
10. Jasmine is a psychiatrist specializing in childhood trauma. She believes that childhood events form the basis of the adult personality. Jasmine is most likely a psychoanalyst.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
11. Behaviourists argue that researchers should only study what they can observe.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
12. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
13. According to humanists, all people have the potential for creativity, positive outlook, and the pursuit of higher values.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
14. The psychobiology/neuroscience approach emphasizes the importance of brain structure and brain activity as explanations for behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
15. Hebb is credited with coining the term “cell assembly.”
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
16. Helping a child learn to control their behaviour would involve analysis at the level of the group.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
17. The levels of analysis in psychology include the brain, the individual, and culture.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
18. Most psychologists work in the counselling or clinical branch of psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
19. A clinical psychologist is the same as a psychiatrist.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
20. Josette works at a university and conducts research in her lab. Josette is most likely in the academic branch of psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
21. Psychology does NOT rely on controlled observations or experimentation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
22. Individualistic cultures emphasize the needs of the individual over the needs and goals of the group.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
23. Bae believes in the importance of culture and shared responsibility to those in his family and social group. His views could be described as collectivistic.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
24. Your text defines psychology as
a) the study of how humans change.
b) the study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
c) the study of mental processes and behaviours.
d) the study of how humans fit in society.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
25. Psychology is defined as
a) the science of behaviour.
b) the study of mental processes.
c) the study of mental disorders and their treatment.
d) the science of behaviour and mental processes.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
26. Ali is trying to decide what his major should be in university, so he talks to his guidance counsellor. Ali realizes that he is very interested in learning about people, specifically, their mental processes and behaviours. What would be the best major for Ali, given his interests?
a) sociology
b) anthropology
c) psychology
d) political science
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
27. Chao-xing is having trouble understanding what is meant by ‘mental processes’ for her upcoming psychology test. Her study buddy explains the concept to her by saying that ‘mental processes’ would include everything below EXCEPT
a) reading.
b) planning a route home from school.
c) withdrawing your hand from a hot stove
d) remembering your 16th birthday party.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
28. Harisha believes that the event of pulling her foot away from a sharp object would not be considered a mental process. You would either agree or disagree with her explaining that
a) mental processes involve activities of the brain involved in thinking, processing information, and using language and therefore, she is correct, this physical event does not qualify as a mental event.
b) she is wrong; this event would be considered a mental process as it is observable.
c) because this event involves pain it is considered an emotional event and therefore, she is correct, this event does not qualify as a mental process.
d). she is correct; since she can reflect on the event, the event itself qualifies as a mental process.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
29. Clifton is having difficulties with the concept of ‘behaviour’ for his upcoming psychology test. His friend in the class explains the concept to him by saying that ‘behaviour’ would include everything below EXCEPT:
a) dreaming about your wedding day
b) biking to the store
c) brushing your hair
d) cleaning up after supper
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
30. Mia is experiencing difficulties with the concept of ‘mental events’ for her upcoming psychology test. Her friend in the class explains the concept to her by saying that ‘mental events’ would include everything below EXCEPT:
a) daydreaming about your summer vacation
b) cleaning up after supper
c) wondering whether your dog is happy at doggie daycare
d) angrily telling your sister to stop texting you while you are at work
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
31. In psychology’s early history, how was the mind studied?
a) using brain imaging techniques
b) using surgical techniques
c) by studying outward behaviour
d) by studying people with brain lesions
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
32. How has the study of the mind changed across psychology’s history?
a) Psychologists have largely abandoned the study of the mind in favour of the examination of objective behaviour.
b) Psychologists have found increasingly direct ways to study the mind.
c) Psychologists have only very recently started to study the mind along with behaviour.
d) To eliminate biases, psychologists have increasingly relied on indirect methods of studying the mind.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
33. What distinguishes a ‘mental process’ from a ‘behaviour’?
a) A mental process is more effortful than a behaviour.
b) A behaviour is intentional; a mental process is not.
c) A behaviour is observable; a mental process is not.
d) A mental process is in response to an environmental cue while a behaviour is in response to an internal cue.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
34. Observable acts committed by other organisms, either in response to an environmental cue or initiated from within the organism, are called
a) mental processes.
b) behaviour.
c) theories.
d) culture.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
35. What goal of psychology attempts to characterize and discuss observations about behaviour?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
d) control
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
36. Dr. Bernard is the first scientist to study a new species that was recently discovered. Given that humans do not know anything about this creature, what is the first goal that Dr. Bernard should achieve?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
d) control
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
37. A psychologist is studying techniques to identify factors involved in affecting the memories of the elderly in order to identify those factors most likely to improve memory. Which goal of psychology would this study be addressing?
a) description
b) prediction
c) explanation
d) control
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
38. Daria is terrified of flying, but she just got an interview for her dream job and it is a 12-hour flight away. Based on research, she has an inclusive plan of action. She will take a sedative to minimize her physiological response while on the plane, and before the trip, she will practice relaxation technique in an airplane simulator. Which goal of psychology fits best with Daria’s efforts?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
d) control
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
39. After her romantic relationship ended, Genevieve began drinking. She now drinks every night and has started missing work because she feels too sick in the morning to get out of bed. Her doctor has recommended she see a psychologist because she feels that Genevieve is suffering from rejection issues that began in her past. Which of the goals of psychology is the doctor focusing on?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
d) control
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
40. The recognition that behaviour is shaped by an individual’s memories and abilities to process information is acknowledging which level of analysis in psychology?
a) the brain
b) the person
c) the group
d) the culture
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
41. Which level of analysis in psychology would be involved in the study of peer pressure in adolescence?
a) brain
b) person
c) group
d) mental processes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
42. Your text lists each of the following as a goal of psychology EXCEPT
a) description.
b) control.
c) analysis.
d) explanation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
43. Which goal of psychology is often the first step in understanding behaviour?
a) description
b) explanation
c) prediction
d) change
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
44. While ________ tells "What" occurred, ________ tells "Why" it occurred.
a) description; explanation
b) description; prediction
c) explanation; prediction
d) observation; experimentation
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
45. Which of the following goals of psychology is correctly matched with a description?
a) Prediction – changing how often behaviour occurs
b) Control – making careful observations regarding behaviour.
c) Description – determining the circumstances in which behaviour is likely to occur.
d) Explanation – identifying the causes of behaviour
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
46. Prediction can best be defined as
a) identifying the conditions under which a future behaviour or mental process is likely to occur.
b) applying psychological knowledge situations where only overt actions can be assessed.
c) discovering underlying mechanisms for behaviours and mental processes.
d) developing a comprehensive understanding derived from direct observation and measurement.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
47. Psychologists usually begin with description and ________ before ________, a higher-level goal.
a) explanation; prediction
b) prediction; explanation
c) prediction; control
d) prediction; theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
48. Which of the following would best demonstrate the goal of prediction in psychology?
a) A psychologist studies why certain people have more difficulty quitting smoking.
b) A psychologist studies the circumstances under which adolescents are more likely to give
into peer pressure.
c) A psychologist studies how an adolescent decides to drink alcohol for the first time.
d) A psychologist studies the effect of adolescent alcohol use on brain development.
e) A psychologist studies the influence of culture on alcohol use.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
49. Which of the following would best demonstrate the goal of control in psychology?
a) A psychologist studies why some university students bite their fingernails.
b) A psychologist studies the conditions under which some university students bite their fingernails
c) A psychologist studies behavioural therapies to help university students stop biting their fingernails.
d) A psychologist studies the relationship between early child attachment and fingernail
biting.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
50. The highest level goal in psychology is ______________ because ________________?
a) prediction; it allows psychologists to anticipate future events.
b) Ethics; because it dictates moral behaviour.
c) control; it allows psychologists to limit or increase particular behaviours or mental processes.
d) empiricism; because it allows for a systematic scientific approach to problem-solving.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
51. Dr. Garcia’s research has uncovered that school-aged children who are exposed to more violence on television are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviours on the playground. From this work, she believes that children who have a television in their room, or have their television time unmonitored, are more likely to act aggressively. What goals of psychology are being targeted here?
a) description and explanation
b) explanation and prediction
c) prediction and control
d) control and description
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
52. Wahab’s research has discovered that toddlers who consume more than 50 mg of sugar per day are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in elementary school. From this work, she expects that children who have their snack time unmonitored, or who have parents who work after school, are more likely to perform poorly in school. What goals of psychology are being targeted here?
a) description and explanation
b) explanation and prediction
c) prediction and control
d) control and description
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
53. The goal of explanation is to ___ as the goal of prediction is to ___.
a) what; why
b) what; when
c) why; when
d) why; where
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
54. Description is to ___________ as prediction is to ____________.
a) how; why
b) why; when
c) why; how
d) how; when
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
55. What is the main difference between the goal of explanation and prediction?
a) Explanation tries to describe the behaviour while prediction tries to control it.
b) Explanation answers the question of ‘why’ and prediction answers the question of ‘when’.
c) Prediction tries to describe the behaviour while explanation tries to understand it.
d) Prediction tries to change the behaviour while explanation tries to maintain it.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
56. What is the main difference between the goal of prediction and control?
a) Prediction tries to describe the behaviour while control seeks an underlying explanation.
b) Prediction tries to manage the behaviour while control tries to explain it.
c) Prediction answers the question of ‘when’ and control answers the question of ‘how’.
d) Prediction answers the question of ‘why’ and control answers the question of ‘when’.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
57. Dr. Gutman’s research has discovered that toddlers who consume more than 50 mg of sugar per day are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in elementary school. From this work, she expects that children who have their snack time unmonitored, or who have parents who work after school, are more likely to perform poorly in school. What goals of psychology are being targeted here?
a) description and explanation
b) explanation and prediction
c) prediction and control
d) control and description
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
58. The recognition that behaviour is shaped by a person’s memories and abilities to process information is acknowledging which level of analysis in psychology?
a) the brain
b) the person
c) the group
d) the culture
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
59. Which of the following exemplifies the goal of description?
a) A psychologist who writes a paper about aggressive behaviours observed among children on the playground.
b) A psychologist who studies the circumstances under which a child might become aggressive on the playground.
c) A psychologist who examines why children become aggressive when playing in large groups.
d) A psychologist who helps parents decrease the number of aggressive incidents exhibited by their child.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
60. A psychologist who is writing a paper about aggressive behaviours observed among children on the playground is interested in the goal of
a) description.
b) explanation.
c) prediction.
d) control.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
61. Which of the following exemplifies the goal of explanation?
a) A psychologist who describes how much personal information adolescents are willing to disclose on Facebook.
b) A psychologist who studies under what circumstances adolescents will disclose personal information on Facebook.
c) A psychologist who educates adolescents about the dangers of disclosing personal information on Facebook.
d) A psychologist who studies why adolescents disclose more personal information on Facebook than in face-to-face interactions.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
62. Which of the following is an example of the goal of prediction?
a) A psychologist who studies why undergraduate students engage in binge drinking.
b) A psychologist who studies the circumstances under which an undergraduate student might engage in binge drinking.
c) A psychologist who educates undergraduate students on the risks of binge drinking.
d) A psychologist who writes a paper about undergraduates who engage in binge drinking.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
63. Even though many psychologists focus on one level of analysis when conducting their research, it is also true that:
a) the group level of analysis is the least applicable to the field of psychology, and more accurately fits with sociology
b) the brain level of analysis is the most popular and most likely to produce research that is funded and published
c) psychology as a field is really about the person level of analysis, and the other two levels of analysis add little to our understanding of human nature
d) in our daily lives, all three levels of analysis are operating and interacting
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
64. Which of the following demonstrates the shared value that psychology is multi-level?
a) Hanna studies the role of neurochemicals in obsessive compulsive disorder.
b) Frank suffers a depressive episode after his divorce.
c) Jenna studies the role that personality characteristics and neurochemicals in the brain play in aggressive behaviours in children.
d) Tristan studies the recognition of learning disabilities in different cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
65. Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of analysis involved in psychological processes?
a) the culture
b) the brain
c) the personality
d) the person
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
66. Which of the following individuals is considering a research question at the level of the brain?
a) Jennifer, who is interested in personality characteristics of people who are depressed.
