Probability And Hypothesis Testing Verified Test Bank Ch6 - Fundamental Statistics Social Sciences 2e Complete Test Bank by Howard T. Tokunaga. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 6: Probability and Hypothesis Testing
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Mathematically, probability may be defined as ______.
a. the number of ways an outcome may occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes
b. the total number of possible outcomes minus the number of ways a particular outcome may occur
c. the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis
d. the number of ways an outcome may occur
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Conceptually, probability may be defined as ______.
a. the total number of possible outcomes divided by the total number of events
b. the total number of possible outcomes
c. the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular outcome of an event given all possible outcomes
d. the number of ways an outcome can occur plus the number of ways an outcome cannot occur
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of ______.
a. certainty
b. likelihood
c. division
d. proof
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of ______.
a. likelihood
b. hypothesis
c. samples
d. deductive reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. An event may be defined as an action that ______.
a. may occur
b. is tested
c. is an outcome
d. takes place
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. An event may be defined as an action that ______, and outcomes are possible ______ of that event.
a. can occur; results
b. is collected; numbers
c. takes place; results
d. can occur; numbers
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. Imagine you are in the lobby of a hotel and are standing in front of several elevators. Which of the following in the BEST example of probability?
a. standing in front of the elevator you believe will be the first one to arrive
b. counting the number of elevators
c. taking the stairs instead of waiting for an elevator to arrive
d. pushing the ‘up’ button on the elevator even though it has already been pushed by someone else
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Which of the following is an important aspect of probability?
a. The sum of probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event equals 1.0.
b. All possible outcomes have the exact same probability of occurring.
c. Each outcome has a 50% chance of occurring.
d. Combined probabilities of events that occur at the same time is equal to 1.0.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. The addition rule of probability states ______.
a. there are a number of ways an outcome can occur
b. the combined probability of mutually exclusive outcomes is the sum of their individual probabilities
c. the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of an event equals 1.00
d. the outcome equals the number of ways the outcome can occur divided by the total possible outcomes
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. The addition rule of probability relates to ______.
a. the combined probabilities of mutually exclusive outcomes
b. the fact that the probability of an outcome is a number between 0 and 1.00
c. how researchers state the null and alternative hypotheses
d. determining the number of ways a particular outcome may occur
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What is the probability of getting a score greater than the mean?
b. Is there life on Mars?
c. The probability of an outcome is a number between 0 and 1.
d. In rolling a pair of dice, is there an equal probability of rolling an 8 versus a 9?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What is the likelihood of getting hit by lightning?
b. Who will be the next President of the United States?
c. What is the probability of getting a score at least 10 points above the mean?
d. In rolling a pair of dice, is there an equal probability of rolling an 8 rather than a 9?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What’s more likely to occur: being kidnapped or getting hit by lightning?
b. Is there intelligent life on other planets?
c. What is the probability of drawing an 8, 9, or 10 from a deck of cards?
d. Is there an equal chance of having a baby boy versus a baby girl?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. Am I more likely to be killed in a plane crash or by terrorists?
b. What are my chances of getting at least 4 heads in 7 coin flips?
c. What is the probability of Hillary Clinton being elected president?
d. What type of car is most likely to be stolen?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. Which grocery store checkout line should I get in?
b. What are my chances of getting a parking ticket?
c. What are the chances of Barack Obama being elected president?
d. What is the likelihood one of the California professional football teams will win the Super Bowl?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What is my chance of winning any type of prize on the state lottery?
b. Which type of cell phone is most likely to have mechanical problems?
c. What is the likelihood of a major earthquake hitting the Bay Area today?
d. Which is more likely to happen to a 30-year old woman: getting married or getting hit by lightning?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What are the chances my checkout line in the grocery store will be the slowest?
b. Am I more likely to be in an automobile accident or a plane crash?
c. What is the likelihood of talking a policeman out of giving you a speeding ticket?
d. What are my chances of my test score being in the top third of the class?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. Which of the following BEST addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What are the chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics?
b. How likely is it that my Toyota will be in a car accident?
c. What are the chances of my flight arriving within half an hour of the scheduled time?
d. What are my chances of having the highest test score in my class?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Probability?
