nan nan Verified Test Bank - S. Dale McLemore - Racial Relations in America 7e - Test Set by S. Dale McLemore. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 1 Natives and Newcomers
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which group can claim to have been in America for more than five centuries?
A) Native Americans B) English
C) Black slaves D) Spanish
Page Ref: 2
2) When sociologists focus on a group's cultural traits and heritage they are concerned with:
A) race. B) ethnicity.
C) marital assimilation. D) secondary assimilation.
Page Ref: 2
3) For the most part, many in America believe that there is one single course to assimilation.
Today, this notion:
A) stands unchallenged.
B) has been supported in spite of numerous challenges.
C) has been true for all newcomers to America.
D) is believed to be false based on the evidence.
Page Ref: 3
4) Generally speaking, which generation of immigrants may move more completely into the
mainstream of American society?
A) first generation B) second generation
C) third generation D) fourth generation
Page Ref: 4
5) All of the following are factors relating to assimilation or straight-line theory, except:
A) highly controversial
B) assumes that most look backwards not forward
C) assumes that each generation reaches higher social and economic standards
D) assumes that the longer a group has been in America, the more successful they become
Page Ref: 4-5
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6) The three generations description applied to which of the following?
A) second immigration English B) Native Americans
C) Mexican Americans D) Black slaves
Page Ref: 5-6
7) The most powerful group in a society is called the ________ group.
A) minority B) subordinate C) all powerful D) majority
Page Ref: 7
8) "It is absolutely essential that we study the ________ ________ that have created the
dominant-subordinate group relations of interest to us."
A) minority sequences B) historical sequences
C) ethnic patterns D) racial patterns
Page Ref: 7
9) Which group is more likely to follow the three generations process?
A) voluntary immigrants B) involuntary immigrants
C) conquered groups D) slaves
Page Ref: 7
10) All of the following factors affect assimilation except:
A) voluntary or involuntary immigration. B) ethnic and racial similarity.
C) love of one's homeland. D) differences in social power.
Page Ref: 6-8
11) Robert E. Park's theory called the cycle of race relations had four processes or stages. All of the
following belong to those stages, except:
A) uniformity. B) contact.
C) competition. D) accommodation.
Page Ref: 8-9
12) Which researcher studied the Irish in his contribution to the theory of assimilation?
A) Park B) Gordon C) Hansen D) Handlin
Page Ref: 9
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13) Which of the following researchers discussed the issue of subsocieties and subcultures in
assimilation?
A) Park B) Gordon C) Hansen D) Handlin
Page Ref: 9-10
14) Ethnic identities combined with networks with co-ethnics of the same social class form a
subsociety called:
A) underclass. B) underethnics.
C) immigrant class. D) ethclasses.
Page Ref: 10
15) Ethnogenesis is argued to involve ________ negotiation among various racial and ethnic
groups and the dominant group.
A) segmented B) continual
C) exclusively formal D) exclusively informal
Page Ref: 10
16) Of all the assimilation researchers mentioned in this text, the authors chose to focus most on
the works of:
A) Park. B) Gordon. C) Hansen. D) Handlin.
Page Ref: 11
17) The boundaries between and within racial and ethnic groups are:
A) sharp and fixed. B) dull and in flux.
C) not sharp and fixed. D) not dull and in flux.
Page Ref: 11
18) The most frequently chosen racial trait that is not very useful in distinguishing between the
races is:
A) hair. B) face.
C) body shape and size. D) skin.
Page Ref: 12
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19) The correlation between geography and skin color is:
A) perfect. B) not perfect.
C) the single best indicator of race. D) the key to understanding ethnicity.
Page Ref: 12
20) Thomas Jefferson and Strom Thurmond share a common experience. Which is it?
A) They both ran for president with Black vice presidential candidates.
B) They both were divorced in their twenties.
C) They both were injured in wars.
D) They both fathered children with a Black woman.
Page Ref: 12
21) In which U.S. Census did the Census takers allow people to check two or more races for the
very first time?
A) 1790 B) 1880 C) 1950 D) 2000
Page Ref: 13
22) On the 2000 U.S. Census approximately ________ million marked two or more races.
A) 1.8 B) 6.8 C) 12.8 D) 138
Page Ref: 13
23) In the text, Prewitt is cited as one who believes that race may ________ in legal, political, and
public consciousness spheres.
A) remerge B) solidify C) appear D) disappear
Page Ref: 13
24) If you think of yourself as belonging to a group of "we" rather than "they," then you are
referring to your:
A) in-group. B) out-group.
C) reference-status. D) role exchange.
Page Ref: 13
25) Americans generally believe that an individual's rewards and place in society should depend
heavily on his or her ________ characteristics.
A) ascribed B) appropriated C) achieved D) acknowledged
Page Ref: 14
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26) Your race, sex, ethnicity, family status, and age are all ________ characteristics.
A) ascribed B) appropriated C) achieved D) acknowledged
Page Ref: 14
27) The authors quote Spickard who stated that "Everywhere one looks, ethnic divisions
________."
A) disappear B) persist C) combat D) elude us
Page Ref: 14
28) ________ is the concentration of a group of people within a particular area primarily because
they wish to be together.
A) Convolution B) Congregation C) Segregation D) Subvolution
Page Ref: 16
29) ________ is the concentration of a group of people within a particular area primarily because
the minority group has left them little choice.
A) Convolution B) Congregation C) Segregation D) Subvolution
Page Ref: 17
30) If you are born in the United States, your parents were born in the United States, and your
grandparents immigrated to the United States, then you are considered:
A) first generation. B) second generation.
C) third generation. D) fourth generation.
Page Ref: 18
True or False Questions
1) The United States is often described as a nation of nations.
Page Ref: 2
2) America's cultural and racial diversity has decreased appreciably in the last decade.
Page Ref: 2
3) Americanization is in effect the opposite of assimilation.
Page Ref: 3
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4) The authors argue that there is really only one uniform process leading to Americanization.
Page Ref: 3
5) The popular view assumes that assimilation occurs in three generations.
Page Ref: 4-5
6) Straight-line theory is very controversial among scholars.
Page Ref: 4
7) American Indians assimilated in three generations.
Page Ref: 5
8) Most scholars claim that Blacks and Whites strictly avoided sexual relations throughout U.S.
history.