b) Gerard who is studying the social skills of adolescents who spend more than three hours a day on Facebook.
c) Kathryn who is studying factors that motivate undergraduate students to apply to graduate school.
d) Lyle who is studying the genetic factors that may put a person at risk to develop an anxiety disorder.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
67. Dr. Edwin’s research focuses on the level of analysis of the group. Which of the following is most likely to reflect Dr. Edwin’s work?
a) how mental imagery improves memory for lists of words
b) how connections between neurons change as we learn
c) how the presence of others influences our tendency to offer help to a victim
d) how we have difficulty processing inverted faces
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
68. Dr. Fahim is interested in how our stress hormones function in social situations. Specifically, he studies changes that occur in our stress hormone levels in response to being socially intimidated. What two levels of analysis are the focus of Dr. Fahim’s work?
a) brain and group
b) brain and person
c) person and group
d) culture and person
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
69. A teacher is trying to help a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) learn to focus longer on a single task. Which level of analysis would be involved in this example?
a) the brain
b) the group
c) the person
d) the culture
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
70. Which level of analysis in psychology is correctly matched with an example?
a) Brain level – At low doses, cocaine can improve performance on visual attention tasks, such as detecting specific stimuli appearing on a computer screen.
b) Individual level – Cocaine abuse is associated with a history of violence and sexual abuse in the family.
c) Brain level – Cocaine exerts its effects by prolonging the presence of specific chemicals at the junctions between nerve cells.
d) Group level – Cocaine abuse is associated with elevated levels of the personality trait of neuroticism and with low levels of the trait of conscientiousness.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
71. Which of the following examples demonstrate both the brain and the person levels of analysis?
a) When a child plays video games, are increases in brain activity related to different personality characteristics?
b) Does Alzheimer’s occur more frequently in Western than in Asian countries?
c) Do persons higher in neuroticism suffer greater levels of depression?
d) What are the changes in brain activation that occurs as people encounter driving stress?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
72. Dr. Faruk is interested in how our memories form. Specifically, he studies the changes that occur in the brain with each exposure to a stimulus that has to be memorized. What two levels of analysis are the focus of Dr. Faruk’s work?
a) brain and group
b) brain and person
c) person and group
d) culture and person
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
73. When it comes to Dr. Ellis’ research, the level of analysis that she chooses to focus on is the person. Which of the following is most likely to reflect Dr. Ellis’ work?
a) how mental imagery improves memory for lists of words
b) how connections between neurons change as we learn
c) how the presence of others influences our tendency to offer help to a victim
d) the factors that increase the tendency for someone to obey
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
74. Based on your text’s discussion, which statement best expresses the relationship between a culture and a group?
a) A culture is the same thing as a group.
b) A culture refers to the practices and beliefs of a group.
c) Groups are subsets of a culture.
d) Cultures are subsets of groups.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
75. Based on what you know, which of the following best describes a culture?
a) First Nations elders telling stories of their ancestors to younger members of their band; the same way that these stories were passed down to them.
b) A teacher reading all her students the “Harry Potter” series of books.
c) All the people in Russia who belong to a particular religious group.
d) Those of your friends on Facebook who share similar interests in clothes and music.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
76. The recognition that behaviour is shaped by a person’s social and cultural environment is acknowledging which level of analysis in psychology?
a) the brain
b) the person
c) the group
d) the culture
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
77. The brain is to________ as actions are to __________________
a) unconscious processes; conscious processes.
b) conscious processes; unconscious processes.
c) mental processes; behaviour.
d) behaviour; mental processes.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
78. When psychology first emerged as a discipline it was virtually indistinguishable from ___________.
a) science
b) religion
c) medicine
d) philosophy
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
79. Historically, humans have attempted to explain inexplicable events in their environments through
a) traditions.
b) psychology.
c) myths.
d) observed behaviours.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
a) old stories that are universal and attempt to explain the fundamental mysteries of life.
b) the explanation of what makes something beautiful.
c) underlying truths that are passed down through generations.
d) culturally unique changes in language and thought over time.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
81. A person interested in studying knowledge, reality, and the meaning of life would be most interested in what area of study?
a) Psychology
b) Biology
c) Philosophy
d) History
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
82. Historically, across all cultures, humans used myths to explain events they did NOT understand such as
a) ways to make sense of the natural world.
b) the limitations of human awareness.
c) the origin of the human species.
d) how the human body related to the mind.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
83. In what way is mythology like science?
a) seeking to understand nature and people
b) requiring two independent minds to propose similar ideas before the rest of the community accepts the idea
c) flourishing as a field at around the same time in history
d) following similar sets of rules to develop ideas
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
84. ___ is defined as the study of knowledge and reality.
a) Philosophy
b) Science
c) Psychology
d) Mythology
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
85. Philosophy is defined as
a) the study of ‘truths’.
b) the study of knowledge and the meaning of life.
c) the study of what makes something beautiful.
d) the study of language and thought.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
86. The view that theories are always tentative may be traced back to
a) Greece.
b) Rome.
c) the Renaissance.
d) the late nineteenth century.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
87. The goals of the Greek philosophers were to
a) understand which supernatural forces caused inexplicable events and reduce their occurrence.
b) determine the nature of reality and the limitations of human awareness.
c) determine the nature of reality and understand which supernatural forces caused inexplicable events.
d) understand the limitations of human awareness and apply that knowledge to everyday problems.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
88. Approximately when did Greek thinkers begin to substitute natural for supernatural explanations of nature and reality?
a) in the seventh and eighth centuries BCE
b) in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE
c) in the first and second centuries BCE
d) in the first and second centuries AD
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
89. Which Greek philosopher’s theory suggested that our physical and psychological health is influenced by humours, also known as bodily fluids?
a) Hippocrates
b) Socrates
c) Plato
d) Aristotle
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
90. What is the underlying belief of Hippocrates’ theory of humourism?
a) that humans are closely related to animals
b) that all knowledge originates in experience
c) that physical and psychological health are influenced by an excess or lack of certain bodily fluids
d) that we could use reasoning to uncover the core ideas that are at the root of every human soul
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
91. Gerald is joyous, musical, and passionate. According to Hippocrates, this is because
a) Gerald inherited those personality traits from his parents.
b) Gerald has good levels of blood in his body.
c) Gerald has ideal bumps on the head.
d) Gerald has learned that you can catch more flies with honey.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
92. Gina is severely depressed and suffers melancholia. If she were to receive a diagnosis from Hippocrates, what would he say is the problem?
a) Gina inherited that depressive tendency from her parents.
b) Gina has abnormal levels of black bile in her body.
c) Gina has bumps on her head that suggest a melancholic personality type.
d) Gina has learned to behave as if depressed to receive attention.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
93. Aristotle was one of the first to promote
a) philosophy as a father of psychology.
b) the idea that the mind and body were separate entities.
c) the empirical study of events in the world.
d) the belief that animals have a soul and are capable of free will.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
94. Who was one of the first to promote the empirical study of events in the world?
a) Hippocrates
b) Socrates
c) Plato
d) Aristotle
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
95. Jeremy visits the art museum several times each year. Rather than just looking at each painting, he reflects on why certain pieces of art bring him pleasure. Jeremy’s approach to viewing art would most resemble that of
a) Hippocrates.
b) Plato.
c) Socrates.
d) Aristotle.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
96. Jessica is a philosophy student who believes that knowledge is innate and is dependent upon our perceived or subjective states. Jessica’s belief most closely aligns with that of
a) Plato and Hippocrates.
b) Hippocrates and Socrates.
c) Socrates and Aristotle.
d) Plato and Socrates.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
97. Which Greek philosopher is correctly matched with a key idea?
a) Hippocrates – suggested that we could use reasoning to discover the truth
b) Socrates – proposed that well-being and personality is influenced by humours
c) Plato – one of the first to promote empirical study of the natural world
d) Aristotle – concluded that humans are closely related to animals
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
98. Hippocrates believed that an individual’s physical and psychological health was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
a) evil spirits.
b) an interaction between the brain and the body.
c) an excess of bodily humours.
d) good food, fresh air, rest.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
99. Whereas the Greek philosopher ___ correctly identified the brain as the organ of mental life, ___ believed that the brain was of minor importance.
a) Aristotle; Hippocrates
b) Plato; Aristotle
c) Hippocrates; Aristotle
d) Hippocrates; Socrates
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
100. Whereas the Greek philosopher ___ correctly focused on empirical, testable, investigations of the natural world, ___ incorrectly believed that physical and psychological health was influenced by imbalances of bodily humours.
a) Aristotle; Hippocrates
b) Plato; Aristotle
c) Hippocrates; Aristotle
d) Hippocrates; Socrates
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
101. Like Darwin, ______ believed that humans were closely related to animals.
a) Hippocrates
b) Socrates
c) Plato
d) Aristotle
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
102. One similarity between Hippocrates and Aristotle is that they both
a) proposed influential theories of personality.
b) believed that theories should be tested empirically.
c) believed that reason could uncover ultimate truths.
d) viewed the brain as the seat of mental life.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
103. Which of the following was suggested by both Socrates and Plato?
a) living things are hierarchically organized
b) fresh air, good food and rest are important to overall well being
c) core ideas that are imbedded in the soul can be uncovered using reasoning
d) the mind and body are distinct
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
104. Sadly, Eduardo’s grandmother just passed away. Eduaro’s beliefs line up with those of the ancient Greek philosophers, Socrates, and Plato, and this gives him some comfort because
a) they believed that the mind lives on after we die.
b) they argued that the body feels no pain when the mind dies.
c) they rationalized that being a good soul in life means eternal happiness.
d) they concluded that the knowledge gained in this life goes with you to the next life.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
105. Juliana is training to be a physician. She is strongly in favour of preventative medicine, firmly espousing the benefits of nutritious food, exercise and fresh air, and appropriate rest. In this way, Juliana shares the beliefs of which ancient Greek philosopher?
a) Hippocrates
b) Socrates
c) Plato
d) Aristotle
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
106. Which of the following was a contribution of early Greek philosophers?
a) They used origin stories to explain inexplicable natural events such as earthquakes or drought.
b) They emphasized the role of the spiritual world.
c) They questioned how the mind works and how it is related to the body.
d) They argued that all knowledge results from experience.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
107. In what way were ancient Greek philosophers like today’s psychologists?
a) They both emphasized that theories are always capable of improvement.
b) They both follow the teachings of Aristotle.
c) They both view the mind and body as completely independent.
d) They both require mentorship in the field before expertise is awarded.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
108. The view that all knowledge originates in experience is known as
a) associationism.
b) tabula rasa.
c) empiricism.
d) determinism.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
109. Tabula rasa refers to the idea that
a) babies must acquire all knowledge through experience.
b) babies are born with many innate ideas that will later be expressed when they develop language.
c) babies are only capable of learning as their brain fully develops.
d) babies are born with the wisdom of their ancestors.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
110. Who is credited with being the creator of empiricism and was also known for being a promoter of the scientific method?
a) Hippocrates
b) Descartes
c) Bacon
d) Fechner
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
111. Fechner is considered to be one of the founders of experimental psychology because
a) he demonstrated that psychology could become a quantified science.
b) he suggested that all psychological knowledge is derived from experience.
c) he viewed all psychological truths as ultimately linked.
d) he was the first to identify human motives and origins.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
112. Most Psychology researchers use the scientific method of gathering data, analyzing data, and performing experiments. This method was first established by
a) Rene Descartes.
b) Herman Von Helmholtz.
c) Gustav Fechner.
d) Francis Bacon.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
113. Aarav is acting in a play and has the role of Rene Descartes. In one line, he says how the ___ is the point of contact between the mind and body.
a) thyroid gland
b) pineal gland
c) brain
d) heart
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
114. Braden is acting in a play and is playing the role of John Locke. Which of the following is most likely to be one of his lines?