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because ______.
a. it is used to develop statistical hypotheses such as the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
b. it is used to prove a study’s research hypotheses
c. it is used to evaluate data collected from samples
d. most research involves flipping coins and pulling aces out of a deck of cards
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. The concept of ______ refers to differences between statistics calculated from a sample and statistics pertaining to the population from which the sample is drawn.
a. sampling error
b. probability
c. random factors
d. statistical error
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because ______.
a. it helps researchers prove their hypotheses
b. researchers collect data from samples rather than populations
c. researchers test hypotheses about samples by collecting data from populations
d. most research involves flipping coins and pulling aces out of a deck of cards
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Medium
22. In which of the following steps of the research process is probability most important?
a. developing a research hypothesis
b. collecting data
c. calculating descriptive statistics
d. calculating inferential statistics
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Hard
23. In which of the following steps of analyzing data is probability most important?
a. calculating measures of central tendency such as the mean or median
b. developing research hypotheses
c. examining your data by creating tables and figures
d. calculating inferential statistics
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Medium
24. In which of the following steps of the research process is probability most important?
a. testing research hypotheses
b. examining one’s data
c. developing research hypotheses
d. reviewing the existing literature on the topic of interest
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Sampling error refers to differences between ______.
a. statistics calculated from a sample and statistics pertaining to the population from which the sample is drawn
b. statistics calculated from two different populations
c. the likelihood of an occurrence of a particular outcome of an event and all possible outcomes
d. the likelihood of being in one category versus another category
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. If you were to draw 15 random samples of 100 residents in a city you may get 15 different means. These differences across samples may be defined as ______.
a. probability
b. random error
c. sampling error
d. normal error
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. A researcher finds that the mean income for her sample is $40,500 but the mean for the population from which the sample is drawn is believed to be $44,270. The difference between the two means can be attributed to ______.
a. nonrandom sampling
b. normal sampling
c. luck
d. sampling error
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Hard
28. A researcher finds that the mean number of children in her sample is 3.48; however, the mean number of children in the population is 2.44. The difference between the two means can be attributed to ______.
a. systematic error
b. faulty logic
c. sampling error
d. non-random error
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Hard
29. A researcher finds that the mean number of arrests for juveniles in his sample is .39 whereas the mean number of arrests in the population is .15 The difference between the two means can be attributed to ______.
a. non-normal error
b. luck
c. a lack of planning
d. sampling error
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Hard
30. A binomial distribution is used for a variable ______.
a. consisting of exactly two categories
b. consisting of only one category
c. consisting of three categories
d. that has zero categories
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Which of the following is an example of a binomial variable?
a. religion (Christian, Buddhist, Catholic, Agnostic)
b. race (White, Asian, African American, Hispanic, Native American)
c. age (over 65 or under 65)
d. highest degree (high school diploma, some college, BA, professional degree)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Which of the following is an example of a binomial variable?
a. length of sentence
b. race (White or non-White)
c. age (in years)
d. education (<high school, high school diploma, some college, college degree)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. The sum of the probabilities for the values of a binomial variable equals ______.
a. 1.00
b. .50
c. 2.00
d. zero
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. Which of the following variables would NOT be used for a binomial distribution?
a. age (over 65 or under 65)
b. gender (male or female)
c. jury verdict (guilty or not guilty
d. religion (Catholic, Protestant, Buddhist, etc.).
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Medium
35. Which of the following is the first step in hypothesis testing?
a. make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
b. calculate the appropriate statistic
c. relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis
d. state the null and alternative hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
36. Which of the following is the correct order for the steps in hypothesis testing?
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses; make a decision about the null hypothesis; draw a conclusion; relate the results to the research hypothesis.
b. State the null and alternative hypotheses; make a decision about the null hypothesis; relate the results to the research hypothesis; draw a conclusion.
c. State the null and alternative hypotheses; draw a conclusion; make a decision about the null hypothesis; relate the results to the research hypothesis.
d. State the null and alternative hypotheses; draw a conclusion; relate the results to the research hypothesis; make a decision about the null hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
37. Which of the following steps in the hypothesis testing process involves mathematical calculations?
a. state the null and alternative hypothesis
b. calculate the appropriate statistic
c. make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
d. draw a conclusion from the analysis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. Which of the following is the last step in the process of hypothesis testing?