Page Ref: 5
9) Whites have been the largest and most powerful group throughout U.S. history.
Page Ref: 6
10) The most important component of dominance is not power, but size in number of group
members.
Page Ref: 6
11) Americanization has only had undesirable aspects for all in the United States.
Page Ref: 7
12) Many newcomers to the United States resisted assimilation.
Page Ref: 7
13) In the 1980 Census, 98 percent of those who described their ancestry as American had three
generations in the United States.
Page Ref: 8
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14) White resistance to the inclusion of groups has been lower for non-White than for Whites.
Page Ref: 8
15) Hansen found that grandchildren of immigrants experienced a revival of interest in the culture
of the old country of their grandparents.
Page Ref: 9
16) Kennedy found that assimilation occurred within the various religious groups she studied.
Page Ref: 9
17) Gordon denied the influence of subsocieties in assimilation.
Page Ref: 10
18) Recent immigration patterns to the United States have taken on a transnational character.
Page Ref: 10
19) Kazal claimed that the process of construction or invention which incorporates, adapts, and
amplifies preexisting communal solidarities, cultural attributes and historical memories is
crucial to ethnicity.
Page Ref: 10
20) The authors focus on Kennedy's work throughout the entire text and basically ignore Gordon's
work.
Page Ref: 11
21) People tend to assume that groups based on physical and social inheritance are natural and of
special importance.
Page Ref: 11
22) Blacks in the United States represent a pure race of Black-only ancestry, dating back to the
1600s.
Page Ref: 12
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23) Some argue that race is sociopolitical rather than scientific as a concept.
Page Ref: 12
24) The U.S. Census has always asked for identification of two or more races.
Page Ref: 13
25) To analyze U.S. race and ethnic relations, we must recognize the social reality of the racial and
ethnic categories that exist in society.
Page Ref: 13
Essay Questions
1) What makes the United States racially and ethnically unique in comparison to any European
country? Focus on historical immigration patterns.
2) Compare and contrast Handlin's and Gordon's approaches to assimilation. Why is Gordon's
more useful?
3) Compare and contrast the concepts of race and ethnicity. How do they overlap at times?
4) Explain the concept of ethclass, then apply it to the Mexican American experience.
5) Describe the U.S. majority group and the difficulties non-Whites have had in being included in
this group.
6) A number of factors affect the rate at which members of a given group are included within
American society. List those factors then apply them to Irish immigrants of 1840s and African immigrants of 2000.
7) Explain the role of economics in the assimilation process for new immigrants, focusing on
labor demands at the time of entry into the United States.
8) If you had to present an argument that race is a social, political, historical, and traditional
construct rather than a biological construct, then which key points could you include in a list of ten supporting claims for your argument?
9) Why is it becoming more and more difficult to formally and informally classify people by race?
10) Explain why newcomers might resist assimilation and why their grandchildren might find
their grandparents' homeland so interesting.
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Chapter 2 Together or Apart? Some Competing Views
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Assimilation theories are generally referred to as ________ or order theories.
A) conflict B) consensus C) immigrant D) emigrant
Page Ref: 21
2) Theories predicting that intergroup association over long periods of time will generate lasting
hostility are examples of:
A) conflict theories. B) consensus theories.
C) immigrant theories. D) emigrant theories.
Page Ref: 21
3) Assimilation theorists often come under attack by conflict theorists for all of the following
except:
A) ignoring power differences.
B) confusing assimilation as a matter of fact with a desirable condition.
C) not applying to non-Whites.
D) overemphasizing the struggles on non-Whites.
Page Ref: 22
4) The most important alternative to assimilation theory is ________ ________ according to the
authors.
A) conflict theory B) consensus theory
C) internal colonialism D) external political
Page Ref: 22
5) According to your text, as the English colonized the North American continent, the Native
Indians had to conform or:
A) fight to the death.
C) retreat to other lands.
Page Ref: 22
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B) pillage and plunder.
D) poison the water supplies.
6) By the 17th century, the ________ had become established as the "native" group along the
Atlantic seaboard.
A) Anglo Americans B) African Americans
C) Native Americans D) Irish Americans
Page Ref: 22-23
7) All of the following fit the early "American" assimilation patter, except:
A) English cultured. B) Protestant.
C) English languaged. D) non-White.
Page Ref: 23
8) If a minority immigrant group keeps their culture and adapts the mainstream culture, then
they have practiced assimilation by:
A) substitution. B) subtraction. C) addition. D) multiplication.
Page Ref: 23
9) If a minority immigrant group trades their culture and adapts the mainstream culture, then
they have practiced assimilation by:
A) substitution. B) subtraction. C) addition. D) multiplication.
Page Ref: 23
10) Structural assimilation focuses on ________ relationships, according to Gordon.
A) secondary B) tertiary C) primary D) extra-racial
Page Ref: 23-24
11) The authors divide Gordon's typology into all of the following except:
A) structural assimilation. B) educational assimilation.
C) primary assimilation. D) secondary assimilation.
Page Ref: 24
12) When majority and minority group members have the belief that they are part of the same
ethnic group, ________ assimilation has occurred.
A) structural
C) identificational
Page Ref: 24
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B) marital
D) behavior receptional
13) An unfavorable attitude toward people because they belong to a certain group is called:
A) prejudice. B) discrimination. C) violence. D) harassment.
Page Ref: 24
14) An unfavorable action toward people because they belong to a certain group is called:
A) prejudice. B) discrimination. C) violence. D) harassment.
Page Ref: 24
15) When prejudice disappears, then ________ assimilation has occurred.
A) behavior B) economic C) legal D) attitude
Page Ref: 25
16) In Chapter Two, the authors list ________ subprocesses of assimilation that may lead to a
situation in which subordinate and dominant groups become indistinguishable from one
another.
A) three B) five C) six D) eight
Page Ref: 25
17) In Chapter Two, the authors keep their discussion of assimilation at the:
A) societal level. B) group level.
C) personal level. D) immigrant level.
Page Ref: 25
18) According to Gordon, a group may assimilate ________ without necessarily proceeding
through the remaining levels of assimilation.
A) culturally B) biologically
C) economically D) attitude receptional
Page Ref: 25
19) Which group had the more difficult challenge in taking on the Anglo culture by assimilation
via substitution?