a) In order to understand the parts of the mind, we need to understand their function first
b) Our personalities depend on our bodily fluids
c) We are born knowing certain truths, such as the difference between animate and inanimate objects
d) We are born as a blank slate
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
115. Which of the following is correctly matched with their contribution?
a) Rene Descartes – believed the pineal gland to be the point of contact between the mind and body
b) Francis Bacon – considered to be the father of experimental psychology
c) Herman von Helmholtz – believed the mind at birth to be a tabula rasa
d) Gustav Fechner – was the first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
116. What is Francis Bacon credited with, as far as his contribution to the field of psychology is concerned?
a) He was one of the first to promote empirical investigations of the natural world and he formed idea about how living things are hierarchically categorized.
b) He was the creator of empiricism and was also an influential promoter of the scientific method.
c) He was the first to measure the speed of the neural impulse, which contributed to the foundation of modern neuroscience.
d) He was one of the founders of experimental psychology and reported evidence for the relationship between physical and mental events.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
117. What is Johannes Müller credited with, as far as his contribution to the field of psychology is concerned?
a) He was one of the first to promote empirical investigations of the natural world and he formed idea about how living things are hierarchically categorized.
b) He was the first to measure the speed of the neural impulse, which contributed to the foundation of modern neuroscience.
c) He pioneered the area of psychophysics, emphasizing the relationship between physical stimuli and their psychological effects.
d) He was one of the founders of experimental psychology and reported evidence for the relationship between physical and mental events.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
118. Although many of the ideas of Francis Bacon and René Descartes were later proven to be incorrect, their most significant contribution to current day psychology was
a) they shed light on the connection between the mind and the body.
b) they demonstrated the role of experience in development.
c) they established the scientific method for investigating questions.
d) they combined empirical facts with philosophical thinking to explain the connection between the brain and the body.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
119. Descartes, Socrates, and Plato all shared a common belief. Which of the following most accurately identifies this belief?
a) They believed that there was a connection between the mind and the body.
b) They believed that the meaning of the natural world could be understood through science and mathematics.
c) They believed that the human mind had no innate intelligence but instead acquired all knowledge through experience.
d) They believed in a spiritual worldview dominated by belief in belief in magic and mysticism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
120. Fiona was just told by her philosophy major boyfriend that her mind is like that of a newborn’s, according to John Locke. How should she feel about this comment?
a) flattered, he sees her as innocent and trusting
b) happy, he’s obviously thinking long-term
c) upset, he’s thinking about his work when he’s with her
d) insulted, he’s calling her empty headed
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
121. Trevor envisions the mind of his new baby as a ball of wax with every experience imprinting knowledge. Trevor’s view most closely aligns with that of
a) Rene Descartes.
b) Francis Bacon.
c) John Locke.
d) Gustav Fechner.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
122. Haruto is very excited to be working in the lab of the first researcher to measure the speed of a nerve impulse. What lab is Haruto working in?
a) Fechner
b) Wundt
c) von Helmholtz
d) Bacon
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
123. Jabulani is a new graduate student and is learning techniques for measuring the minimal amount of sound a person can detect and how much weight needs to be added to an existing weight for a person to detect a change. Jabulani is likely learning techniques related to _______.
a) physiology
b) cognitive philosophy
c) neurobiology
d) psychophysics
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
124. The area of psychology that examines the relationship between physical stimuli and their psychological effects is known as
a) tabula rasa.
b) physiology.
c) psychophysics.
d) the scientific method.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
125. Which of the following pioneered the area of psychophysics?
a) Rene Descartes
b) Johannes Müller
c) Herman von Helmholtz
d) Gustav Fechner
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
126. If you had just finished reading a book published in 1860 that gave psychology the tools to become a quantified science, who would have been the author of that book?
a) Fechner
b) Wundt
c) von Helmholtz
d) Descartes
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
127. What did Helmholtz’s ideas about neural conduction and Muller’s ideas about psychophysics have in common?
a) Both believed that important insights about the brain and body could be best understood by combining empirical facts with philosophical thinking.
b) Both believed that all truths were ultimately linked.
c) Both believed that that the mind and body were distinct and that the mind continued after death.
d) Both believed that breaking down mental processes into basic structures was the only way to understand the human mind.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
128. Fiadh is reading a book about the first researcher to measure the speed of a neural impulse. What researcher is Fiadh’s book about?
a) Fechner
b) Wundt
c) von Helmholtz
d) Bacon
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
129.Which of the following is correctly matched with their contribution?
a) Rene Descartes – believed the mind at birth to be a tabula rasa
b) Herman von Helmholtz – was the first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse
c) Gustav Fechner – believed the pineal gland to be the point of contact between the mind and body
d) Johannes Muller – was the creator of empiricism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
130. Which of the following has been most greatly influenced by the work of Herman von Helmholtz?
a) psychophysics
b) sensation and perception
c) neuroscience
d) experimental psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
131. Which of the following studies would be of greatest interest to Hermann von Helmholtz?
a) The influence of the pineal gland on human behaviour.
b) The relationship between increasing levels of shock and the experience of pain.
c) How much of a new medication is required to alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia.
d) The effect of multiple sclerosis on the speed of nerve impulses travelling through the body.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
132. When two sharp points are placed against a person’s skin, the closer the two points are the more likely the person is to experience the sensation as only a single point. This research finding best demonstrates the psychological contribution of
a) Rene Descartes.
b) Francis Bacon.
c) Herman von Helmholtz.
d) Gustav Fechner.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
133. The concept of natural selection was proposed by
a) Gustav Fechner.
b) Ivan Pavlov.
c) Charles Darwin.
d) Wilhelm Wundt.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
134. Every year, Mariella visits her aunt in Peru. Over the past five years, she has noticed that while she is seeing fewer blue butterflies, she is seeing more yellow butterflies each year. One explanation for Mariella’s observation could be explained by the theory suggested by
a) Wilhelm Wundt.
b) Edward Titchener.
c) Charles Darwin.
d) William James.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
135. The theory that chance variations are passed down from parent to offspring and that some variations are adaptive is known as
a) adaptive evolution.
b) natural selection.
c) theory of evolution.
d) evolutionary adaptiveness.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
136. The formal beginning of psychology is associated with ___.
a) Wundt
b) Titchener
c) James
d) Ebbinghaus
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
137. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt was credited with this first
a) measuring the speed of the neural impulse.
b) opening a psychology laboratory.
c) finding evidence for the relationship between physical and mental events.
d) receiving a doctorate in psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
138. In which year did Wundt begin operating the first psychology lab?
a) 1829
b) 1839
c) 1859
d) 1879
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
139. Lillian believes that her behaviours arise out of deliberate decisions. This belief best reflects those of
a) Charles Darwin.
b) Wilhelm Wundt.
c) Edward Titchener.
d) William James.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
140. Elias believed that he was an agent of his own actions, controlling his own choices and behaviours, acting of his own free will. This system of belief is based on which of the following theorists?
a) Wilhelm Wundt
b) Max Wertheimer
c) James Mark Baldwin
d) William James.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
141. This theory focuses on the choices made by individuals, rather than environmental events, as the cause of underlying behaviours
a) introspection
b) voluntarism
c) functionalism
d) Gestalt behavioural analysis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
142. Bronfenbrenner was a modern-day psychologist who argued for the important role of context in the developmental process. Which of the early theorists was a forerunner in recognizing the important role of social context in explaining mental processes and behaviour?
a) Titchener
b) Baldwin
c) Wundt
d) James
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
143. Which of the following examples best demonstrates the paradigm of voluntarism?
a) During confrontation, a person instinctively lowers their eye gaze to indicate submissiveness.
b) Lowering one’s eye gaze during confrontation is an adaptive characteristic that evolved over time.
c) Lowering one’s eye gaze during confrontation is the result of fundamental sensory processes.
d) Lowering one’s eye gaze during confrontation reflects one’s wilful decision to avoid a fight.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
144. Saskia believes that most of our behaviour is motivated and that our attention is intentionally focused on things around us. With which theory would she most likely agree?
a) voluntarism
b) structuralism
c) functionalism
d) Gestalt psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
145. Which two schools of thought steered the field of psychology away from trying to identify the individual elements of the mind?
a) structuralism and functionalism
b) structuralism and voluntarism
c) voluntarism and Gestalt psychology
d) functionalism and Gestalt psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
146. Zeke has stumbled across a time machine that accidentally carries him back over 100 years to the very first psychology laboratory. Where is he, and what year is it and who would Zeke being working with?
a) It is 1883 and he is at John Hopkins University working with G. Stanley Hall.
b) It is 1890 and he is in Toronto working with James Mark Baldwin.
c) It is 1879 and he is in Leipzig, Germany working with Wilhelm Wundt.
d) It is 1859 and he is at Oxford working with Charles Darwin.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
147. Enola falls asleep reading about the history of psychology and dreams that she was accepted as a graduate student in the very first psychology laboratory. Supposing her dream is historically accurate, with whom would she be working?
a) Charles Darwin
b) Edward Titchener
c) G. Stanley Hall
d) Wilhelm Wundt
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
148. Which of the following statements regarding G. Stanley Hall is incorrect?
a) He launched the first American journal of psychology.
b) He originated the method known as introspection.
c) He wrote the first psychology textbook, Principles of Psychology.
d) He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
149. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener both believed that psychology should focus on
a) the function of consciousness.
b) basic elements of conscious experience.
c) observable behaviours.
d) the role of wilful acts of decision in behaviour.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
150. Which of the following is true about Wundt and Titchener?
a) They both opened experimental laboratories in the United States.
b) They both studied unconscious behaviours.
c) They both used introspection to study the conscious mind.
d) They were both functionalists.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
151. What psychological school of thought is Titchener credited with founding?
a) functionalism
b) structuralism
c) Gestalt
d) voluntarism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
152. Which approach viewed the goal of psychology as the study of the basic elements of the conscious mind, much as one would study the parts of an engine and then determine how those parts are related?
a) functionalism
b) structuralism
c) Gestalt psychology
d) psychoanalysis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
153. A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a complex experience in as much detail as possible is called ___.
a) inner perception
b) introspection
c) mental processing
d) introjection
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
154. Olivia takes a sip of cola. “Sweet ... cold, wet, tingly ... slightly bitter,” she reports. Olivia is
a) introspecting.
b) introjecting.
c) taking an intelligence test.
d) possibly suffering a stroke.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
155. Yael is trying to use the same technique that the structuralists used to study the mind. What technique is Yael attempting?
a) introspection
b) hypnosis
c) voluntarism
d) functionalism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
156. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of structuralism?
a) its reliance on introspection is not very scientific
b) it failed to consider an individual’s social context
c) it failed to include children, animals, and people with mental disorders
d) it made no attempt to explain or control mental processes
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
157. While traveling to countries he has never before been to, Matthew is tasting many new foods. With every new food he tastes, he keeps an in-depth record of his conscious awareness of his experiences including sensation, images, feelings, and thoughts. Matthew is practicing
a) structuralism.
b) empiricism.
c) functionalism.
d) introspection.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
158. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of introspection?
a) Introspection was shown to be unreliable.
b) Scientists using introspection often arrived at diverse findings.
c) Scientists using introspection focused too much on applying the findings to practical problems.
d) Scientists using introspection failed to incorporate the study of animals into their research.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
159. What aspects of structuralism have survived and are still sed in more modern schools of thought?
a) Scientists rely in part on information from observable events and focus on basic elements as components of complex experience.
b) Scientists use introspection because it frequently results in diverse findings, leading to creative solutions.
c) Scientists employ introspection to apply their findings to practical problems.
d) Scientists use introspection to explain and control the phenomenon under study.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
160. Which of the following was a criticism of structuralism?
a) It failed to consider an individual’s social context.
b) It made no attempt to explain or control mental processes.
c) Its emphasis on the whole stimulus ignored bottom-up processes.
d) it focused too heavily on experiments with children, animals, and people with mental disorders.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
161. Which of the following was a major concern many psychologists had with structuralism?
a) It was thought to be too simplistic to adequately explain perceptual experience.
b) It focused too heavily on distinguishing between normal and abnormal experiences.
c) It placed too much emphasis on gathering knowledge without trying to apply it in practical ways.
d) It focused too heavily on explaining mental processes rather than describing them.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
162. Which of the following statements best expresses the aim of the functionalist perspective?
a) Functionalism seeks to identify what the mind contains.