a. make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
b. calculate the appropriate statistic
c. relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis
d. state the null and alternative hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Easy
39. The null and alternative hypotheses ______.
a. are mutually exclusive from each other
b. contain values of a sample statistic such as the sample mean (
)
c. are two types of research hypotheses
d. state the critical values of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Easy
40. A ______ is a statement about an expected outcome or relationship involving population parameters.
a. null hypothesis
b. statistical hypothesis
c. sampling error
d. alternative hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Easy
41. The ______ hypothesis states that there is no difference or relationship among groups and the ______ hypothesis states that there is a difference or relationship among groups.
a. alternative; null
b. statistical; null
c. null; alternative
d. null; statistical
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
42. The process of hypothesis testing starts with the assumption that ______.
a. the null hypothesis is yet to be defined
b. the null hypothesis is true
c. the alternative hypothesis is true unless the data proves otherwise
d. the research hypothesis is true
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis (H0)
Difficulty Level: Easy
43. The difference between a statistical hypothesis and a research hypothesis is the research hypotheses ______.
a. involve concepts expressed with words and statistical hypotheses involve mathematical terms expressed with numbers
b. involve mathematical terms expressed with numbers and statistical hypotheses involve concepts expressed with words
c. involve population parameters while the statistical hypothesis involves sample parameters
d. can be tested while the statistical hypothesis cannot be
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Easy
44. The “equals” sign can be found in which of the following hypotheses?
a. research hypothesis
b. null hypothesis
c. alternative hypothesis
d. all of these
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis (H0)
Difficulty Level: Medium
45. The statement ______ is an example of a ______ .
a. μ = 5; null hypothesis
b. μ = 5; alternative hypothesis
c. μ ≠ 5; null hypothesis
d. μ ≠ 5; research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis (H0)
Difficulty Level: Medium
46. The “not equals” sign (≠) can be found in which of the following hypotheses?
a. research hypothesis
b. null hypothesis
c. alternative hypothesis
d. all of these
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. A statistical hypothesis that contains the ______ symbol may be defined as ______.
a. ≠; one-tailed
b. <; non-directional
c. <; one-tailed
d. ≠; directional
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
48. The statement “μ ≠ 8” is an example of a ______.
a. directional null hypothesis
b. non-directional null hypothesis
c. directional alternative hypothesis
d. non-directional alternative hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
49. The statement “μ > 8” is an example of a ______.
a. directional null hypothesis
b. non-directional null hypothesis
c directional alternative hypothesis
d. non-directional alternative hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
50. A statistical hypothesis that contains the ______ symbol may be defined as ______.
a. <; two-tailed
b. >; non-directional
c. ≠; two-tailed
d. ≠; directional
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
51. The statement ______ is an example of a ______.
a. μ ≠ 5; non-directional alternative hypothesis
b. μ = 5; directional alternative hypothesis
c. μ ≠ 5; null hypothesis
d. μ = 5; directional research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
52. Which of the following is a correctly stated alternative hypothesis?
a. H1: μ ≠ 3
b. H1: μ = 3
c. H0: μ = 3
d. H1: μ > 3
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
53. A researcher states a null hypothesis (H0) that μ = 25. Which of the following is the most likely source of this particular value for?
a. her personal beliefs
b. her review of the research literature
c. her own research
d. her intuition
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Example: Making Heads or Tail of the Super bowl
Difficulty Level: Hard
54. Which of the following beliefs is the BEST example of a null hypothesis (H0)?
a. “Men are smarter than women.”
b. “There is life on Mars.”
c. “Taking steroids does not help baseball players hit more home runs.”
d. “McDonald’s hamburgers taste better than Burger King hamburgers.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis (H0)
Difficulty Level: Hard
55. Which of the following beliefs is the BEST example of a null hypothesis (H0)?
a. “Republicans are more likely to shoot their hunting partners than are Democrats.”
b. “American Olympic skiers are not better than the rest of the world.”
c. “Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars.”
d. “Apple Ipods are easier to use than other companies’ MP3 players.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis (H0)
Difficulty Level: Hard
56. Which of the following beliefs is the BEST example of a null hypothesis (H0)?
a. “Test prep courses such as Kaplan and the Princeton Review raise students’ SAT scores.”
b. “Women are more considerate than men.”