A) Whites B) Dutch
C) Native Americans D) French
Page Ref: 26
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20) According to Chapter Two, many of the ________ did not move through all of the levels of
assimilation and they did not necessarily want to do so.
A) Irish B) Dutch
C) Native Americans D) French
Page Ref: 26
21) Which of the following could fully assimilate into Anglo conformist America, if they had the
desire to do so?
A) Dutch B) Native Americans
C) Mexican Americans D) African Americans
Page Ref: 28
22) In the Anglo-conformity model, cultural assimilation occurs by:
A) addition. B) substitution. C) subtraction. D) multiplication.
Page Ref: 28
23) The authors argued that according to the Anglo-conformity model, the very meaning of the
word "American" had become:
A) substituted. B) diversified. C) anglicized. D) Africanized.
Page Ref: 28
24) According to the Anglo-conformity model, which goals concerning assimilation have both
groups agreeing that the other's group members will be accepted as close friends and members of their primary groups?
A) cultural B) secondary C) marital D) primary
Page Ref: 29
25) The melting-pot ideology ________ the idea that the Anglo-American core should remain as it
was before assimilation occurred.
A) accepts B) rejects C) confirms D) disproves
Page Ref: 30
26) The ideology of cultural pluralism can be traced specifically to:
A) Kallen. B) Gordon. C) Handlin. D) Park.
Page Ref: 31
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27) Which model do the authors use as their reference point for this book?
A) Anglo-conformity B) melting pot
C) cultural pluralism D) secondary assimilation
Page Ref: 31
28) Which perspective offers the broader range of possible models than the others?
A) Anglo-conformity B) melting pot
C) cultural pluralism D) secondary assimilation
Page Ref: 33
29) Which researcher presented an anti-assimilationist model?
A) Park B) Blauner C) Gordon D) Kallen
Page Ref: 33
30) Blauner argued that "the communities of color in America share essential conditions with
Third World nations abroad." These include all of the following, except:
A) high birth rates. B) economic underdevelopment.
C) heritage of colonialism. D) lack of political autonomy.
Page Ref: 34
True or False Questions
1) Park and Gordon disagreed that cultural assimilation must lead to other forms of assimilation.
Page Ref: 21
2) "Americans" from the earliest periods in 1600s history came to mean English speakers.
Page Ref: 22
3) The Europeans displaced the Native Indians in America, then assumed they were the natives.
Page Ref: 22-23
4) Natives had little influence on the survival and subsistence of the European settlers.
Page Ref: 23
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5) When minority groups assimilate, yet remain distinguishable, they have probably experienced
cultural assimilation by addition.
Page Ref: 23
6) After secondary assimilation, identificational assimilation comes next.
Page Ref: 24
7) Prejudices are rarely judgements of others.
Page Ref: 24
8) A complete merger means no more prejudice nor discrimination will occur between the
minority group and dominant group members.
Page Ref: 24-25
9) The authors agree with Gordon that there are subprocesses of assimilation.
Page Ref: 25
10) Secondary assimilation does not always follow primary assimilation in the lists presented in
the text.
Page Ref: 25
11) Sometimes assimilation includes the adoption of cultural standards form groups other than the
mainstream group in a society.
Page Ref: 25
12) For Gordon, the formation of secondary relationships was the key factor.
Page Ref: 26
13) Gordon did NOT believe that a merger of two groups was inevitable in his model of
assimilation.
Page Ref: 26
14) Almost all of the Dutch gave up their culture and their language.
Page Ref: 27
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15) The authors ignore the issue of the beliefs different people hold concerning how the ethnic
groups of our society ought to relate to one another.
Page Ref: 27
16) The Catholic belief system was at the core of Anglo-conformity.
Page Ref: 27
17) Any group wishing to complete Anglo-conformity assimilation must go beyond intermarriage.
Page Ref: 28
18) Any group wishing to complete Anglo-conformity assimilation must continue to struggle over
values and power.
Page Ref: 28
19) In 1783 J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur asked "What then is the American, this new man? He is
neither a European nor a descendent of a European..."
Page Ref: 30
20) Kallen argued that ethnically distinctive groups need NOT disappear to have a culturally
plural society.
Page Ref: 31
21) Pluralists believe that no one can become 100 percent American.
Page Ref: 33
22) Separationists do not seek for a total separation from mainstream society.
Page Ref: 36
Essay Questions
1) Contrast the three assimilationist theories in terms of primary, secondary group, and cultural
assimilation.
2) What are the core concerns of conflict theorists about assimilation theorists?
3) Take the position that America is NOT a melting pot, but rather something different. Be
detailed about what different means.
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4) Define cultural assimilation by substitution and by addition and provide an example for each.
5) Contrast the core ideas of Kallen and Gordon in terms of assimilation. Focus only on the core
differences as they relate to American experience.
6) How might Blauner criticize Gordon at the personal, group, and larger social levels of
American experience?
7) Describe ten ways in which America has become a pluralist society, providing evidence for
your claims.
8) Briefly explain the problems that African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native
Americans have in fitting into the Anglo conformity experience.
9) Describe the basic differences between separationist and secessionist ideologies. How might
the U.S. Federal Government respond to a large scale movement from either of these
perspectives?
10) Briefly explain who benefits the most from Anglo-conformity, cultural pluralist, and
separationist perspectives.
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Chapter 3 The Rise of Anglo American Society
Multiple Choice Questions
1) The English-dominated culture in America was:
A) identical to that in Britain.
B) identical to that in Australia.
C) unique to North America.
D) identical to the Napoleonic culture in France.
Page Ref: 52
2) Both Jamestown and Plymouth were founded by:
A) King James III.
C) renegade pirates and slaves.
Page Ref: 53
3) Virginia's unexpected source of wealth became:
A) gold. B) silver.
Page Ref: 53
B) private companies.
D) pioneers to the west.
C) meat. D) tobacco.
4) Dutch efforts to colonize New Netherlands ________ in comparison to English efforts in other
colonies.
A) mimicked B) failed C) succeeded D) exceeded
Page Ref: 54
5) The practically universal tendency of considering one's own race to be superior to all others is
called:
A) ethnocentrism. B) ethnic cleansing.
C) ethnic domination by violence. D) ethnocalibration.
Page Ref: 54
6) ________ are the minor things of daily life--customary practices which regulate every aspect of
life.