b) Functionalism seeks to determine the purpose of mental processes.
c) Functionalism seeks to determine how mental experience is organized.
d) Functionalism seeks to understand the influence of the unconscious mind.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
163. Angelo believes that to fully understand psychological functioning, we must expand our studies of normal adults to include animals, children, and people with psychological disorders. With which of the following researchers is Angelo most likely to agree?
a) Wilhelm Wundt
b) William James
c) Max Wertheimer
d) G. Stanley Hall
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
164. Eirene is criticizing a research report on the influence of diet on attention. The study was done using males in their early 20’s, and from that, it is making claims about all genders, age groups, and cultures. Eirene believes that in order to fully understand any psychological ability, we need to also study animals, children, and people with psychological disorders. With which of the following early psychologists is Eirene most likely to agree?
a) Wilhelm Wundt
b) William James
c) Max Wertheimer
d) G. Stanley Hall
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
165. Which two early psychologists had an issue with the ideas of structuralism and tried to steer the field of psychology away from it?
a) Wundt and Titchener
b) Titchener and James
c) James and Wertheimer
d) Hall and Cattell
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
166. With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be most interested in
a) the contribution of unconscious memories to one’s emotional experience.
b) the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.
c) how emotions aid one’s adaptation to the environment.
d) the observable behaviours accompanying emotional experience.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
167. Like _______, William James argued that human thoughts, perceptions, and emotions helped humans to adapt and to survive.
a) Charles Darwin
b) Max Wertheimer
c) G. Stanley Hall
d) Edward Titchener
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
168. William James wrote an important early textbook in psychology called ___ of Psychology.
a) Handbook
b) Elements
c) Outline
d) Principles
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
169. William James did not agree that consciousness could be examined as a set of static parts, and instead argued that consciousness
a) is driven by the unconscious.
b) involves an ever-changing stream of mental events.
c) is the sum of the parts.
d) involves perceptually organizing our environment into wholes based on the individual parts.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
170. Which American psychologist is credited with developing the functionalist approach?
a) Freud
b) Pavlov
c) James
d) Watson
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
171. Xiomara is a new psychology student who is bragging to all the other students that her great grandfather studied psychology in the first experimental psychology laboratory in Canada. If this is true, with whom did her grandfather work?
a) Wilhelm Wundt
b) William James
c) James Mark Baldwin
d) G. Stanley Hall
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
172. Which of the following contributions can be attributed to James Mark Baldwin?
a) He developed the psychological paradigm called voluntarism.
b) He originated the method of introspection.
c) He opened the first experimental laboratory in the United States.
d) He established the first experimental laboratory in Canada.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
173. Which approach viewed the goal of psychology as the study of the purpose of the conscious mind, much as one would study what the engine of a car is used for?
a) functionalism
b) structuralism
c) Gestalt psychology
d) psychoanalysis
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
174. Dr. Chen and Dr. Ito are both studying the bicycle. Dr. Chen is studying the mechanical components such as the wheels, the cogs, and the shape of the handlebars. Dr. Ito, on the other hand, is studying how the bicycle could be used to reduce greenhouse gases. Given this information, which of the following statements is most accurate?
a) Dr. Chen’s approach is like structuralism and Dr. Ito’s is like functionalism.
b) Dr. Chen’s approach is like functionalism and Dr. Ito’s is like structuralism.
c) Dr. Chen’s approach is like structuralism and Dr. Ito’s is like behaviourism.
d) Dr. Chen’s approach is like structuralism and Dr. Ito’s is like voluntarism.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
175. The main difference between functionalism and structuralism is that functionalism focuses on ___ while structuralism emphasizes ___.
a) predicting behaviour; previous learned experiences
b) optical illusions as experimental techniques; introspection
c) the purpose of the mind; the basic elements of the mind
d) the conscious mind; the unconscious mind
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
176. What is the main difference between functionalism and structuralism?
a) functionalism still exists as a school of thought today, while structuralism doesn’t exist anymore
b) functionalism uses optical illusions as experimental techniques, while structuralism uses introspection
c) functionalism seeks to understand the purpose of the mind, while structuralism seeks to understand the basic elements of the mind
d) functionalism is the modern form of structuralism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
177. Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which schools of thought developed in psychology’s early history?
a) structuralism – functionalism – voluntarism
b) voluntarism – functionalism – structuralism
c) voluntarism – structuralism – functionalism
d) structuralism – voluntarism – functionalism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
178. Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of the structuralist perspective in psychology?
a) The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.
b) The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.
c) The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.
d) The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat, but it remains highly influential.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
179. Although structuralism no longer exists as a formal school of thought, some of its principles are still evident in today’s psychology. Which of the following is one of these structuralist principles that we still see in today’s psychology?
a) Introspection can be a valuable tool in combination with more scientific techniques.
b) We can learn a lot about mental processes by studying what happens when they fail.
c) Psychological research should focus on observable behaviour.
d) The idea that there are many influences on behaviour and that we are only aware of a subset of them.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
180. Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology?
a) behaviourism
b) humanism
c) functionalism
d) psychoanalytic theory
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
181. The first psychologists to examine socially relevant topics were the
a) structuralists.
b) functionalists.
c) behaviourists.
d) Gestalt psychologists.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
182. Which of the following statements is consistent with the approach of Gestalt psychology?
a) The parts are greater than the whole.
b) The parts are exactly equal to the whole.
c) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
d) The parts are unrelated to the whole.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
183. Vivienne is making a banner for a mock debate in which her team is pretending to be Gestalt psychologists. What motto should she write across her banner?
a) Let us learn all things from everybody.
b) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
c) Open your mind.
d) Nature is the teacher of art.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
184. Although Charlene is looking at a painting of a forest, she sees images of faces formed by shadows and spaces among the trees. Which area of psychology would best explain Charlene’s perception?
a) Structuralism
b) Functionalism
c) Voluntarism
c) Gestalt
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
185. Gestalt psychology may be a reaction to the ___ perspective.
a) psychoanalytic
b) humanist
c) functionalist
d) structuralist
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
186. The Gestalt psychologists made their most lasting contributions to the psychology of
a) memory.
b) perception.
c) emotion.
d) motivation.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
187. Which perspective below is correctly matched with its description?
a) structuralism – emphasized the purpose of mental processes.
b) functionalism – emphasized the elements of mental experience.
c) behaviourism – emphasized the unconscious determinants of behaviour.
d) Gestalt psychology – emphasized the organization of perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
188. Jeremy is an athlete who believes his body is like a clock with interacting parts. Jeremy’s belief is most like the views of the
a) 1400’s.
b) 1500’s.
c) 1600’s.
d) 1700’s.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
189. Gestalt psychology differs from structuralism in that Gestalt psychology focuses on ________ while structuralism emphasizes __________.
a) consciousness; unconsciousness
b) explaining behaviour; describing behaviour
c) perceptual experiences; mental processes
d) the whole stimulus; parts of a stimulus
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
190. Vladimir is working with a group of psychology students on a play about the early Gestalt psychologists. The last line of the play summarizes the Gestalt view beautifully; what is that line most likely to be?
a) let us learn all things from everybody
b) the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
c) open your mind
d) nature is the teacher of art
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
191. Which two schools of thought steered the field of psychology away from trying to identify the individual elements of the mind?
a) structuralism and functionalism
b) structuralism and voluntarism
c) voluntarism and Gestalt psychology
d) functionalism and Gestalt psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
192. Which of the following spurred psychologists to begin to tackle socially relevant topics?
a) the introspective focus on self-observation and self-focus
b) the Gestalt rejection of the dependency on insight
c) the functionalist emphasis on the need for applicable and concrete information
d) the structuralist focus on the overarching view of consciousness
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
193. At which of the levels of analysis discussed in your text did Wundt examine thought and behaviour over the course of his career?
a) the group level only
b) the individual level
c) both the brain and individual levels
d) both the individual and group levels
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
194. In which of the goals of psychology were the structuralists most interested?
a) description
b) prediction
c) explanation
d) control
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
195. The preference of infants for human faces, when the parts of the face are arranged correctly reflects theories of
a) structuralism.
b) functionalism.
c) voluntarism.
d) Gestalt psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
196. In what way is Gestalt psychology the opposite of structuralism?
a) Gestalt psychology attempts to explain consciousness, while structuralism only describes it.
b) Gestalt psychology uses humans as participants, while structuralism uses humans and animals.
c) Gestalt psychology focuses on our perceptual experiences, while structuralism focuses on our mental processes.
d) Gestalt psychology argues that we tend to perceive the whole stimulus, while structuralism focuses on the parts of a stimulus.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
197. Gestalt is to ______________ as structuralism is to ______________.
a) adaptive purpose; basic elements
b) basic elements; perceptual units
c) basic elements; adaptive purpose
d) perceptual units; basic elements
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
198. Artie saw a Tim Horton’s sign with some of the letters burned out. Nevertheless, Artie was still able to read the sign as saying, Tim Hortons. Gestalt psychologists would argue that this is because
a) Artie can use introspection to arrive at the correct answer.
b) Artie’s human brain is innately wired to integrate parts into cohesive wholes.
c) Artie was hungry and therefore motivated to identify the restaurant.
d) Artie’s visual system is unconsciously drawn to food-related stimuli.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
199. Which of the following statements would a Gestalt psychologist identify as false?
a) Consciousness can be reduced to basic mental elements.
b) Humans have an innate tendency to impose structure on what they perceive.
c) Subjective experience can differ from objective reality.
d)Learning is tied to perception.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
200. Which of the following statements is consistent with Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
a) We are always aware of our motivations.
b) Many of our thoughts and feelings reside in the unconscious mind.
c) The conscious and unconscious mind are never in competition.
d) Childhood experiences do not contribute to later psychological functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
201. After watching her father suffer and die from a serious illness, Maria mysteriously loses her sight even she experienced no eye or brain injury. Which of the following would claim would Freud most likely have made to explain Maria’s problem?
a) negative childhood experience
b) unconscious urges that Maria could not freely express
c) hysteria
d) problems with psychological adjustment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
202. Mateo was experiencing insomnia because he repeatedly had graphic dreams about an inanimate object attacking him at work. He went to a therapist who told him that the dream was an attempt by his unconscious mind to communicate with his conscious mind. What kind of therapist did Mateo most likely see?
a) psychoanalyst
b) cognitivist
c) behaviourist
d) humanist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
203. Elena has had several unsuccessful adult relationships. She went to a therapist who told her that she needed to explore possible toxic events from her childhood that may have caused her to push specific memories into her unconscious. Which type of therapist is Elena most likely seeing?
a) Behavioural
b) Cognitive
c) Humanist
d) Psychoanalytic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
204. Kleptomania is a term used to describe someone who cannot control the uncontrollable impulse to steal when there is no need or financial gain. Freud would say this behaviour is caused by
a) negative childhood experiences.
b) unconscious urges.
c) the lack of rational thought.
d) conflict between conscious and unconscious forces.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
205. Which of the following diagnoses would an ardent follower of Freud’s theory disagree with?
a) Jennifer’s reoccurring migraine headaches have a mental and not a physical root cause.
b) Pawel’s general anxiety regarding cleanliness, being on time, and pleasing his parents is due to an underlying cause that exists at an unconscious level.
c) Reshma’s love animals stems from her early childhood experiences with pets and farm animals.
d) Arjun’s charm and outgoing personality stem from his reinforcement history with parents and friends in his past.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
206. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
a) its focus on the unconscious
b) his reliance on anecdotes and case histories of his patients
c) the lack of support based on empirical research
d) the focus on early childhood experience
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
207. Which of the following is NOT a contribution of psychoanalytic theory to the current discipline of psychology?
a) It increased the applications of psychology to many aspects of everyday life.
b) It stirred interest in motivation, sexuality, and child development.
c) It established strong empirical research methods that are still used today.
d) The “talking cure” led to the creation of therapeutic methods used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
208. Which of the following is an accurate statement about Freud?
a) He felt that the unconscious mind existed well above the surface of conscious awareness.
b) He conducted experimental studies using his patients as participants.
c) He believed that “lost” memories indicated the presence of an unconscious mind.