c. “The higher the price of gas, the more people will consider buying a hybrid car.”
d. “All politicians are the same.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Null Hypothesis (H0)
Difficulty Level: Hard
57. Which of the following beliefs is the BEST example of an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a. “Boys and girls are equally likely to become obese as they age.”
b. “Pepsi and Coke taste the same.”
c. “Taking steroids help baseball players hit more home runs.”
d. “Drugs such as Viagra do not improve the relationship between married couples.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Difficulty Level: Hard
58. Which of the following beliefs is most similar to an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a. “Republicans and Democrats are equally likely to shoot their hunting partners.”
b. “Men and women have the same beliefs regarding marriage.”
c. “Hybrid cars get the same gas mileage as well-made traditional cars.”
d. “Ipods are easier to use than other companies’ MP3 players.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Difficulty Level: Hard
59. Which of the following beliefs is the BEST example of an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a. “It doesn’t matter whether the President of the U.S. is a Democrat or a Republican.”
b. “Men and women are looking for the same thing in their dating partners.”
c. “Rubbing a good luck charm helps gamblers win more money.”
d. “Cats are just as smart as dogs.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Difficulty Level: Hard
60. Which of the following beliefs is the BEST example of an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a. “Caffeine doesn’t affect my ability to fall asleep.”
b. “Girls are just as good at sports as are boys.”
c “I’m more likely to buy a product if it’s endorsed by my favorite actor.”
d. “It doesn’t matter what college I go to.”
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Difficulty Level: Hard
61. ______ hypotheses ______.
a. Statistical; are stated when you analyze your data
b. Research; involve mathematical symbols
c. Statistical; are stated at the beginning of a research study
d. Research; are the null and alternative hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses (H0 and H1)
Difficulty Level: Easy
62. ______ hypotheses ______.
a. Research; are stated when you analyze your data
b. Statistical; are stated using concepts and variables
c. Research; are stated at the beginning of a research study
d. Research; are the null and alternative hypotheses
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
Difficulty Level: Easy
63. α refers to ______.
a. a statistical hypothesis
b. a population parameter
c. a critical value of a statistic
d. the probability of a statistic
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining a ‘low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
64. α refers to ______.
a. the probability of accepting the null hypothesis
b. an example of a population parameter
c. the critical value of a statistic
d. the probability of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
65. α refers to ______.
a. the probability of accepting the null hypothesis
b. the probability of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
c. the minimum value of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
d. an example of a population parameter
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
66. α refers to ______.
a. the region of non-acceptance
b. the difference between a statistic (such as 
) and a population parameter (such as μ)
c. the probability of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
d. the likelihood of proving your research hypothesis is false
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
67. ______ refers to the probability of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis.
a. ∞
c. σ
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
68. “The probability of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis” is represented by ______.
a. t
b. z
c. α
d. 
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
69. A smaller alpha value indicates ______.
a. a higher likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis
b. a lower likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis
c. a lower likelihood of retaining the null hypothesis
d. a higher likelihood of retaining the alternative hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Medium
70. A ‘critical value’ ______.
a. is the same as α
b. is a population parameter
c. relates to the decision to reject the research hypothesis
d. separates the regions of rejection and non-rejection
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Easy
71. A ‘critical value’ is ______.
a. a rule
b. a probability
c. a hypothesis
d. a value of a statistic
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Easy
72. The term “critical value” is used to define ______.
a. the minimum value of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
b. the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis
c. the level of significance of a statistic
d. the probability of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Easy
73. The term “critical value” refers most specifically to ______.
a. how researchers define a ‘low’ probability
b. the value of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis
c. the minimum sample size needed to test a research hypothesis
d. the value of a population parameter such as µ
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Medium
74. ______ is the value of a statistic that separates the regions of rejection and non-rejection.
a. The null hypothesis (H0)
b. A critical value
c. Alpha
d. A population parameter such as μ
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Easy
75. ______ separates the regions of rejection and non-rejection.