A) Mores B) Laws C) Folkways D) Fears
Page Ref: 54
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7) ________ are the serious concerns and customary practices that regulate daily life and which
concern society's welfare.
A) Mores B) Laws C) Folkways D) Fears
Page Ref: 54
8) In the early years of the colonies, the doctrine of ________ supremacy became established.
A) military B) agricultural C) cultural D) White
Page Ref: 55
9) Archeological evidence indicates that ________ really did discover America.
A) Columbus B) Spanish C) Indians D) English
Page Ref: 55
10) It's estimated that ________ bands or tribes of Indians existed across America when the settlers
first arrived.
A) 50 B) 150 C) 200 D) 1,500
Page Ref: 55
11) The Iroquois were combined from all of the following tribes, except the:
A) Powhatans. B) Cayugas. C) Mohawks D) Oneidas.
Page Ref: 55
12) The colony at Jamestown depended heavily on this Indian tribe for survival its first year.
A) Powhatans B) Cayugas C) Mohawks D) Oneidas
Page Ref: 56
13) The ethnocentrism of the colonist led them early on to hope the Indians would do all of the
following except:
A) fight so the English could exterminate them.
B) cede their lands.
C) recognize the English superiority.
D) convert to Christianity.
Page Ref: 56
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A) converted to Christianity.
B) killed one-third of the settlers.
C) convinced English to keep searching for accommodations with Indians.
D) convinced English to return to England.
Page Ref: 56
15) Roger Williams argued that the Indians should be able to ________ their lands.
A) cede B) abandoned C) surrender D) sell
Page Ref: 57
16) The doctrine of vacuum domicilium declared Indian lands:
A) available to purchase. B) available to lease.
C) unoccupied. D) military offensives.
Page Ref: 57
17) King Phillip was really:
A) a pirate. B) a settler Puritan.
C) an Indian herdsman. D) an Indian chief.
Page Ref: 58
18) Minority groups with a strong sense of group identity and are socially self-sufficient are likely
to resist assimilation:
A) only in the beginning.
C) when things can't be resolved.
Page Ref: 58
19) After three generations, most Indians were:
A) culturally assimilated.
C) culturally and secondarily assimilated.
Page Ref: 58
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B) only near the end of their existence.
D) strongly and for long periods of time.
B) not assimilated at all.
D) primary and secondarily assimilated.
20) Legally, in the late 1600s Black slavery became:
A) nearly outlawed.
B) shortened in duration.
C) shortened if Christian conversion transpired.
D) extended for life.
Page Ref: 59
21) Eventually the term "slave" came to mean:
A) any servant.
B) White and Black servants.
C) African descended servants.
D) European born, American raised servants.
Page Ref: 61
22) Considerable evidence suggests that Blacks ________ slavery.
A) resisted B) invited C) welcomed D) legislated
Page Ref: 61
23) After three generations, Blacks showed:
A) complete assimilation.
B) marginal primary assimilation and complete marital assimilation.
C) very low levels of all assimilation.
D) high secondary and cultural assimilation.
Page Ref: 62
24) Most of the early Irish came from all of the following backgrounds, except:
A) Ulster. B) descendents of immigrant Scots.
C) Northern Irish. D) Southern Irish.
Page Ref: 63
25) The most frequent destination of the Scotch-Irish immigrants was:
A) Jamestown. B) Virginia. C) Maryland. D) Pennsylvania.
Page Ref: 63
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26) The best way to describe Scotch-Irish assimilation after three generations is:
A) underway, but not complete. B) neither underway nor complete.
C) complete. D) not even started.
Page Ref: 65
27) All of the following describe early German immigrants, except:
A) Dutch. B) Palatines. C) Mennonites. D) Catholics.
Page Ref: 65
28) Which group had the slowest overall assimilation after three generations?
A) English B) Germans
C) Scotch-Irish D) English, born in America
Page Ref: 66
29) The Anglo American leaders led the majority of those who assisted in all the following, except:
A) signing the Constitution. B) leading after the Revolution ended.
C) joining slaves to resist the Revolution. D) leading the revolution.
Page Ref: 67
30) All of the following supported the Anglo conformity model, except:
A) melting pot
C) immigration patterns in 18th century
Page Ref: 69
True or False Questions
B) American Revolution
D) post-revolutionary U.S. government
1) King James I eventually backed away from direct control of the settlements.
Page Ref: 53
2) There were too few Pilgrims to really have any influence on the culture of America.
Page Ref: 54
3) During the first ten years about 15-20,000 Puritans came to America.
Page Ref: 54
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4) The English exhibited ethnocentrism from the onset in the American colonies.
Page Ref: 55
5) The Indians all spoke the same language in America.
Page Ref: 55
6) The Iroquois formed a confederacy against the English.
Page Ref: 55
7) The Powhatans tried a large scale peaceful attempt to resolve differences with the English
before the English destroyed them.
Page Ref: 56
8) The resolution of conflict with the Powhatan Indians created the reservation system for
Indians.
Page Ref: 56
9) Many Indians were eager to trade with the settlers.
Page Ref: 57
10) The settlers defined the Indian lands as occupied and worth fighting over.
Page Ref: 57
11) By the end of the seventeenth century, Indians were expected to give up their lands or move to
the frontier.
Page Ref: 58
12) Africans did not arrive in the early period of American settlement.
Page Ref: 59
13) Eventually, whether a Black slave was baptized or not, he or she was a slave for life.
Page Ref: 60
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14) Black and White slaves had the same odds of successfully escaping slavery.
Page Ref: 60
15) South Carolina had very few Black slaves compared to White servants.
Page Ref: 61
16) Scotch-Irish left dire poverty to come to America.
Page Ref: 63
17) Ulstermen were regarded as clean, hard working, and literate.
Page Ref: 63
18) The Germans abandoned their old home ways once in America.
Page Ref: 65
19) Germans did not move very often.
Page Ref: 66
20) The Anglos feared that the Germans would set up their own German state.
Page Ref: 63
21) Germans were united behind the Revolutionary cause.
Page Ref: 64
22) Anglo Americans quickly became the standard during the early American period.
Page Ref: 67
Essay Questions
1) Briefly describe the key historical facts that contributed to the Anglo American standard of
assimilation in the early American period.
2) Compare and Contrast Scotch-Irish to German immigrants in terms of: cultural, primary,
secondary assimilation.