d) He believed that thoughts and memories existed only at the unconscious level.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
209. Liya believes that her best friend, Amit, suffers severe anxiety because when he was young, his parents did not make him feel safe and secure. Based on this alone, with which school of thought would Liya most likely agree?
a) behaviourism
b) psychoanalytic theory
c) cognitive psychology
d) neuroscience
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
210. Editha’s mother died when she was only four years old. Now a teenager, Editha suffers from depression. Her therapist told Editha that this early loss and the feels of abandonment it would have created are most probably at the root of her depression. Editha’s therapist most likely subscribes to
a) behavioural theory.
b) psycho neurobiological theory.
c) cognitive theory.
d) psychoanalytic theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
211. The “talking cure” lead to the creation of
a) information processing theory.
b) client-centred therapy.
c) behaviourism.
d) psychiatry and clinical psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
212. The psychoanalytic theory originated in the work of ___, a Viennese neurologist.
a) Freud
b) Maslow
c) Jung
d) Bandura
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
213. Human behaviour often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ___ perspective in psychology.
a) humanistic
b) psychoanalytic
c) cognitive
d) psychobiological
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
214. Which of the following types of evidence provided the foundation for Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
a) survey responses of large samples of adults
b) observations of adults in everyday contexts
c) archival data: newspaper reports, historical records, and the like
d) case studies of patients in therapy
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
215. Which statement best captures Freud’s view of the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious minds?
a) The conscious and unconscious minds operate in isolation from one another.
b) The conscious and unconscious minds cooperate harmoniously.
c) The conscious and unconscious minds are often in conflict.
d) The conscious and unconscious minds are essentially the same.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
216. To what extent has empirical research supported psychoanalytic theory?
a) Empirical research generally does not support psychoanalytic theory.
b) Empirical research offers moderate support for psychoanalytic theory.
c) Empirical research strongly supports psychoanalytic theory.
d) Empirical research has not addressed psychoanalytic theory.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
217. Which of the following theoretical approaches in psychology emphasized the influence of childhood on adult thought and behaviour?
a) Gestalt psychology
b) psychoanalytic theory
c) structuralism
d) cognitive psychology
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
218. Which of the following alternatives best expresses the influence of psychoanalytic theory in psychology?
a) It has become increasingly influential in recent years.
b) Its influence has greatly declined over the years. Psychoanalytic theory is only of historical interest at this point.
c) It has never been broadly influential in psychology.
d) It has had a significant, continuing impact in psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
219. Psychoanalytic theory is an influential theory of mental functioning and personality and has had an important and lasting effect on psychology for all of the reasons below EXCEPT for which alternative?
a) Psychoanalytic theory was one of the first psychological theories to provide a comprehensive view of human nature.
b) Psychoanalytic conceptual ideas have been strongly supported by rigorous scientific study.
c) Freud’s therapeutic techniques led to the creation of psychiatry and clinical psychology.
d) Many of Freud’s ideas marked a turning point in the understanding of human nature.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
220. Which school of thought focused on learned behaviour and how it is influenced by events that come before and after the behaviour?
a) psychobiology
b) behaviourism
c) psychoanalytic theory
d) humanism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
221. Quincy is working in a lab in which he observes rats pressing levers in order to receive food reward. What school of thought would Quincy’s research fall under?
a) cognitive psychology
b) behaviourism
c) neuroscience
d) humanism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
222. Freida is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment— “people, places, and things”—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the ___ approach in psychology.
a) psychoanalytic
b) behaviourist
c) humanistic
d) psychobiological
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
223. Which behaviourist below is correctly matched with a description or contribution?
a) Bandura – demonstrated the conditioning of fear in children.
b) Pavlov – demonstrated learning through social observation.
c) Watson – credited with the discovery of conditioning.
d) Skinner – leading behaviourist after World War II.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
224. Which of the following sequences reflects the historical order in which the behaviourists discussed in your text made their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent?
a) Watson – Bandura – Pavlov – Skinner
b) Pavlov – Watson – Skinner – Bandura
c) Watson – Pavlov – Bandura – Skinner
d) Pavlov – Watson – Bandura – Skinner
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
225. Bandura was able to demonstrate the people can learn without any apparent change in their ________, directly contradicting the claims of _________.
a) overt behaviour; Skinner
b) covert behaviour; Skinner
c) covert behaviour; Pavlov
d) overt behaviour; Pavlov
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
226. Consider the influence of consequences on behaviour. Which alternative correctly describes the consequences that increase the frequency of behaviour, and decrease it on the other?
a) Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the frequency of behaviour. Punishment decreases it.
b) Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behaviour. Punishment decreases it.
c) Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behaviour. Both negative reinforcement and punishment decrease it.
d) Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behaviour. Negative reinforcement decreases it.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
227. Positive reinforcement is likely to _____________ the frequency of behaviour. Negative reinforcement is likely to _____________ the frequency of behaviour.
a) increase; increase
b) increase; decrease
c) decrease; increase
d) decrease; decrease
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
228. Consider the following scenarios: (1) Marie takes an aspirin when she has a headache; (2) Jan slides a dollar bill into a vending machine when she is thirsty; (3) Tammy makes her curfew now because her parents confiscated her phone when she stayed out too late; and (4) Frankie no longer curses because his mom washed his mouth out with soap the last time he swore. Which of these individuals illustrates the effects of negative reinforcement? Which of these individuals illustrates the effects of punishment?
a) Negative reinforcement – Marie and Tammy; punishment – Frankie
b) Negative reinforcement – Marie and Frankie; punishment – Tammy
c) Negative reinforcement – Marie; punishment – Tammy and Frankie
d) Negative reinforcement – Marie and Jan; punishment – Tammy and Frankie
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
229. If a teacher wants her students to play cooperatively together, she could ___________ helping behaviours. If the same teacher wants to stop aggressive play behaviours, she could ____________ the aggressive acts.
a) positively reinforce; negatively reinforce
b) negatively reinforce; positively reinforce
c) negatively reinforce; punish
d) positively reinforce; punish
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
230. In what way are psychoanalytic and behaviourist psychology the same?
a) They both focus on the unconscious.
b) They both study animals to make inferences about humans.
c) They both agree that previous experiences can influence future behaviour.
d) They both rely on rigorous experimental methods.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
231. In what way are psychoanalytic and behaviourist psychology the same?
a) They both focus on overt behaviour.
b) They both believe in the impact of unconscious motivation on behaviour.
c) They both agree that something from the past determines what will happen in the future.
d) They both rely on rigorous experimental methods.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
232. Which theorist pioneered the application of conditioning to young human children?
a) Thorndike
b) Watson
c) Pavlov
d) Skinner
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
233. Which of the following psychologists would NOT be considered a behaviourist?
a) Skinner
b) Maslow
c) Pavlov
d) Watson
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
234. This researcher developed concepts around learning after he observed dogs salivating to a ringing bell.
a) Pavlov
b) Skinner
c) Watson
d) Thorndike
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
235. This researcher developed special boxes to measure stimulus-responses patterns in animals.
a) Pavlov
b) Skinner
c) Watson
d) Thorndike
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
236. Negative reinforcement is most often confused with
a) criticism.
b) bribing.
c) punishment.
d) positive reinforcement.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
237. Whenever Kia wants a cookie she screams until her parents give it to her. Getting the cookie is a form of ___ for Kia.
a) negative reinforcement
b) positive reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive punishment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
238. Whenever Kia wants a cookie she screams until her parents give it to her. Kia’s happiness at receiving the cookie is a form of ______ for Kia’s parents.
a) negative reinforcement
b) positive reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive punishment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
239. Sara procrastinates when she needs to do her homework, so her roommate decided to buy Sara dinner on Friday nights if she completed her homework before the weekend started. This plan increased the incidence of Sara completing her homework before the weekend. In this example, the purchase of dinner acts as a _____________.
a) negative reinforcer
b) positive reinforcer
c) negative punisher
d) positive punisher
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
240. Once, when Jordan had a terrible headache, his partner told him to sit in a dark room and to put ice on his head. The headache went away. Now whenever Jordan has a headache he sits in a dark room with ice. Jordan experienced
a) negative reinforcement.
b) positive reinforcement.
c) negative punishment.
d) positive punishment.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
241. Although ___ is technically a behaviourist, he also argued that it is possible to learn something without receiving direct consequences.
a) Skinner
b) Thorndike
c) Bandura
d) Watson
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
242. Which of the following researchers suggested that children do not always learn through conditioning, but also by social observation?
a) Albert Bandura
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Edward Thorndike
d) John Watson
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
243. What area of psychology focused on the potential of individuals and highlighted special human qualities such as free will?
a) humanism
b) behaviourism
c) psychoanalysis
d) cognitive psychology
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
244. Humanistic psychology represented a reaction to the ___ perspective(s) in psychology.
a) psychoanalytic and behaviourist
b) psychoanalytic
c) behaviourist
d) cognitive and psychoanalytic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
245. Which of the following did the humanists reject most explicitly?
a) the notion that human behaviour is driven by basic motives
b) the idea that consciousness can be studied objectively
c) the notion that humans are not unique
d) the idea that thought is highly subjective
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
246. Romy identifies as a humanist. Romy therefore believes which of the following to be true?
a) All people have the potential for creativity, positive outlook, and the pursuit of higher values.
b) Consciousness can be studied objectively.
c) Human behaviour can be predicted and controlled so as to assure maximum psychological growth.
d) The mind is a complex interaction of thoughts and memories existing at different levels of awareness.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
247. At the heart of the humanistic perspective is the concept of ___.
a) environmental determinism
b) free will
c) natural selection
d) unconscious conflict
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
248. “Be all that you can be!” exhorted a recruitment campaign for the military in the 1990s. The campaign suggests that joining the armed forces is the royal road to the fulfillment of one’s potential, or ___ in the words of the humanists.
a) self-esteem
b) self-awareness
c) self-actualization
d) self-efficacy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
249. With respect to self-actualization, which of the following statements is true?
a) Self-actualization is the inevitable outcome of healthy adult development.
b) Self-actualized individuals are quite rare.
c) Self-actualization produces self-esteem.
d) Self-actualization is necessary for one to give and receive love.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
250. Kent is not happy with his current therapist. Specifically, he feels like his therapist doesn't treat him as an equal, nor does his therapist make any effort to understand his problems from his point of view. What type of therapy would better suit Kent, based on his complaints with his current therapist?
a) client-centered therapy
b) psychoanalysis
c) conditioning therapy
d) behaviour therapy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
251. Andre’s therapist validates his feelings by reflecting his statements back to him and by acting in a warm, nondirective manner. Which type of therapy does Andre’s therapist provide?
a) client-centred therapy
b) psychoanalytic therapy
c) behavioural therapy
d) cognitive therapy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
252. Marc’s therapist often mirrors his feelings and makes him feel respected and supported. It is likely that Marc’s therapist subscribes to the views of ___________ theory.
a) behaviourist
b) psychoanalytic
c) cognitive behaviourist
d) humanist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
253. A psychological approach that combines conditioning and cognition to explain human behaviour is
a) behaviourism.
b) humanism.
c) cognitive behaviour.
d) psychoanalytic.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
254. Dr. Pe is investigating how using visual imagery improves our memory for details in a story. To what school of thought does Dr. Pe most likely belong?
a) behaviourism
b) cognitive psychology
c) humanism
d) evolutionary psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
255. Rangi is interested in studying why eyewitnesses often make mistakes in relaying the details of a crime. Rangi’s research would be of interest to __________________ psychologists.
a) behavioural
b) humanist
c) cognitive
d) psychodynamic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
256. Dr. Zilva is treating Thomas for panic attacks. She suggests that Thomas may not be breathing deeply enough when he begins to feel anxious. The lack of oxygen might then be causing Thomas to think he is having a heart attack, thereby escalating his anxiety to a state of panic. Which of the following approaches is Dr. Zilva using to treat Thomas?
a) psychoanalytic
b) behavioural
c) cognitive behavioural
d) humanist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
257. Dr. Boucher examines the influence of video-game violence on aggressive behaviours among middle-school students. Dr. Boucher’s work reflects the impact of which of the following behaviourists?
