Power Complete Test Bank Croteau Ch.5

Experience Sociology, 4e (Croteau)

Chapter 5 Power

1) Who defined power as the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others?

A) Virginia Held

B) Nancy Hartsock

C) Max Weber

D) Bertrand Russell

2) The "ability to bring about an intended outcome" is an example of which approach to power?

A) "power to"

B) domination

C) coercion

D) meso-level power

3) Which of the following approaches highlights the capacity to dominate others?

A) "power to"

B) "power over"

C) micro-level power

D) meso-level power

4) Which approach to power is most typical of feminist scholarship?

A) persuasion

B) soft power

C) empowerment

D) opposition

5) Some societies are powerful because they have access to resources and knowledge that enables them to accomplish goals. This approach to power is attributed to which theorist?

A) Dorothy Smith

B) Talcott Parsons

C) Emile Durkheim

D) Michel Foucault

6) Increasing people's capacity to bring about an intended outcome is referred to as

A) persuasion.

B) soft power.

C) empowerment.

D) opposition.

7) Which strategy contributes to empowerment?

A) convincing and persuasion

B) rewarding compliance

C) financial incentive

D) education and networking

8) When organizations form coalitions in order to pool their resources, they are participating in

A) domination.

B) networking.

C) charity.

D) training.

9) The best-known approach to empowerment is

A) domination.

B) organization.

C) networking.

D) education.

10) ________ is an approach to power that centers on overcoming opposition.

A) Domination

B) Empowerment

C) Deception

D) Conflict

11) At which level of society does domination occur?

A) micro level

B) macro level

C) meso level

D) all levels

12) Persuasion is a strategy typical of which approach to power?

A) domination

B) empowerment

C) direct conflict

D) deception

13) To ________ is to get people's compliance by convincing them of the correctness of your position and goals.

A) persuade

B) reward

C) coerce

D) organize

14) Karl Marx focused on what level of the operation of power in a society?

A) macro

B) micro

C) meso

D) societal

15) According to French and Raven, all of the following types of power are among the six bases of power in small groups and organizations EXCEPT for

A) reward.

B) legitimate.

C) expert.

D) conversational.

16) Employees' respect for their boss's position and authority is an example of what kind of power?

A) expert power

B) legitimate power

C) soft power

D) organizational power

17) Susan and John decide to offer their two children an allowance for doing chores around the house. This is an example of which type of power?

A) reward power

B) legitimate power

C) informational power

D) coercive power

18) Stacy is a highly-respected and well-published professor within her field. Most associate professors at her university consider her a role model. Stacy exhibits what kind of power?

A) expert power

B) referent power

C) reward power

D) informational power

19) Soft power tactics focus on

A) collaboration and friendship.

B) logical persuasion.

C) rewards and incentives.

D) emotional appeal.

20) ________ do not require cooperation to initiate, and they include demands, orders, or disengagement.

A) Bilateral tactics

B) Rational tactics

C) Unilateral tactics

D) Hard tactics

21) Tactics that involve give-and-take, as in negotiations and discussion, are referred to as

A) bilateral tactics.

B) rational tactics.

C) unilateral tactics.

D) hard tactics.

22) Laura is purchasing a new home from Christie; they are currently negotiating the sale price of the house. What type of tactic are they utilizing?

A) unilateral

B) bilateral

C) rational

D) nonrational

23) U.S. Bank is threatening to foreclose on the Johnson family's home due to the number of mortgage payments they have made. What type of tactic is the bank utilizing?

A) unilateral

B) hard

C) rational

D) soft

24) Michel Foucault described power as

A) a punitive system.

B) knowledge systems.

C) a control system.

D) institutional influence.

25) The ability to control and allocate resources defines which type of power?

A) political power

B) cultural power

C) economic power

D) reward power

26) Television shows and movies disproportionately portray the wealthy in a positive light, often as glamorous, able, and good. In contrast, negative characters are often portrayed as poor, criminal, and morally deficient. This is an example of what type of power the media exert over their audience?

A) informational

B) soft

C) legitimate

D) cultural

27) The fact that history textbooks still disproportionately highlight the achievements of men over those of women, and thus have the power to define men as more important and more able agents of history, is an example of what type of power?

A) patriarchal

B) political

C) cultural

D) masculine

28) Antonio Gramsci's concept of power as "hegemony" is based on

A) the manipulation of ideas to manufacture consent.

B) superior military power to dominate other nations.

C) superior economic power to manipulate other nations.

D) the achievement of global political supremacy.

29) Which type of power is based on the ability to define social reality?

A) referent power

B) political power

C) cultural power

D) informational power

30) ________ is a condition that exists when those in power have successfully spread their ideas—and marginalized alternative viewpoints—so that their perspectives and interests are accepted widely as being universal and true.

A) Feudalism

B) The Stockholm Syndrome

C) Hegemony

D) Social closure

31) Power that is accepted voluntarily is ________ power.

A) soft

B) economic

C) hegemonic

D) legitimate

32) ________ is based on the acceptance of rules and laws.