23
3) Describe the role that land played in the maltreatment of Indians early on. List key legal and
attitudinal shifts that contributed.
4) Explain how the White Protestant majority became the dominant group in spite of resistance
from German immigrants.
5) Briefly describe the evolution of slavery and servitude as discussed in the chapter, listing key
turning points in the definition of the duration of servitude.
6) Which factors inhibited the collective resistance of Indians against European settlers? What
role did diversity play in their plight?
7) Briefly summarize the forms and intensities of Black resistance to slavery.
8) Briefly describe the forms and intensities of White efforts to dominate Black slaves and to react
to their resistance.
9) Define ethnocentrism and list ten examples of it from Chapter 3.
10) Describe how the Revolution enhanced English domination of mainstream culture.
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Multiple Choice Questions
1) All of the following were provided as main factors for the mass migration to the United States,
except:
A) changes in agriculture. B) warfare in the homeland.
C) population size. D) industrial production.
Page Ref: 77
2) The total number of immigrants to the United States between 1820 and 2000 was
approximately:
A) 15 million. B) 25 million. C) 66 million. D) 200 million.
Page Ref: 78
3) The decade with the highest number of immigrants to the United States was:
A) 1820-30. B) 1850-60. C) 1950-60. D) 1990-2000.
Page Ref: 78
4) The first great immigration stream occurred:
A) 1820-1889. B) 1890-1924. C) 1924-1967. D) 1968-2000.
Page Ref: 79
5) The largest numbers of immigrants that came in the first immigration stream came about:
A) 1820. B) 1850. C) 1870. D) 1880.
Page Ref: 79
6) Which vegetable crop failure contributed significantly to the Irish immigrant patterns to the
United States?
A) corn B) barley
Page Ref: 80
7) Many Americans viewed the Irish as being:
A) apelike. B) wise.
Page Ref: 82
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C) potato D) rutabaga
C) hard working. D) trustworthy.
8) By the first part of the 20th century ________ Irish women came to the United States with the
Irish men.
A) fewer B) about the same C) twice as many D) slightly more
Page Ref: 83
9) The common push factor shared by Germans and Irish who immigrated to the United States
was:
A) political warfare. B) crop failures.
C) warfare in neighboring countries. D) opulence in the homeland.
Page Ref: 84
10) The most important recruiting tool for German immigrants was:
A) personal letters. B) periodicals.
C) guidebooks. D) pamphlets.
Page Ref: 85
11) Once established in the United States the German immigrants:
A) abandoned their homeland culture.
C) retained their German language.
Page Ref: 86
12) Many of the "Forty-eighters" were:
B) abandoned their German language.
D) retained their German currency.
A) pleased with the state of things in the United States.
B) disappointed in the absence of a democratic utopia in the United States.
C) pleased with the German crop successes.
D) militant about new German immigrants.
Page Ref: 86
13) Many of the "Forty-eighters" supported:
A) abolition of slavery. B) immigration tariffs.
C) revolution in Prussia. D) overthrow of local political structures.
Page Ref: 87
14) Which church substituted English for German as the language for worship?
A) Anglican B) Methodist C) Baptist D) Lutheran
Page Ref: 87
26
15) The disruption that came from the Civil War:
A) completely halted immigration.
B) slowed but didn't stop immigration.
C) led to the Immigration Filtering Act of 1861.
D) was controlled by Southern Military forces.
Page Ref: 87
16) By the 1890s, the leading regions of immigrants coming to the United States were:
A) Southern and Eastern Europe. B) Northern and Western Europe.
C) Latin American. D) Asian.
Page Ref: 87
17) In 1875 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that only the ________ ________ was empowered by the
Constitution to regulate immigration.
A) state legislatures B) county governments
C) European countries D) U.S. Congress
Page Ref: 88
18) The most popular landing site for European immigrants was in:
A) New York. B) Boston. C) Savannah. D) Charleston.
Page Ref: 88
19) The "Golden Door" is sometimes called the "Isle of Tears" for this place:
A) Castle Garden. B) Boston Harbor. C) Ellis Island. D) Cherry point.
Page Ref: 88
20) All of the following were reported as being common to the second great immigrant stream,
except:
A) Lithuanians. B) Bulgarians. C) Mexicans. D) Serbs.
Page Ref: 89
21) Many natives in the United States came to see the second great stream of immigrants as being:
A) artificial. B) genuine. C) overzealous. D) under-zealous.
Page Ref: 90
27
22) Why didn't the second stream immigrant move beyond the frontier?
A) The jobs there were only for existing natives.
B) Indian hostility
C) Civil War
D) It was officially closed.
Page Ref: 90
23) All of the following explain the Italian immigrants of the second stream immigrants, except:
A) peasants B) literate
C) vast numbers (3 million) D) economically dislocated
Page Ref: 90
24) Italian men often worked ________ jobs.
A) skilled blue-collar B) professional
C) pick-and-shovel D) medical
Page Ref: 90
25) Another word for "birds of passage" Italians is:
A) sojourners. B) day-laborers.
C) permanent non-residents. D) crooks.
Page Ref: 92
26) Many native Americans saw Italian immigrants in the second stream as being:
A) dilettantes. B) lazy Catholics. C) anti-American. D) criminals.
Page Ref: 92
27) The U.S. Jewish culture became dominated by ________ Jews.
A) Italian B) Russian C) British D) German
Page Ref: 94
28) The Jewish reform movement included all of the following except:
A) consumption of pork. B) inter-faith marriage.
C) Sunday as Sabbath. D) little use of Hebrew in worship.
Page Ref: 94
28
29) Russian Jews resembled Italians on this one factor.
A) their worship
B) their little previous experience in urban living
C) their origins from large cities
D) their experience in the banking industry
Page Ref: 95
30) The National-Origins Principle has been:
A) perpetuated in immigration practice to this day.
B) modified slightly into the INNA of 1962.
C) eliminated by later legislation.
D) groundbreaking in the 1990s.
Page Ref: 100
True or False Questions
1) During the decade of the 1820s, America was a very popular destination for emigrants.
Page Ref: 79
2) In the 1840s a virulent form of potato rot struck the Irish potato farmers.
Page Ref: 81
3) The Irish threatened the natives in America with their Roman Catholicism and activity in
politics.