a) Watson
b) Pavlov
c) Thorndike
d) Bandura
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
258. Alric admired his older bother, Frederic, and covertly watched Frederic’s behaviour. As the boys grew older Alric modelled his behaviours after those of his older brother, especially when his brother was rewarded for something he did. Which theorist would have predicted this behavioural outcome for Alric?
a) Watson
b) Bandura
c) Thorndike
d) Freud
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
259. According to your text, Bandura’s work implied the influence of internal, mental representations on behaviour. Bandura’s work, therefore, helped enable the development of the ___ approach in psychology.
a) humanistic
b) functionalist
c) psychobiological
d) cognitive
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
260. As a forerunner to the cognitive approach, Bandura’s work suggested that
a) people could learn without any apparent change in their overt behaviour.
b) individual change was dependent on external influence.
c) learning was reliant on reinforcement and punishment.
d) mental processing was subordinate to behaviour.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
261. What newer field investigates how cognitive processing varies across different populations?
a) cultural psychology
b) cognitive psychology
c) behavioural genetics
d) psychobiology
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
262. While cultural psychology ___, cross-cultural psychology ___.
a) emerged out of evolutionary psychology; emerged from humanism
b) focuses on one culture; focuses on at least two different cultures
c) addresses how we differ across cultures; addresses how we are similar across cultures
d) investigates people throughout their lifespan; investigates middle-aged adults only
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
263. What is the difference between cultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology?
a) Cultural psychology emerged out of evolutionary psychology; cross-cultural psychology emerged from humanism.
b) Cultural psychology focuses on one culture; cross-cultural psychology focuses on at least two different cultures.
c) Cultural psychology addresses how we differ across cultures; cross-cultural psychology addresses how we are similar across cultures.
d) Cultural psychology investigates people throughout their lifespan; cross-cultural psychology investigates middle-aged adults only.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
264 Ulrich Neisser’s influential text Cognitive Psychology was published in the year ___.
a) 1947
b) 1957
c) 1967
d) 1977
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
265. Luis is conducting research to assess whether older adults who exercise and who complete Sudoku puzzles or crossword puzzles online daily function in their daily lives better than those who do not engage in such activities. Luis is most likely a _____ psychologist.
a) psychoanalytic
b) behavioural
c) cognitive
d) humanistic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
266. By the information processing perspective in psychology, hardware is to software as ___ is to ___.
a) brain; mind
b) mind; brain
c) mind; behaviour
d) unconscious; conscious
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
267. Early cognitive psychologists argued that modifying __________ controls “behaviour” in computers therefore modifying specific ______ ought to control human behaviour.
a) programs; objective consequences
b) software; brain functions
c) software; mental processes
d) programs; behaviours
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
268. Both the structuralists and cognitive psychologists investigate the conscious mind. How do the cognitive psychologists differ from the structuralists in their approach to the mind?
a) The cognitive psychologists examined the mind’s processes, whereas the structuralists investigated its contents.
b) The cognitive psychologists examined the mind’s contents, whereas the structuralists investigated its processes.
c) The cognitive psychologists attempted to apply the scientific method to the study of the mind. The structuralists did not.
d) There is little difference between the two perspectives in their approach to the mind. The cognitive approach represents a modern-day resurgence of the structuralist perspective.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
269. In what way are cognitive psychology and humanistic psychology the same?
a) They both focus on the unconscious.
b) They both study animals to make inferences about humans.
c) They both disagreed with the behaviourist’s ideas.
d) They both rely on rigorous experimental methods.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
270. Dr. Volkov is interested in studying how attentional mechanisms affect learning in preschool children. To what school of thought does Dr. Volkov most likely belong?
a) behaviourism
b) cognitive psychology
c) humanism
d) evolutionary psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
271. Having been stranded at the dawn of the twentieth century in a time travel mishap, you attempt to return to the present day. As the smoke clears and the dust settles, though, you find that it is instead the early 1960s. Which of the following statements best describes the theoretical landscape in psychology at the time?
a) Behaviourism was becoming more influential, while humanism and cognitive psychology were waning.
b) Humanism was becoming more influential, while behaviourism and cognitive psychology were waning.
c) Humanism and behaviourism were becoming more influential, while cognitive psychology was waning.
d) Humanism and cognitive psychology were becoming more influential, while behaviourism was waning.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
272. Which twentieth-century perspective in psychology is correctly matched with its emphasis?
a) Psychoanalytic perspective -- emphasizes people’s motivation to grow and develop and gain control over their destinies.
b) Humanistic perspective -- emphasizes how people process information.
c) Behavioural perspective -- emphasizes observable behaviour and objectivity.
d) Cognitive psychology – emphasizes the unconscious influences on thought and behaviour.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
273. Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behaviour. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think and process information about the world. Which option below correctly identifies their respective perspectives?
a) Dr. Greenway – psychoanalytic perspective; Dr. Cech – humanistic perspective
b) Dr. Greenway – behaviourist perspective; Dr. Cech – humanistic perspective
c) Dr. Greenway – cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech – behaviourist perspective
d) Dr. Greenway – behaviourist perspective; Dr. Cech – cognitive perspective
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
274. Which psychologist is correctly matched with an associated perspective?
a) Maslow – cognitive
b) Freud – behaviourist
c) Rogers – humanistic
d) Skinner – psychoanalytic
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
275. Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which twentieth-century perspectives in psychology originated, from the earliest to the most recent?
a) psychoanalytic – humanism – behaviourism
b) psychoanalytic – behaviourism – humanism
c) cognitive – psychoanalytic – humanism
d) behaviourism – cognitive – psychoanalytic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
276. Which of the following pairs of theories have the most in common?
a) neuroscience - humanism
b) behaviourism – humanism
c) behaviourism – psychoanalytic
d) humanism – psychoanalytic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
277. Which school of thought is most likely to ask questions about how our brains process information?
a) psychobiology
b) cognitive psychology
c) evolutionary psychology
d) behaviourism
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
278. Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the terms of psychobiology and neuroscience?
a) The terms are used interchangeably.
b) The term ‘psychobiology’ has replaced the term ‘neuroscience.’
c) The term ‘neuroscience’ has replaced the term ‘psychobiology.’
d) The terms refer to different fields in psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
279. Quintessa is working in a lab in which she performs brain surgeries on rats and observes their ensuing behaviour. What school of thought would Quintessa’s research fall under?
a) cognitive psychology
b) behaviourism
c) neuroscience
d) humanism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
280. While ___ attempted to identify the brain areas involved in learning, memory, and cognition; ___ tried to determine the functions of the brain’s hemispheres.
a) Sperry; Lashley
b) Wilson; Barash
c) Barash; Wilson
d) Lashley; Sperry
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
281. Karl Lashley is best known for
a) developing the concept of cell assemblies.
b) discovering the “reward centre” in the brain.
c) conducting split-brain research.
d) conducting animal research to pinpoint the link between certain brain areas and cognitive function.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
282. The psychobiologist known for his work on identifying brain areas involved in cognitive
functions in animals was _______ whereas the psychobiologist known for his split-brain work on animals was ________.
a) Milner: Lashley
b) Hebb; Milner
c) Sperry; Hebb.
d) Lashley; Sperry
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
283. Donald Hebb used the term cell assembly to describe
a) the production of new brain cells.
b) the communication between cells in the brain.
c) a strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated stimulation.
d) the loss of memory due to cell death in the brain.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
284. Mason is reading about the history of psychology and realizes that the field of neuroscience has influenced many subfields in psychology. Which of the following subfield in psychology was NOT influenced by the field of neuroscience?
a) behavioural genetics
b) behaviourism
c) sociobiology
d) evolutionary psychology
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
285. Which of the following description accurately matches the term with which it is paired?
a) behavioural genetics – describes psychological traits as a product of natural selection
b) sociobiology – the influence of genes on human behaviour
c) evolutionary psychology – scientific study of the biological aspects of social behaviour
d) neuroscience – identifying the biological foundations of psychological function
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
286. When Sally sees a cat for the first time, a group of cells are activated in a specific order. According to Donald Hebb, what will happen in Sally’s brain with repeated exposure to a cat?
a) The same cells will be activated but will respond slower.
b) The same cells will be activated, and stronger synaptic connections will develop.
c) The same cells will be activated responding in the same way as the first time.
d) Different cells will be activated.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
287. Dr. Brazinski is a researcher who believes that repeated exposure to a stimulus will cause the same group of brain cells to respond faster and more efficiently. With which neuropsychologist’s perspective does Dr. Brazinski agree?
a) Donald Hebb
b) Karl Lashley
c) Roger Sperry
d) Hubel and Wiesel
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
288. Which statement below describes the relationship among evolutionary psychology, behavioural genetics, and sociobiology?
a) Behavioural genetics and sociobiology may be viewed as subfields of evolutionary psychology.
b) Behavioural genetics and evolutionary psychology may be viewed as subfields of sociobiology.
c) They ate distinct fields of psychology.
d) Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology may be viewed as subfields of behavioural genetics.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
289. Dr. Lynch is a behavioural geneticist. Dr. Veazey is a sociobiologist. Which of the following alternatives best describes their areas of research interest?
a) Both Dr. Lynch and Dr. Veazey are interested in the biological bases of social behaviour.
b) Both Dr. Lynch and Dr. Veazey study the biological bases of cognition.
c) Dr. Lynch is interested in the biological bases of cognition, whereas Dr. Veazey studies the biological bases of social behaviour.
d) Dr. Lynch is interested in the biological bases of emotion, whereas Dr. Veazey studies the biological bases of social behaviour.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
290. Which of the following is a goal of evolutionary psychologists?
a) To identify the unconscious motives that lead to human behaviours.
b) To study the mental processes using an information processing model.
c) To study observable behaviour using empirical methods.
d) To identify cultural universalities in human behaviours and practices.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
291. Which of the following statements best describes the influence of evolutionary psychology in psychology’s history?
a) It has never been a strong influence in psychology.
b) Its influence has remained steady throughout psychology’s history.
c) Its influence has declined in recent years.
d) Its influence has increased in recent years.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
292. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding the beliefs of evolutionary psychologists?
a) the body and brain are largely products of evolution
b) one goal of evolutionary psychology is to identify cultural universality
c) the field is viewed as a subfield of sociobiology
d) the laws of evolutionary psychology apply to all organisms.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
293. How do cultural universals and similarities between twins raised apart, respectively, inform the nature vs. nurture debate?
a) Cultural universals support the ‘nature’ position, while similarities between twins raised apart support the ‘nurture’ position.
b) Cultural universals support the ‘nurture’ position, while similarities between twins raised apart support the ‘nature’ position.
c) Cultural universals and similarities between twins raised apart support the ‘nurture’ position.
d) Cultural universals and similarities between twins raised apart support the ‘nature’ position.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
294. How do cultural universals and similarities across cultures support evolutionary psychology?
a) Virtually all emotionally related traits and behaviours seen across cultures have been shown to be evolutionarily advantageous.
b) Some traits and behaviours seen across cultures may be by-products of adaptive behaviours from long ago.
c) Cultural universality provides little information regarding the relative impact of biological factors.
d) Research indicates that all common behaviours and reactions that have been passed from generation to generation are highly adaptive.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
295. The largest number of PhDs are in the subfields of ___ psychology.
a) clinical
b) developmental
c) social
d) cognitive
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
296. Bashar was awarded a degree from a graduate program in psychology. This program placed less emphasis on research and greater emphasis on psychotherapy and testing. What degree did Bashar most likely earn?
a) Psy.D.
b) D.S.W.
c) M.D.
d) Ph.D.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
297. A coach consults with a psychologist to help the team focus their frustrations and energies more effectively. The psychologist is most probably involved in which branch of psychology?
a) applied
b) counselling/clinical
c) academic
d) forensic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
298. Wyatt just graduated with his Masters in School psychology. In which key branch of psychology will Wyatt be working?
a) academic
b) applied
c) general
d) clinical
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
299. A psychologist is helping a client to become more assertive at work. The psychologist is most probably involved in which branch of psychology?