a. The alternative hypothesis
b. The population mean (μ)
c. A critical value
d. The median
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability)
Difficulty Level: Easy
76. The difference between the regions of rejection and non-rejection refers most directly to the concept of ______.
a. critical values
b. null hypotheses and research hypotheses
c. the difference between the standard deviation and the standard error of the mean
d. the difference between statistics and parameters
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Medium
77. Drawing distributions and shading in certain areas of the distribution corresponds MOST directly to ______.
a. stating the null hypothesis
b. the difference between statistics (such as s) and parameters (such as σ)
c. the effect of sample size on α
d. the concept of a ‘critical value’
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Hard
78. In this figure, the unshaded area represents ______.
a. values of the statistic whose combined probability is less than 5%
b. the region of rejection
c. the region of non-rejection
d. alpha
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Medium
79. In this figure, the shaded areas represent ______.
a. values of the statistic with a high probability of occurring
b. the region of rejection
c. the region of non-rejection
d. the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Easy
80. In this figure, if the value of a calculated statistic falls in the ______ , you will ______.
a. unshaded area; reject the null hypothesis
b. shaded area; reject the alternative hypothesis
c. shaded area; not reject the null hypothesis
d. unshaded area; not reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Hard
81. In this figure, if the value of a calculated statistic falls in the ______ , you will ______.
a. middle of the distribution; reject the null hypothesis
b. tails of the distribution; reject the alternative hypothesis
c. tails of the distribution; not reject the null hypothesis
d. middle of the distribution; not reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Hard
82. In this figure, the shaded areas represent ______.
a. values of the statistic with a low probability of occurring
b. the region of non-rejection
c. the symmetry of the distribution
d. 95% of the distribution
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Medium
83. In this figure, the unshaded area represents ______.
a. the values of a statistic with a high probability of occurring
b. alpha
c. the alternative hypothesis
d. the population mean
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Medium
84. In this figure, the unshaded area represents ______.
a. the region of rejection
b. the region of acceptance
c values of the statistic with a relatively low probability of occurring
d. the region of non-rejection
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Medium
85. In this figure, if the value of a calculated statistic falls in the ______ , you will ______.
a. unshaded area; reject the null hypothesis
b. unshaded area; not reject the alternative hypothesis
c. shaded area; not reject the null hypothesis
d. shaded area; reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Defining a ‘Low’ Probability of a Statistic: Setting Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Hard
86. If the calculated statistic falls in the ______, you will ______.
a. region of rejection; reject the null hypothesis
b. region of non-rejection; reject the null hypothesis
c. region of rejection; reject the alternative hypothesis
d. middle of the distribution; reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Identifying the Values of the Statistic with a Low Probability
Difficulty Level: Hard
87. A decision rule ______.
a. specifies the values of a statistic that lead to rejection of the null hypothesis
b. states the null and alternative hypotheses
c. specifies when researchers can say their hypothesis has been proved
d. defines what is meant by a “low” probability
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Stating a Decision Rule
Difficulty Level: Easy
88. You ______ the null hypothesis when the probability of the statistic is ______ 5%.
a. reject; greater than
b. do not reject; less than
c. reject; equal to
d. do not reject; greater than
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
89. You ______ the null hypothesis when the probability of the statistic is ______ 5%.
a. accept; less than
b. do not reject; not equal to
c. reject; greater than
d. reject; less than
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
90. You ______ when the probability of the statistic is ______ 5%.
a. do not reject the null hypothesis; less than
b. reject the alternative hypothesis; less than
c. do not reject the null hypothesis; greater than
d. accept the null hypothesis; less than
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
91. You will make the decision to ______ the null hypothesis when the probability of the statistic is ______.
a. reject; high
b. not reject; low
c. accept; low
d. not reject; high
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
92. You will make the decision to ______ the null hypothesis when the probability of the statistic is ______.
a. reject; high
b. not reject; low
c. accept; low
d. reject; low
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
93. You will make the decision to ______ when the probability of a statistic is ______.
a. reject the null hypothesis; > .05
b. not reject the null hypothesis; > .05
c. accept the null hypothesis; < .05
d. prove the null hypothesis; > .05
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
94. You will make the decision to ______ when the probability of a statistic is ______.
a. reject the null hypothesis; ‘low’ (< .05)
b. not reject the null hypothesis; ‘high’ (< .05)
c. not reject the null hypothesis; ‘low’ (< .05)
d. reject the null hypothesis; ‘low’ (> .05)
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
95. You ______ the null hypothesis when the value of the statistic falls in the region of ______ because this means ______.