Page Ref: 82
4) Irish men emigrated more than Irish women.
Page Ref: 83
5) Most Irish women were laborers on canals or roads.
Page Ref: 84
6) Germans form mutual aid societies to help new immigrants coming to the United States.
Page Ref: 86
29
7) The newer Germans got along perfectly well with the established native Germans in the
United States.
Page Ref: 87
8) Ellis Island had about 16 million immigrants successfully enter through its gates.
Page Ref: 88
9) In spite of the rise of Italians, Austrians, and Russians, Germans continued to be the number
one source for United States immigrants.
Page Ref: 88
10) Most second stream immigrants were poverty stricken.
Page Ref: 90
11) Many Italian women who did work went into the "needle trades."
Page Ref: 92
12) In 1912, Massachusetts Italians were highly over-represented in prisons.
Page Ref: 92
13) The Irish were called the "Chinese of Europe."
Page Ref: 93
14) The earliest Jews to arrive in the United States were called the Sephardim.
Page Ref: 94
15) The German Jews gave no support to the Russian Jews because they felt they were superior to
the Russians.
Page Ref: 95
16) By 1900, the Italian men were 30 times more likely to work in the garment industry than were
White men.
Page Ref: 96
30
17) The human suffering experienced by the people who came in the second great immigration
stream is incalculable.
Page Ref: 97
18) In 1924 the United States began using immigration quotas with the national-origins principle.
Page Ref: 98
19) Most refugees who came to the United States came in the first great immigration stream.
Page Ref: 98
20) Since 1968 the U.S. immigration policy has been considered more humane.
Page Ref: 99
21) The immigrants of the third stream have become much more diverse in their places of
destination within the United States.
Page Ref: 102
22) Recent immigration patterns have reversed the "browning of America" trend some have
observed.
Page Ref: 104
Essay Questions
1) Describe the adjustments made by the various groups of Jews that immigrated to the United
States and how these adjustments were similar or different from those made by other groups
that immigrated in large numbers.
2) Which cultural, political, and historical factors predisposed the Italians to struggle to assimilate
once in the United States?
3) Briefly describe the history and influence of the National-Origins Principle, how it came to rise
and later fall. What replaced it and why is it better or worse?
4) What socio-economic circumstances did the Irish, Germans, and many others leave and what
did they find here in the United States after they migrated?
5) Using a few of the groups from each immigration stream, give examples of exploitation of
newcomers by natives. Who did the exploiting and did nationality make any difference?
31
6) What did the Germans do or fail to do that led the natives to see them as being collectively
threatening to themselves and their country?
7) What motivated the Irish, Germans, Eastern and Southern Europeans, and Jews to migrate to
the United States (push factors)? What were their perceived pull factors and how did they find
out about them?
8) List ten differences in third stream immigrants and either first or second stream immigrants.
9) How is current immigration policy more humane toward non-European immigrants?
10) For each of the groups discussed in the three immigration streams list one or two descriptive
words that typifies native perceptions. Also list how accurate each description really was
based on the information in the text.
32
Multiple Choice Questions
1) America's nativist responses to immigrants included all of the following except:
A) attacks on Catholics.
B) attacks on Protestants.
C) attacks on illiteracy.
D) attacks on political rights of naturalized citizens.
Page Ref: 114
2) These immigrants were perceived as being threats of revolutionaries.
A) Russians B) Spanish C) French D) Germans
Page Ref: 115
3) The Civil War brought an end to the strife between the natives and first stream immigrants
because:
A) most of the immigrants got killed.
B) most of the natives lost loved ones.
C) most of the immigrants proved their loyalty by fighting.
D) most of the non-Whites donated funds.
Page Ref: 116
4) The lines between physical racial boundaries are:
A) NOT clear cut. B) clear cut.
C) scientifically established. D) politically based.
Page Ref: 117
5) Which region would be considered "superior" according to social Darwinistic ideology?
A) Nordic B) Asian C) Mediterranean D) African
Page Ref: 118
6) There is massive evidence that visible, phenotypic races are:
A) pure. B) moderately pure.
C) highly intermixed. D) slightly intermixed.
Page Ref: 120
33
7) This researcher relied on estimates of heritability to calculate the relative contributions of
heredity and environment to an individual's mental ability.
A) Herrnstein B) Murray C) Thurstone D) Jensen
Page Ref: 121
8) All of the following are criticisms of The Bell Curve, except:
A) misused media B) misused statistics
C) It is a political brief.
Page Ref: 122
9) In 1882 Congress passed this xenophobic act.
A) Chinese Exclusion Act
C) "Yellow Peril Act"
Page Ref: 124
D) It is really just social Darwinism.
B) "Anti-Coolie" Act
D) Leland-Stanford Act
10) Native workers and business owners considered Chinese laborers to be:
A) diligent. B) slaves. C) dependable. D) expendable.
Page Ref: 124
11) The Immigration Act of 1924 modified the Immigration Act of 1917 in all of the following ways
except:
A) changed the base year
B) made the annual quotas set at 165,000
C) raised annual quotas for all countries
D) began National-Origins principle in 1929
Page Ref: 125
12) The Immigration Act of 1924 resulted in a dramatic change in America's historic:
A) closed-door policy.
C) open-door policy.
Page Ref: 126
34
B) revolving-door policy.
D) shut-tight door policy.
13) Regardless of some of the struggles suffered by First and Second stream immigrants, ________
have been more acceptable than non-whites in the United States.
A) Indians B) Whites
C) Blacks D) Mediterraneans
Page Ref: 126
14) Public statements by majority group members have become more ________ to minority groups
over time in the United States.
A) hostile B) virulent C) diffuse D) sympathetic
Page Ref: 127
15) ________ refers to an unfavorable attitude and perhaps an unfavorable action toward people
who are members of a particular racial or ethnic group.
A) Ethnocentrism B) Stereotypes C) Racism D) Sexism
Page Ref: 127
16) All of the following categories address the theories of the ways prejudice are caused except:
A) cultural transmission B) bound up in team sports
C) bound up in group memberships D) personality structure of individual
Page Ref: 128
17) ________ ________ is the feeling one group member has about how socially proximate another
group's members should be able to interact with one's own.
A) Social distance B) Social stigma
C) Social desirability D) Social stratification
Page Ref: 129
18) In Katz and Braly's 1933 study, college students saw Turks as being:
A) intelligent. B) mercenary. C) lazy. D) cruel.