a) applied
b) counselling/clinical
c) academic
d) forensic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
300. A psychologist is helping students learn to test participants on an eye-tracker in preparation for a research study. The psychologist is most probably involved in which branch of psychology?
a) applied
b) counselling/clinical
c) academic
d) forensic
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
301. Fiorella is consulting with a psychologist to help her figure out the best way to get her grade 2 students to stay in their seats. Psychologists in what branch would be best suited to help Fiorella with this problem?
a) academic
b) applied
c) clinical
d) psychiatry
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
302. With respect to psychology today, which of the following statements is most true?
a) A single theoretical orientation dominates present-day psychology.
b) Ultimately, a unified theory of behaviour and mental processes will emerge.
c) Multiple theoretical approaches exist in psychology because we have made little progress in understanding thought and behaviour.
d) Psychology is diverse in its theoretical orientations because the subject matter of psychology is diverse.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
303. With current technological advancements, today’s psychology is focused more than ever on answering questions about the relationship between the brain and behaviour. If this trend continues, it is possible that the field of psychology will turn into a branch of biology rather than remaining a field in its own right. According to your text, we need not be concerned with this issue. Why not?
a) our technology will never be good enough to understand how neurons work together in different interconnected networks
b) we have only begun to understand the hundreds of brain chemicals involved in neural communication
c) biology needs the help of psychology to properly explain the soul, mind, consciousness, and free will
d) insights about human nature are most complete when different branches in the field intersect and cooperate
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
304. Jill recently received her Ph. D. in psychology. All else being equal, there is a 44%-50% chance that she will work in
a) an applied social setting.
b) a clinical setting.
c) school or educational setting.
d) counselling setting.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
305. Gaby recently received her Ph. D. in psychology. All else being equal, there is a 9% chance that she works in
a) a developmental setting.
b) a clinical setting.
c) school or educational setting.
d) counselling setting.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
306. Dr. Fowler just realized that she is the most popular kind of psychologist, and she works in the most popular place that psychologists work. Given this, what is Dr. Fowler’s branch of psychology, and where does she work?
a) an academic psychologist in a university
b) an applied psychologist in a hospital or clinic
c) a counselling psychologist in private practice
d) a clinical psychologist in a university
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
307. Dr. Ying examines how limitations on human attention and memory may guide the design of computer interfaces. Dr. Krevetsky helps young adults make effective career and work decisions. Finally, Dr. Leonard teaches and performs research in social psychology at a university. Which psychologist is correctly matched with the branch of psychology she represents?
a) Dr. Ying – academic psychology
b) Dr. Krevetsky – clinical and counselling psychology
c) Dr. Leonard – applied psychology
d) Dr. Krevetsky – applied psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
308. The roots of psychology’s academic, applied, and clinical/counselling branches are found in psychology’s early days in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Which branch of psychology is matched with the theoretical approach most sympathetic to its development?
a) academic psychology – structuralism
b) applied psychology – psychoanalytic psychology
c) clinical and counselling psychology – Gestalt psychology
d) clinical and counselling psychology – structuralism
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
309. Which of the following alternatives correctly identifies and describes one of the three key branches of contemporary psychology described in your text?
a) clinical and counselling psychology -- involves the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems
b) general psychology -- entails research and instruction on a variety of psychological topics
c) applied psychology – involves using psychological principles to help people cope effectively
d) academic psychology – entails research and instruction on a variety of psychological topics
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
310. Which of the following mental health practitioners is correctly matched with a title?
a) Dionne, who holds a Ph. D. degree – psychiatrist
b) Everett, who has an M. D. degree – clinical psychologist
c) Fallon, who graduated with a Psy. D. degree – clinical psychologist
d) Garrett, who received an M. S. W. degree – counselling psychologist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
311. Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between the Ph. D. and the Psy. D. degrees?
a) The Psy. D. is awarded in counselling psychology but not clinical psychology.
b) The Ph. D. is more focused on original research than is the Psy. D.
c) Psychiatrists may hold the Ph. D. but not the Psy. D. degree.
d) The Ph. D. is more focused on psychotherapy than is the Psy. D.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
312. Ph. D. is to M. D. as __ is to ___.
a) psychiatrist; psychologist
b) counselling psychology; clinical psychologist
c) counselling psychologist; psychiatric social worker
d) psychologist; psychiatrist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
313. Which of the following sequences best reflects the relative emphasis on psychological testing in Psy. D., Ph. D., and M. D. programs, from the most emphasis to the least?
a) M. D. – Ph. D. – Psy. D.
b) M. D. – Psy. D. – Ph. D.
c) Ph. D. – M. D. – Psy. D.
d) Ph. D. – Psy. D – M. D.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
314. Which type(s) of mental health practitioners can prescribe drugs?
a) psychiatrists and, in Canada, psychologists
b) psychiatrists only
c) psychiatrists and, in a few provinces, psychologists
d) psychologists and, in a few states, psychiatrists
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
315. What are the three main branches in psychology?
a) psychoanalytic, behavioural, and humanistic
b) experimental, counselling, and applied
c) academic, clinical, and applied
d) neuroscience, cognitive, and social
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
316. Which of the following is an example of applied psychology?
a) Bailey, who counsels women who have escaped abusive relationships.
b) Kayden, who teaches neuroscience at a large university.
c) Trinity, who conducts research on child development.
d) Sawyer, who travels with a national hockey team to help players deal with anxiety and teaches them to stay focused on the game.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
317. At age 18, Stephen had his first schizophrenic episode. Which type of mental health practitioner should Stephen see?
a) a social worker
b) clinical psychologist
c) psychiatrist
d) counsellor
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
318. Jagota is in university, far from home for the first time in her life. She misses her family and friends from home and is finding the studying required for her classes to be overwhelming. She knows that she needs to speak with a professional about her deepening symptoms of anxiety and depression. Which type of mental health practitioner should Jagota see??
a) a social worker
b) an academic
c) a psychiatrist
d) a counsellor
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
319. Kiara has seen a mental health professional for help in treating her serious depression. She was prescribed an anti-depressant and was told to come back in 3 weeks for a follow-up. What type of mental health professional did Kiara most likely see?
a) a clinical psychologist
b) a counselling psychologist
c) a psychiatrist
d) a clinical neuropsychologist
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
320. Which of the following is true about the difference between a counselling psychologist and a clinical psychologist?
a) only counselling psychologists have a Ph.D.
b) only counselling psychologists earn their degrees from applied experience alone, not from sitting in a classroom
c) only clinical psychologists have a Psy.D.
d) only clinical psychologists can administer and interpret psychological tests to help with diagnosis and treatment
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
321. According to your text, the shared values of all three branches of psychology include each of the following EXCEPT
a) the idea that psychology is empirical.
b) a commitment to a single level of analysis.
c) an endorsement of theory-driven work.
d) an emphasis on context.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
322. The three branches in psychology share important values. Which of the following is NOT one of these values?
a) psychology is goal-driven
b) psychology is multi-level
c) psychology is contextual
d) psychology is empirical
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
323. Cognitive behavioural psychologists believe that anxiety disorders occur, in part, because of negative thinking processes. Which shared value of psychology does this describe?
a) Psychology is theory-driven.
b) Psychology is empirical.
c) Psychology is multi-level.
d) Psychology is contextual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
324. One criticism of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is that many of its concepts are NOT supported by research findings. Which shared value of psychology does this flaw describe?
a) Psychology is theory-driven.
b) Psychology is empirical.
c) Psychology is multi-level.
d) Psychology is contextual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
325. Which of the following demonstrates the shared value that psychology is empirical?
a) Introspection is no longer used as a research method because it did not produce consistent results.
b) With the invention of computers, the brain processes were compared to the workings of a computer which led to the development of cognitive psychology.
c) As internet use becomes more popular, many psychological research studies are now being conducted on-line.
d) Research suggests that neurochemicals, personality, and social factors play a role in depression.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
326. When discussing depression, it is important to recognize that it is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. This statement demonstrates the shared value that
a) psychology is theory-driven.
b) psychology is empirical.
c) psychology is multi-level.
d) psychology is contextual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
327. Some clinicians believe that the onset of schizophrenia occurs due to an interaction between genetic factors, neurochemicals, and environmental stressors. Which of the following does this example demonstrate?
a) Psychology is theory-driven and multi-level.
b) Psychology is multi-level and empirical.
c) Psychology is contextual and multi-level.
d) Psychology is theory-driven and empirical.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
328. Dr. Hanoi is reviewing a research article for publication in a journal and unfortunately, he does not like what he has read. He writes to the authors and explains that the research seems to have no overall reason for being conducted in the first place, and that the work does not fit with anything that has already been done to date. What important value in psychology is lacking in this research article, according to Dr. Hanoi?
a) Psychology is theory-driven.
b) Psychology is empirical.
c) Psychology is multi-level.
d) Psychology is contextual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
329. Although introspection is no longer recognized as a valid research method, it should be acknowledged for the important contribution it made in the history of psychology. This is particularly true given the time in which it was developed. Which shared value does this demonstrate?
a) Psychology is theory-driven.
b) Psychology is empirical.
c) Psychology is multi-level.
d) Psychology is contextual.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
330. Which of the following shared values in psychology is correctly described?
a) a commitment to theory-driven work – psychology includes intelligent speculation among its methods
b) an endorsement of empirical research – the brain, the individual, and the group must all be considered in psychological work
c) an acceptance of multilevel analyses – psychologists value ideas with strong research support
d) a recognition of the importance of context – psychological theory is shaped by social and technological forces
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
331. A counseling psychologist has job duties that are similar to another career/specialty within psychology. Which answer identifies the other career with which it is compared, and how the specialty is different?
a) clinical psychologists who typically focus on individuals with more severe psychological impairments
b) cognitive psychologists who focus on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
c) clinical psychologists who typically have a greater focus on higher mental processes, creativity, intelligence, and language
d) cognitive psychologists who focus more on the connection with the brain and the body
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
332. Dr. McIntyre believes that psychology should focus investigation solely on the brain. Dr. Napolitano argues that psychology should develop its explanations of thought and behaviour in isolation from social and technological forces, which change rapidly and unpredictably. Which psychological values do Drs. McIntyre and Napolitano seem NOT to share?
a) Dr. McIntyre does not share a commitment to theory-driven work, while Dr. Napolitano does not endorse empirical research.
b) Dr. McIntyre does not endorse empirical research, while Dr. Napolitano does not share a commitment to theory-driven work.
c) Dr. McIntyre does not recognize the importance of context, while Dr. Napolitano does not accept multilevel analyses.
d) Dr. McIntyre does not accept multilevel analyses, while Dr. Napolitano does not recognize the importance of context.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
333. A cultural psychologist would describe Canadian culture as ___. She would describe Chinese culture as ___.
a) individualistic; collectivist
b) individualistic; communal
c) collectivist; collectivist as well
d) individualistic; individualistic as well
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
334. Which sentence best describes how people from an individualistic culture would most centrally define themselves?
a) People from an individualistic culture would reference their personality traits or occupation.
b) People from an individualistic culture would reference their place within a social unit.
c) People from an individualistic culture would reference how much they are related to others.
d) People from an individualistic culture would reference the importance of family ties.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
335. Joshua is an American college student. Yoon-Sook is a Korean college student. Research described in your text suggests that Joshua would attribute happiness to ___. Yoon-Sook would attribute it to ___.
a) interpersonal interactions; personal achievements
b) interpersonal interactions; interpersonal interactions, too
c) personal achievements; interpersonal interactions
d) personal achievements; personal achievements, too
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
336. Edward and Darma are participating in a study and are asked about what makes them happy. If Edward is from an individualistic culture and Darma is from a collectivist culture, what are they most likely to say?
a) Edward will say personal achievements and Darma will say interpersonal interactions
b) Edward will say interpersonal interactions and Darma will say healthy living
c) Edward will say healthy living and Darma will say being in nature
d) Edward will say being in nature and Darma will say personal achievements
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
337. The advent of computer technology in the 1950s and 1960s spurred growth in the field of ___. More recently, advances in imaging have sparked the field of ___.