a. reject; rejection; p > .05
b. do not reject; rejection; p > .05
c. reject; rejection; p < .05
d. reject; non-rejection; p > .05
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
96. You ______ when the statistic falls in the region of ______ because this means ______.
a. reject the alternative hypothesis; rejection; p < .05
b. do not reject the null hypothesis; rejection; p > .01
c. reject the null hypothesis; non-rejection; p < .05
d. do not reject the null hypothesis; non-rejection; p > .05
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
97. You ______ when the statistic falls in the region of ______ because this means its probability (p) is ______.
a. accept the alternative hypothesis; non-rejection; greater than 1%
b. reject the null hypothesis; rejection; less than 5%
c. do not reject the null hypothesis; rejection; less than 1%
d. reject the null hypothesis; rejection; greater than 5%
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
98. You ______ when the statistic falls in the region of ______ because this means its probability is ______.
a. do not reject the null hypothesis; rejection; ‘high’
b. reject the null hypothesis; non-rejection; ‘low’
c. do not reject the null hypothesis; non-rejection; ‘high’
d. reject the null hypothesis; rejection; ‘high’
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Making the Decision Whether to Reject the Null Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Hard
99. Perhaps the only way to ‘prove’ a research hypothesis is to ______.
a. reject the null hypothesis
b. accept the alternative hypothesis
c. collect data from the entire population
d. be very, very lucky
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Issue of ‘Proof’ in Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
100. Hypothesis testing can provide ______ for a research hypothesis.
a. confirmation
b. support
c. proof
d. lack of proof
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Issue of ‘Proof’ in Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
101. When the decision to reject the null hypothesis is made, ______.
a. proof has been provided for the research hypothesis
b. a lack of support has been provided for the research hypothesis
c. proof has been provided for the research hypothesis
d. support has been provided for the research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Issue of ‘Proof’ in Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
102. The ______ the sample size, the ______ likely you are to reject the null hypothesis.
a. smaller; more
b. larger; more
c. more representative; less
d. larger; less
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sample Size
Difficulty Level: Easy
103. ______ the sample size of study ______ the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
a. Decreasing; increases
b. Increasing; increases
c. Decreasing; does not alter
d. Increasing; decreases
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Sample Size
Difficulty Level: Easy
104. All other things being equal, the ______ the sample size, the ______ likely you are to ______.
a. larger; less; prove your research hypothesis
b. smaller; less; reject the alternative hypothesis
c. smaller; less; reject the null hypothesis
d. more representative; larger; reject the null hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Sample Size
Difficulty Level: Hard
105. All other things being equal, the ______ the sample size, the ______ likely you are to ______.
a. larger; more; reject the null hypothesis
b. smaller; more; prove your research hypothesis
c. smaller; less; reject the statistical hypothesis
d. larger; less; reject the research hypothesis
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Sample Size
Difficulty Level: Hard
106. ______ the size of the sample makes the critical value ______, which in turn ______ the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
a. Decreasing; smaller; decreases
b. Increasing; smaller; increases
c. Increasing; larger; decreases
d. Decreasing; larger; increases
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Sample Size
Difficulty Level: Hard
107. You are ______ likely to reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is ______.
a. less; directional
b. equally; non-directional
c. more; non-directional
d. more; directional
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Directionality of the Alternative Hypothesis
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. The possibility of sampling error exists in all studies in which data is collected from a sample rather than the entire population.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Sampling error refers to differences between statistics calculated from a sample and statistics pertaining to the population from which the sample is drawn.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Why is Probability Important to Researchers?
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. A binomial distribution is used for a variable that consists of exactly two categories.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. A variable such as sex, whose categories are man and woman, would be considered a binomial variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. For the variable race, some categories are White, African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American. This variable would be considered a binomial variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Applying Probability to Binomial Distributions
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The larger the value of alpha, the lower the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. There is no relationship between alpha and the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Alpha (α)
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. A researcher “proves” a research hypothesis when the null hypothesis is NOT accepted.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Issue of ‘Proof’ in Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. A research shows “support” for a research hypothesis when the null hypothesis is NOT accepted.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Issue of ‘Proof’ in Hypothesis Testing
Difficulty Level: Medium
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Fundamental Statistics Social Sciences 2e Complete Test Bank
By Howard T. Tokunaga