A) Legal power

B) Traditional authority

C) Rational-legal authority

D) Political power

33) Max Weber defined legitimate power as based on

A) democratic elections.

B) the acceptance of and belief in authority.

C) acceptance by the majority.

D) accountability to a constituency.

34) The queen of England's power is legitimate because it is based on what kind of authority?

A) unquestionable authority

B) regal authority

C) charismatic authority

D) traditional authority

35) The power of the president of the United States is legitimate because it is based on what kind of authority?

A) rational-legal authority

B) charismatic authority

C) popular authority

D) democratic authority

36) Power whose legitimacy is derived from the extraordinary personal characteristics of an individual leader, which inspire loyalty and devotion, is referred to as

A) rational-legal authority.

B) charismatic authority.

C) popular authority.

D) democratic authority.

37) Long-term hostages tend to identify with their captor's point of view over time and voluntarily comply with their demands. This phenomenon is called

A) going native.

B) the Stockholm syndrome.

C) the Belgian illusion.

D) the prisoner's dilemma.

38) Power that uses force to accomplish obedience is

A) traditional.

B) illegitimate.

C) rational.

D) primitive.

39) Nonviolent direct action that violates unjust laws is referred to as

A) indirect confrontation.

B) education.

C) civil disobedience.

D) demonstration of revolt.

40) According to Dorothy Smith's "standpoint theory," people view society and power from

A) an oppositional stance.

B) an individualistic perspective.

C) a biased standpoint.

D) the perspective of their group.

41) ________ theory focuses on multiple viewpoints, especially the perspectives of the oppressed.

A) Standpoint

B) Privilege

C) Vision

D) Noncompliance

42) From the sociological perspective, inequality is seen as

A) socially constructed.

B) inherent and inevitable.

C) unchanging.

D) having no solution.

43) Max Weber defined a person's status as

A) inseparable from class.

B) existing apart from the individual.

C) indistinguishable from class.

D) independent and distinct from class.

44) Within what framework did Karl Marx place his examination of class?

A) status

B) life chances

C) the economy

D) privilege

45) According to Max Weber, the opportunities offered by a person's economic position are known as

A) rewards.

B) life chances.

C) economic advantages.

D) illegitimate powers.

46) According to Max Weber, ________ is the process used by members of a dominant status group to maximize their advantage by excluding nonmembers from the benefits of membership.

A) social exclusion

B) social divide

C) segregation

D) social closure

47) Wealthy women CEOs enjoy the privileges of their class and status, but at the same time have to contend with the lower status that women are assigned in the male-dominated business environment. Which theory of power best addresses this contradiction?

A) Patricia Hill Collins: intersectionality theory

B) Max Weber: theory of power as privilege

C) Dorothy Smith: standpoint theory

D) Michel Foucault: power/knowledge

48) Treating others unequally based on their background or other personal characteristics is referred to as

A) discrimination.

B) prejudice.

C) racism.

D) stereotyping.

49) Which theoretical perspective focuses on the multiplicity of dimensions of inequality and their interaction?

A) interdependence theory

B) intersectionality theory

C) standpoint theory

D) political power theory

50) Lai is a powerful and wealthy businesswoman who enjoys all the benefits of her class background. To attain her position, however, she struggled to overcome the disadvantage and discrimination of her gender in a male-dominated business environment. This scenario corresponds with which concept?

A) matrix of domination

B) social closure

C) traditional authority

D) power as knowledge

51) Patricia Hill Collins's concept of a matrix of domination is best described as

A) a silent conspiracy.

B) multidimensional oppression.

C) hidden domination.

D) indirect oppression.

52) All systems of stratification essentially contain which of the following combinations of factors?

A) powerful group and an inspirational leader

B) distinct racial groups and prejudice

C) unequal distribution of resources and an ideology

D) prejudice and power

53) Legal rights involving property, contracts, voting, and speech are an example of

A) political resource.

B) civil resources.

C) social resources.

D) human resources.

54) Knowledge and skills learned through socialization are an example of

A) political resource.

B) cultural resources.

C) social resources.

D) human resources.

55) Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status?

A) college student

B) female

C) musician

D) poor

56) Systems of stratification based on an ascribed status

A) allow upward social mobility.

B) discourage social mobility.

C) facilitate social mobility.

D) allow virtually no social mobility.

57) Systems of stratification based on an achieved status typically

A) allow social mobility.

B) prohibit social mobility.

C) disregard achievement.

D) discourage achievement.

58) How do sociologists view the categories of race, class, and gender?

A) inherent and inevitable

B) natural and biologically determined

C) unchangeable and perpetual

D) socially constructed

59) What factor is essential to the continued survival of a system of stratification?

A) large financial backing

B) ample resources

C) an ideology

D) dedicated members

60) Which of the following best describes the Indian caste system?

A) closed, without social mobility

B) based on a strict legal system

C) open, with limited social mobility

D) based on force

61) The Indian caste system is based on

A) personal achievement.

B) ascribed status.

C) achieved status.

D) segregation.

62) Under the Indian caste system, the Dalits are a social group

A) who can only worship with other castes, but cannot work with them.

