Chapter 11: Positive Institutions and Cultural Well-Being

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ psychology emphasizes the role of the environment and the social world in both the creation of problems and the solution to those problems.

A. Positive

B. Social

C. Community

D. Evolutionary

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Community Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. People who tend to remain as volunteers over an extended time period ______.

A. tend to be from high SES backgrounds

B. tend to be motivated by a desire for knowledge or greater understanding

C. tend to have extremely high altruistic motives

D. are more likely to be from rural areas

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Volunteerism

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Research shows that the personal impact of volunteering is greater if ______.

A. the activity includes children

B. the volunteer activity is considered prestigious work

C. the volunteer activity is compatible with one’s self-identity

D. the volunteer activity is scheduled to occur regularly and at least on a biweekly basis

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Volunteerism

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Researchers have assessed both positive and negative emotions together to determine the most emotional people in the world. When using this measure of well-being, it appears that the most emotional people in the world tend to be ______.

A. in the United States

B. in either Central or South America

C. in Canada

D. in Italy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Subjective Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. A recent study examining how values impact well-being across 14 different national groups found that higher well-being was associated with ______.A. low self-transcendence

B. low conservatism

C. high self-directed hedonism

D. high self-enhancement

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Subjective Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. Only one research organization has published rankings of countries on well-being: the Gallup Organization.

B. Researchers recommend that cross-cultural well-being be measured with two types of prosperity: economic and social–psychological.

C. Similarities in rankings of countries on well-being are largely attributed to the consistency in how well-being is measured across studies.

D. Most of the wealthy countries rank highly on the Happy Planet Index.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Subjective Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Research has shown that if one of your friends begins to put on body weight, there is a greater chance that over several years, you will also become heavier. In addition, the more people in your social network that gain weight, the more likely you will also become heavier. This phenomenon is referred to as ______.

A. social facilitation

B. social referencing

C. social contagion

D. socioemotional selectivity

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Contagion: The Power of Social Networks

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. ______ was one of the first styles of therapy to significantly integrate mindfulness into treatment.

A. Well-being therapy

B. Self-actualization therapy

C. Solution-focused therapy

D. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following has had the fewest studies examining its effectiveness?

A. acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

B. life coaching

C. positive psychotherapy

D. solution-focused therapy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Life Coaching

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. ______ argued that most schools failed to foster exploration, a sense of discovery, or the development of sound judgment skills. Many of his ideas were combined with positive psychology to create the International Positive Education Network (IPEN).

A. Dewey

B. Clifton

C. Maslow

D. Kohlberg

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Psychology in Schools

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Ten-year-old Jared had been acting out in school, often getting in physical fights on the playground and disrupting his classmates with his off-task behavior. His teachers suspect he has a learning disability or attention deficit disorder, but given his chaotic home life, he has never been brought for a formal evaluation. ______ would be most appropriate for this type of at-risk student.

A. Transpersonal therapy

B. Life coaching

C. Positive behavioral support (PBS)

D. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Positive Psychology in Schools

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Psychological capital (PsyCap) is a construct that explains what catalyzes many of the behaviors that correlate with career success. PsyCap is defined as a combination of ______.

A. flow, motivation, hope, and extraversion

B. motivation, optimism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness

C. self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency

D. self-actualization, optimism, openness to experience, and flow

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Promotes Employee Engagement?

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The earliest investigations of leadership, first advanced in the 1840s, operated from the assumption that ______.

A. culture is the driving force behind leaders

B. leadership is a matter of being in the right place at the right time

C. leaders are born not made

D. leadership is the result of shared and relational factors, especially the interaction between leader and follower

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The ______ posits that the leader unleashes the power of group members and harnesses the talent within a group to be successful.

A. “great man” perspective

B. goodness-of-fit perspective

C. transformational leadership approach

D. contextual perspective

Cognitive Domain: Conceptual

Answer Location: Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Organizational analysts have critiqued the promotion of positive psychology in the workplace. The main shortcoming they see with this approach is that it focuses too exclusively on ______.

A. individual traits

B. the historical context

C. the organizational context

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conclusions About Employee Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The Appreciative Inquiry (AI) model of organizational change argued that there was too much emphasis on ______ in organizations and therefore too much emphasis on what was wrong in organizations.

A. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

B. problem-solving

C. cost-effectiveness

D. intelligence and innate talent

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The ______ uses a four-stage model to move toward a positive solution. It is often referred to as the 4-D cycle: discover, dream, design, and destiny.

A. the psychological capital (PsyCap) approach

B. appreciative inquiry (AI) model

C. the social capital approach

D. Clifton Strengths for Students program

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Appreciative Inquiry

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following is FALSE?

A. For European and European Americans, the more positive emotions the more satisfaction with life.

B. There is a stronger relation between high subjective well-being and high self-esteem in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures.

C. Researchers have found different neurological markers for representations of the self in people from individualistic versus collectivist cultures.

D. Collectivist countries tend to score higher than individualistic countries on measures of well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Conceptualizations of Self

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. Of the following, who would most agree that “contentment” best describes happiness?

A. L. M., a European-American who grew up in the United States.

B. L. M., a White person who grew up in Canada.

C. L. M., an Asian person who grew up in Japan.

D. L. M., a White person who grew up in Britain.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Conceptualization of Emotions

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. A high positivity ratio is more important to subjective well-being ______.

A. of women than of men

B. among people in poor nations than those in wealthier nations

C. in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures

D. of extroverts than introverts

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Conceptualizations of Self

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Although happy people are less likely to quit their jobs than their unhappy counterparts, they have higher rates of absenteeism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Promotes Employee Engagement?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Clifton and his colleagues at the Gallup Organization have argued that it is a myth to think “If you can conceive it, you can achieve it.” Instead, that people must know their limits and work with them.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Strength-Based Approach to Engagement

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Keyes (1998) outlined five dimensions of social well-being. One of these, “social actualization,” refers to the degree to which society seems to be understandable, predictable, and logical.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Recent research has shown that people who live in a city with more highly educated residents report the same level of well-being as those who live in a city with less educated residents.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Flourishing Communities

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to the web of connections among social networks, as well as the connections within social networks.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flourishing Communities

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Define the social contagion effect and discuss one study in positive psychology that demonstrates this phenomenon.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Contagion: The Power of Social Networks

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What is the transformational leadership approach? Give an example of what these leaders are like and what they do to lead their organization to success.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Application

Answer Location: Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Warr (1999) outlined 10 major elements of the work environment that determine well-being at work. Discuss at least three of them.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Employee Engagement: A Positive Work Environment

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Research has shown that there are differences in average well-being among states, countries, and regions within counties. Name one place or cultural group, either within the United States or in another part of the world, that ranks at the top. Discuss possible reasons for the high rating.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flourishing Communities

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss how being from a collectivist culture may impact well-being and happiness differently from their individualistic counterparts. Give examples to illustrate.

Answer Location: Cultural Conceptualization of Emotions | Cultural Conceptualizations of Self

Difficulty Level: Medium