a) cognitive psychology; neuroscience
b) neuroscience; cognitive psychology
c) experimental psychology; neuroscience
d) developmental psychology; neuroscience
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
338. What do developmental psychologists do that distinguishes them from other psychologists?
a) Developmental psychologists study how children think and behave.
b) Developmental psychologists collaborate with teachers, parents, and the educational system to help children with special needs.
c) Developmental psychologists focus on optimal human functioning.
d) Developmental psychologists focus on learning, conditioning, and motivation throughout life.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
339.. Dr. Bui is interested in how the brain processes faces. For instance, his work has shown that specific regions of the brain show increased activity when viewing upright faces, but not for inverted faces. With what new field in psychology would Dr. Bui’s work best fit?
a) social neuroscience
b) positive psychology
c) cognitive neuroscience
d) cultural psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
340. Which of the following is a new area of psychology that focuses on how mental processes interact with biological functions of the brain?
a) sociobiology
b) evolutionary psychology
c) cognitive neuroscience
d) behavioural genetics
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
341. Dr. Olivier examines changes in participants’ brain activity as they use different pieces of information to make complex decisions. Dr. Pang examines changes in brain activity when participants explain the behaviour of a research assistant posing as another participant. Dr. Olivier is best described as a(n) ___ neuroscientist. Dr. Pang is probably a(n) ___ neuroscientist.
a) cognitive; cognitive
b) cognitive; social
c) cognitive; experimental
d) experimental; social
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
342. Which pioneering woman in psychology is correctly matched with a ‘first’?
a) Mary Whilton Calkins – first to investigate the role of the hippocampus in memory
b) Leta Hollingsworth – developed theories of mother-infant attachment
c) Mary Wright – first woman President of CPA
d) Brenda Milner – first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
343. Your textbook authors suggest that it may seem that the neuroscientific approach is dominating contemporary psychology. Which of psychology’s shared values is most likely to ensure that neuroscience does not completely monopolize psychology in the future?
a) a commitment to theory-driven work
b) an endorsement of empirical research
c) an acceptance of multilevel analyses
d) a recognition of the importance of context
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
344. Which of the following best captures your text’s conclusion regarding psychology’s potential contribution to our knowledge?
a) Psychology will answer many complex questions about human nature.
b) Psychology will provide useful knowledge as it tries to address complex questions about human nature.
c) Psychology is unlikely to make much progress in addressing complex questions about human nature.
d) Psychology is too influenced by trends and fads to provide much lasting knowledge.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
345. Positive psychology traces is theoretical roots to the ___ and ___ approaches, because of its emphasis on ___ and ___, respectively.
a) functionalist, humanist; application, self-actualization
b) functionalist, humanist; self-actualization, application
c) psychodynamic, humanist; the unconscious, self-actualization
d) functionalist, Gestalt; application, mental organization
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
346. Which historical psychological perspectives appear to have influenced positive psychology?
a) structuralism and Gestalt
b) Gestalt and humanism
c) humanism and functionalism
d) structuralism and humanism
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
347. In its discussion of positive psychology, your text states that, “studies have found that having a positive outlook promotes resilience.” Making explicit reference to the goals of psychology, which of the following statements is the strongest claim reasonably implied by this quote?
a) A positive outlook describes resilience.
b) A positive outlook describes and may even predict resilience.
c) A positive outlook explains resilience.
d) A positive outlook explains and may even control resilience.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
348. Based on your text’s discussion, traditional psychotherapy is to positive psychotherapy as ___ is to ___.
a) preventive medicine; curative medicine
b) curative medicine; preventive medicine
c) humanistic therapy; psychoanalytic therapy
d) psychoanalytic therapy; behavioural therapy
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
349. A superstar goalie is trying a new type of therapy to help him maintain a confident mental state throughout the game. In this therapy, he is to focus on memories that he has chosen that give him good feelings of confidence and pride, as well as making a point to feel the good feelings after a great save. With what field of psychology would this form of therapy best fit?
a) developmental
b) positive
c) social
d) applied
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
350. Janice has experienced a high level of personal stress over the past six months with the loss of her job and the breakup of her marriage. Despite this, she continues to smile and believe that things will get better. Which of the following does research suggest will likely be Janice’s outcome?
a) Janice’s stress will likely catch up to her and she will no longer be able to cope.
b) Janice’s immune system will be compromised, and she will become ill.
c) Janice’s positive outlook will make her more resilient to the effects of stress.
d) Janice will continue to be optimistic unless she experiences greater stress at a later date.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
MATCHING QUESTION
351. Match the appropriate words in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
Terms A. Natural Selection B. Consciousness C. Functionalism D. Psychology E. Empiricism F. Adaptation G. Structuralism H. Voluntarism I. Collectivist J. Introspection K. Humourism L. Individualistic M. Psychophysics N. Culture O. Gestalt P. Humanistic Q. Philosophy R. Tabula rasa | ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ | Definitions 1. Theory that all knowledge originates in experience. 2. The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect. 3. A set of shared beliefs and practices that are transmitted across generations. 4. A theory where will is regarded as the ultimate agency in human behaviour; focusing motivation and attention for an explicit purpose. 5. Classic method of psychological study that involves careful evaluation of mental processes and how simple thoughts expand into complex ideas 6. The study of mental processes and behaviours. 7. A philosophical approach that considers how mental processes worked to adapt to changing environments. 8. The concept that chance variations are passed down from parent to offspring. 9. Belief that four bodily fluids collectively determined a person’s personality and character. 10. This school claimed that “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” |
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION
1. E: Empiricism
2. M: Psychophysics
3. N: Culture
4. H: Voluntarism
5. J: Introspection
6. D: Psychology
7. C: Functionalism
8. A: Natural Selection
9. K: Humourism
10. O: Gestalt
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
352 The science of studying mental processes and behaviour is called ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
353. The discipline of psychology is concerned with empirically examining the mind and behaviour and discovering how each is influenced by the psychobiology of the organism and the ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
354. If a psychologist is studying which children might be at risk for becoming juvenile delinquents, he or she would be addressing the goal of ___ in psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
355. During psychology’s early history, the primary method for exploring internal mental processes was to observe outward ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
356. A large group of people with a set of shared beliefs and practices is referred to as a(n) ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
357. Following an earthquake or other disaster, some primitive cultures may attribute human qualities to such a natural event because they believe the “earth spirits are angry”. This example illustrates a(n) ___.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
358. Determining the nature of reality and the limitations of human awareness were the goals of the ___ philosophers.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
359. The first philosopher to promote empirical or testable investigations of the natural world was ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
360. The term used to describe the behaviours and mental processes of which we are aware is ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
361. James and his colleagues were interested in how the mind adapts to a changing ___.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
362. Humans have inborn tendencies to impose structure on what they see. These tendencies cause humans to perceive ___ rather than individual sensations.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
363. Unlike the earlier work of the structuralists, functionalists, and Gestaltists, psychoanalytic theorists focused on mental processes that occur in the ___ mind.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
364. Freud’s use of ___ as a therapeutic method helped establish clinical psychology.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
365. Theoretically speaking, undesirable behaviours are less likely to be repeated if the technique of ___ is used.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
366. Maslow proposed that we have a basic motive to fulfill our full potential as human beings which he described as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
367. Studying the effects of amphetamines on nerve cells would involve analysis at the level of the ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
368. A ___ psychologist would likely help individuals cope more effectively with abnormal functioning.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
369. The job description of a(n) ___ psychologist overlaps with the description given of a counselling psychologist and additionally focuses on the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
370. A type of therapy called ___ involves helping people modify thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that cause them distress.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
371. In order to explain or interpret human behaviour, you must use a(n) ___.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
372. A large group of individuals with shared beliefs and practices is called a(n) ___.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
373. In a study that asks participants from various cultures to explain what makes them happy, Chinese participants described interpersonal interactions and evaluations from others.
This displays the ___ aspects of Chinese culture.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
374. A new school of thought that focuses on the more upbeat features of human functioning like happiness and the meaning of life is referred to as ___.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
375. According to the definition in your textbook, what do psychologists’ study?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
376. What is one direct method of investigating internal mental processes that has resulted from technological advances?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
377. At what level of behavioural analysis does a psychologist analyze the content of mental processes, including emotions, thoughts, and ideas?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
378. Which level of analysis would a psychologist be focusing on if they suggested that a client obtain a prescription from a psychiatrist for anti-depressant medication?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
379. What attribute of Greek culture was essential to forming intellectual dialogue that resulted in a flow of ideas?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
380. According to Hippocrates, what are humours and what is their purpose?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
381. What theory postulates that all life on Earth is related and that humans are just one outcome of many variations from a common ancestor?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
382. Why was introspection criticized as a scientific technique?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
383. What topic was investigated in an early experiment by Bryan and Harter in 1897?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
384. Gestalt is a German term that roughly translates to what word or words in English?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
385. Where did Freud obtain evidence for his psychoanalytic theory?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
386. Identify both what behaviourists were interested in studying and also what were not interested in studying.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
387. Who first proposed that animal findings could help to explain human behaviour?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
388. Provide an example of a reinforcing behaviour.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
389. According to Bandura, what mechanism describes how children learn?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
390. What approach to psychotherapy did Carl Rogers develop that supported therapists respecting and treating their clients as equals?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
391. Describe the goal of behavioural genetics.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
392. Academic psychology carries on the mission to seek “pure scientific knowledge” by conducting research and instruction on a wide variety of psychological topics. Who is most often associated with this mission?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
393. What is the purpose of applied psychology?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
394. What area of psychology was described in the text as an example of an applied branch of psychology?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
395. Beyond the provision of psychotherapy, what work do counselling psychologists do?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
396. List the four values about psychology that academic, applied, and clinical/counselling psychologists share.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
397. What three levels of behavioural analyses must psychologists consider to gain a complete understanding of human mental processes and behaviour?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
398. On a recent trip to Asia, Jasmine noticed that some of the cultures she encountered seemed to emphasize the needs of the group more than their individual needs. What type of culture did Jasmine most likely experience on her trip to Asia?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
399. What technological development from the 1950s and 1960s contributed to the cognitive psychology revolution?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
400. What new form of therapy focuses on increasing clients’ sense of engagement rather than targeting specific symptoms of mental dysfunction?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
ESSAY QUESTIONS
401. Name two of the four goals discussed in the text that psychologists have in mind when studying mental processes and behaviour.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
402. Why is behavioural analysis incomplete without an examination of the group?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Define psychology and describe the goals and levels of analysis psychologists use.
Section Reference: What Is Psychology?
403. How is psychological science of today like primitive myths?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
404. Describe how the work of Aristotle influenced the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the influences of early myths and ancient Greek philosophies on psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology’s Roots in Philosophy
405. Describe Wundt’s investigation of voluntarism.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
406. What was the major criticism of structuralism?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
407. If a clock is analogous to the human mind, describe how structuralists and functionalists would vary in their research approaches and interests?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
408. A famous artistic style known as pointillism uses small, coloured points of paint to create an image. When humans look at such a painting, they see a distinct image rather than a bunch of points. Why?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Name important early psychologists and describe their major theories and research methods.
Section Reference: The Early Days of Psychology
409. According to Freud, how do childhood experiences contribute to later psychological functioning?
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
410. Provide an example that illustrates how conditioning can occur in animals.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
411. Distinguish between positive reinforcement and punishment.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
412. Provide an example of how a child might learn from social observation.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
413. Define information processing and describe how this idea relates to cognitive psychology.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
414. Define cultural universality and describe why evolutionary psychologists seek these behaviours.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Summarize the major principles of the psychoanalytical, behaviourist, humanistic, cognitive, and neuroscience approaches to psychology.
Section Reference: Twentieth-Century Approaches
415. Make a distinction between academic and applied psychologists.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
416. Make a distinction between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
417. How do counselling psychologists differ from psychiatric social workers?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
418. Explain what is meant by the statement, “psychology is contextual”?
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Synthesis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
419. How is cognitive psychology different from cognitive neuroscience?
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
420. Describe the challenge that psychology faces in achieving a balance between popular trends, societal influences, and scientific objectivity.
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
Learning Objective: Describe the three major branches of psychology and summarize key trends in psychology.
Section Reference: Psychology Today
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