B) that occupies the highest rank.

C) that exists outside of the varna system.

D) of priests and clergy.

63) The highest caste in India includes which of the following?

A) kings, warriors, and political leaders

B) priests, scholars, and teachers

C) landowners, merchants, and craftspeople

D) peasants, servants, and laborers

64) The highest caste in India is known as the

A) Dalits.

B) Sudras.

C) Vaisyas.

D) Brahmins.

65) In the Indian caste system, which of the following is necessary to change one's caste affiliation?

A) education

B) hard work and financial success

C) a bribe

D) Virtually no mobility is possible.

66) The feudal estate system of stratification was based on

A) political domination.

B) class inequality.

C) an ascribed status.

D) an achieved status.

67) The structure of inequality in the feudal system of medieval Europe is most similar to

A) an early European democracy.

B) the European capitalist system.

C) the Indian caste system.

D) early U.S. democracy.

68) What ideology justifies the Indian caste system?

A) traditional Hindu doctrine

B) traditional Confucian doctrine

C) rational pragmatism

D) elitism

69) The system of racial oppression in the United States prior to the 1960s is an example of which system of stratification?

A) class-based

B) agriculture-based

C) caste-based

D) achievement-based

70) The ideology that justifies the capitalist system of stratification is centered on

A) the role of wealth.

B) individual achievement.

C) the role of the state.

D) progressive innovation.

71) In contrast to caste systems, class systems

A) offer less social mobility.

B) offer more social mobility.

C) are closed.

D) are more rigid.

72) In the United States, "individual achievement" is the focus of the ideology behind the system of stratification. This idea that individual effort determines one's lot in life

A) implicitly justifies inequality.

B) promotes individual achievement.

C) improves the economy.

D) promotes justice.

73) Sociologists see social inequality as being rooted in

A) a lack of individual effort.

B) greed.

C) factors beyond an individual's control.

D) personal choice.

74) A country that promotes the collective good, deemphasizes individual interests, and supports economic equality is built on which type of system?

A) socialism

B) capitalism

C) communism

D) collectivism

75) Which system accomplishes the LEAST inequality?

A) capitalism

B) communism

C) state socialism

D) democratic socialism

76) The system of state socialism includes which of the following?

A) political oppression

B) a focus on individual achievement

C) equality as a primary goal

D) a reverence for progressive attitudes

77) A country that supports close government involvement in the economy, higher taxation, and a generous social welfare policy is an example of which system?

A) communism

B) authoritarianism

C) democratic socialism

D) state socialism

78) A system in which women play a secondary role to men and have less than equal access to resources and positions of power is known as

A) a matriarchy.

B) a patriarchy.

C) an oligarchy.

D) a plutocracy.

79) Some feminists argue that male domination of women is based on the system of capitalism. From this perspective, women play the role of

A) "happy homemakers."

B) cheap and oppressed labor.

C) spendthrifts who are addicted to shopping.

D) less-competent employees than men.

80) The best example of state socialism is

A) communism.

B) Marxism.

C) democracy.

D) fascism.

81) The ideology behind a socialist system focuses on

A) the collective good.

B) individual achievement.

C) wealth and prosperity.

D) high taxes.

82) Democratic socialism emphasizes

A) individual sacrifice.

B) economic equality.

C) state control over the individual.

D) limited freedom.

83) What is the principal difference between capitalist and socialist ideologies?

A) focus on freedom vs. control

B) focus on money vs. government

C) focus on the individual vs. the collective

D) focus on democracy vs. authority

84) In the socialist system, the role of the government is

A) limited.

B) to promote equality.

C) to restrict freedom.

D) to discourage individual achievement.

85) Which of the following statements regarding the use of algorithms by tech companies is true?

A) The results produced by algorithms can help reproduce social inequality.

B) Programmers are not bound by any rules when writing algorithms that we use every day.

C) The use of algorithms by companies has been known to trigger soft power tactics.

D) Algorithms are always used according to standards and guidelines.

86) Legitimate power is exercised by those who invoke a feeling of obligation.

87) The degree of compliance in a social situation is always apparent.

88) All groups that enjoy a privilege in society are keenly aware of their privilege.

89) In the United States, class represents only a small portion of overall inequality.

90) Max Weber conceived of class as the opportunity related to a person's economic position.

91) Status and class are often linked in our society.

92) Economic inequality and the unequal distribution of resources in the United States are some of the more obvious aspects of our stratifications system. But unlike in less-developed countries, our cultural resources are more or less equally distributed.

93) Systems of stratification based on an ascribed status commonly exist in the United States.

94) Under the Indian caste system, people must marry within their own caste.

95) In the age of globalization, the caste system is in decline all over India.

96) A class system is more flexible than a caste system.

97) In a capitalist system, such as in the United States, a small capitalist elite holds disproportionate power.

98) Countries with democratic socialism as a form of government are among the most affluent in the world.

99) The results of algorithms can reproduce social inequality.

100) The use of algorithms can trigger an older form of power, often referred to as political regulation.