Page Ref: 129
19) The tendency to rate all out-group members as lower than in-group members is called:
A) prejudice. B) stereotypes. C) ethnocentrism. D) discrimination.
Page Ref: 130
35
20) Mead's 1934 theory focuses on how infants initially view the world from their own ________
perspective.
A) self B) aggression C) structural D) authoritarian
Page Ref: 130
21) Taking out your frustration on an easy safe target is called:
A) violence. B) scapegoating.
C) bull dogging. D) social misalignment.
Page Ref: 131
22) Respondents scoring high on the F-Score scored high on:
A) fascism. B) frustration-aggression.
C) fanaticism. D) forensic-orientation.
Page Ref: 132
23) All of the following are categorical theories of discrimination except:
A) aggression. B) situation pressures.
C) group conflict. D) institutional.
Page Ref: 132
24) LaPiere (1934) found that even though 92 percent of hotel owners stated they would not let
Chinese stay at their hotel:
A) one hundred percent refused Chinese customers.
B) all let Chinese stay.
C) most let Chinese stay.
D) most let only Whites stay.
Page Ref: 133
25) Prejudice and discrimination ________ go together.
A) always B) do not necessarily
C) absolutely D) never
Page Ref: 133
36
26) Assuming that our actions are always caused by our attitudes is an example of the:
A) fundamental aggression error. B) fundamental attribution error.
C) systemic deterioration theory. D) systemic attribution theory.
Page Ref: 134
27) The authors discuss the question, "Do some Americans still ________ today for being members
of minorities?"
A) pay the price B) suffer the pain
C) feel the joy D) enjoy the benefits
Page Ref: 134
28) In 1999, the median income for Blacks in the United States was:
A) $51,224. B) $26,789.
Page Ref: 135
29) Bonacich's contribution is called:
A) scapegoating.
C) self theory.
Page Ref: 135
C) $45,190. D) $31,788.
B) split-labor market theory.
D) authoritarianism.
30) Both group conflict theories and institutional discrimination theories emphasize that
discrimination has important sources other than:
A) group prejudices. B) cultural themes in prejudices.
C) individual prejudices. D) national norms.
Page Ref: 138
True or False Questions
1) The authors argue that the door to America was always fully open.
Page Ref: 114
2) Natives feared that European countries were using the United States as its dumping grounds.
Page Ref: 115
37
3) Most foreigners proved their loyalties during the Civil War.
Page Ref: 116
4) The authors demonstrate how researchers used science to support their racist ideas.
Page Ref: 117
5) Brigham (1923) found major problems with the Army intelligence tests.
Page Ref: 118-119
6) By WWII most scholarly types felt that only heredity affected intelligence.
Page Ref: 119
7) Gould argued that there were multiple types of intelligences.
Page Ref: 120
8) The Bell Curve connected IQ to current social problems and race.
Page Ref: 122
9) The Chinese rarely found justice for the violence committed against them.
Page Ref: 123-124
10) No Chinese helped to build U.S. railroads because of the laws.
Page Ref: 124
11) The ideas of scientific racism were under strong attack during the twentieth century.
Page Ref: 126
12) Americans may exhibit a social desirability biasπthat is to say exactly how they feel and get it
all out in the open.
Page Ref: 127
13) The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is very simple and obvious.
Page Ref: 128
38
14) Bogardus started the research techniques on social distance studies.
Page Ref: 129
15) Groups have nothing to do with the assumptions of social identity theory.
Page Ref: 130
16) The vicious circle often leads to the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Page Ref: 131
17) Authoritarianism is highly related to prejudice.
Page Ref: 132
18) LaPiere's study showed that people's behavior depended more on group membership than on
attitudes.
Page Ref: 133
19) Noel (1968) studied how split labor markets impact economic standing.
Page Ref: 134
20) Marx argued that owners lose money when discrimination occurs.
Page Ref: 135
21) Many studies indicate that dominant group members profit from discrimination.
Page Ref: 136
22) Prejudice must be present to keep the current institutional discrimination system intact.
Page Ref: 137
Essay Questions
1) Make a brief list of ten reasons that heredity alone is not enough to explain intelligence.
2) Briefly summarize the key events leading up to the Chinese Exclusion Act.
3) Describe five core flaws with The Bell Curve's argument
39
4) Describe how the Immigration Act of 1924 significantly changed the trends of immigration to
the United States.
5) Take a pluralist position and create five strategies for countering prejudice in science and/or
education.
6) Support the argument that prejudice does not have to be present for discrimination to occur.
Present at least six core supportive claims.
7) Summarize the main theories of prejudice providing a pro and con argument for each one.
8) Make a brief list of four attempts at scientific racism which failed and why each failed.
9) Make a vocabulary list of the following words: racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and
discrimination. Give examples of each of these from Chapter 5.
10) Prepare an argument to support the claim that prejudice has diminished among U.S. people.
Provide examples from Chapter 5. Now, give three reasons why discrimination can still be a
major problem in the United States.
40
Slavery to Segregation
Multiple Choice Questions
1) It was during the 1650-1700 period when changes in the production of ________ led to the
acceptance of Black slavery as the solution to the labor problem.
A) sugar cane B) corn C) cotton D) tobacco
Page Ref: 150
2) According to Bennett (1964) being ________ became a badge of servitude.
A) poor B) non-native C) Black D) Catholic
Page Ref: 150
3) All of the following forms of slave resistance were commonly practiced except:
A) murdering masters.
C) breaking tools.
Page Ref: 151
4) When the Civil War began, slave resistance:
A) declined.
C) declined under pressure.
Page Ref: 151
B) self-induced abortions.
D) working slow.
B) remained unchanged.
D) increased under Union encouragement.
5) Elkins claimed all of the following about the experience of Black slaves, except:
A) Slavery was oppressive.
B) Slaves had a life-albeit at a subsistence level.
C) Slavery reduced Blacks to a subhuman condition.
D) Slave conditions generated extreme subservience and passivity.
Page Ref: 152
6) Fogel and Engerman's first book touched off an intellectual firestorm because they did not
include a:
A) set of quantitative data.
C) condemnation of slavery.
Page Ref: 152
B) reference section.
D) condemnation of Whites.
41
7) All of the following are true of the American Black experience except:
A) Blacks resemble a colonized minority. B) Blacks, like Europeans came voluntarily.
C) Blacks did not come voluntarily. D) Blacks resembled a conquered people.
Page Ref: 153
8) The American Colonization Society established which African country for freed Blacks?
A) Zaire (Congo) B) South Africa C) Zambia D) Liberia
Page Ref: 153
9) The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on:
A) November 23, 1697. B) July 4, 1776.
C) January 1, 1863. D) January 1, 1963.
Page Ref: 154
10) The following bureau was set up to assist Blacks after the Civil War ended:
A) Blackmen's. B) Freedmen's. C) Former slave's. D) All free.
Page Ref: 154
11) Presidents Lincoln and Johnson promoted an equality based reconstruction plan which was
officially opposed to by ________ ________ in most Southern States.
A) Black codes B) Black laws
C) segregationist laws D) segregationist codes
Page Ref: 154
12) One strong piece of federal legislation which protected "privileges and immunities" of citizens
was called the:
A) Thirteenth Amendment. B) Fourteenth Amendment.
C) Civil Rights Act of 1836. D) Civil Rights Act of 1905.
Page Ref: 155
13) It can be said that the reconstruction governments of post-Civil war United States succeeded
in placing ________ ________ in the hands of the common people.
A) federal monies B) federal pardons
C) political graft D) political power
Page Ref: 155
42
14) In the late 1880s, Whites secretively responded to the changing social order by forming the:
A) KKK. B) Arian Knights.
C) Whites-only clubs. D) SORD Clans.
Page Ref: 156
15) The Klan's campaign against blacks became increasingly:
A) peaceful over time.
B) sympathetic to Whites, Blacks, and Jews.
C) terrorist.
D) legalized.
16) Southern legislators in post-Civil war United States worked to gain all of the following, except:
A) cooperative national work.
B) removal of federal troops.
C) recapturing state governments.
D) resolving problems without interference.
Page Ref: 156
17) A new form of southern economic slavery that impoverished Whites and Blacks was called:
A) slavery. B) indentured servitude.
C) human bondage. D) sharecropping.
Page Ref: 157
18) Jim Crow laws were legislated at all of the following levels, except:
A) state. B) federal. C) city. D) county.
Page Ref: 157
19) Efforts to block the Black voters from exercising their rights to vote included a "grandfather
clause" which claimed that you could vote then if your grandfather could legally vote in:
A) 1860. B) 1863. C) 1890. D) 1904.
Page Ref: 158
20) The U.S. separate but equal doctrine was established through which Supreme Court case?
A) Brown v. Topeka B) Plessy v. Topeka
C) Plessy v. Ferguson D) Brown v. Ferguson
Page Ref: 159
43
21) Legal segregation, with only a few exceptions was established primarily in the:
A) South. B) North. C) West. D) East.
Page Ref: 160
22) A major immigration pattern for Blacks occurred after WWI in this direction:
A) Africa to the United States. B) South to West in the United States.
C) Europe to the United States. D) South to North in the United States.
Page Ref: 161
23) The author of the speech called the Atlanta Compromises was:
A) W.E.B. DuBois. B) Booker T. Washington.
C) Monroe Trotter. D) Nan Tucker.
Page Ref: 162
24) Those who formed the Niagara movement claimed that:
A) Booker T. Washington was right.
B) Blacks should wait things out without doing much.
C) Blacks should protest the curtailment of their rights.
D) Nan Tucker was right.
Page Ref: 163
25) The NAACP was formed by all of the following except:
A) W.E.B. DuBois. B) Whites.
C) Blacks. D) Booker T. Washington.
Page Ref: 164
26) During the period between the Emancipation Proclamation and the Depression thousands of
Blacks had been:
A) deported. B) lynched. C) raped. D) robbed.
Page Ref: 164
27) The Black renaissance originated from which city?
A) Atlanta B) Memphis C) Chicago D) Harlem
Page Ref: 165
44
28) The UNIA focused on sending Blacks to:
A) Africa. B) colleges. C) the West. D) Congress.
Page Ref: 165
29) The NAACP opposed this Black civil rights leader.
A) Garvey B) DuBois C) Taylor D) King
Page Ref: 166
30) A threat to hold a march on Washington, D.C led President Roosevelt to issue order No. 8802
which ________ in defense sectors.
A) allocated Black college funds
B) prohibited lynchings
C) prohibited racial discrimination
D) allocated federal monies for segregation reparations
Page Ref: 169
True or False Questions
1) Prosser, Vesey, and Turner were all hanged for slave uprisings.
Page Ref: 151
2) Gutman found that slaves rarely lived in marriages or long-term family relationships.
Page Ref: 152
3) Fogel ended up writing two books on the effects of slavery.
Page Ref: 152
4) Most Blacks were kept from assimilating into the White's world.
Page Ref: 153
5) White and Black Union troops were paid the same wage from the outset.
Page Ref: 154
6) After the Civil War the North divided the southern states into ten military districts.
Page Ref: 155
45
7) The old plantar class in the South was infuriated by the reconstruction plan.
Page Ref: 155
8) The KKK's values were integrated into the everyday lives of White Protestants.
Page Ref: 156
9) The tenancy and sharecropping system worked to the disadvantage of practically everyone but
the lenders.
Page Ref: 157
10) Legislation was passed to segregate the southern schools and churches before reconstruction
even ended.
Page Ref: 158
11) In 1890 Mississippi led the southern states in disenfranchising Black voters.
Page Ref: 158
12) All the Supreme Court Justices supported segregation in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case.
Page Ref: 159
13) In some ways, Jim Crow proved to me a more efficient system of subordination than slavery
had been.
Page Ref: 160
14) Blacks moved in large numbers to northern cities for industrial jobs.
Page Ref: 161
15) Researchers claim there is no comparison ever between Blacks and Europeans in terms of
migration patterns.
Page Ref: 161
16) Blacks lost most of the gains from the Civil War with the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.
Page Ref: 162
46
17) Almost every Black civil rights activist supported the Atlanta Compromise.
Page Ref: 162-163
18) In 1921 Tulsa, Oklahoma, a street brawl occurred between Blacks and Whites where about 50
died.
Page Ref: 165
19) Garvey came under fire exclusively from Whites who felt threatened by his "Back to Africa"
campaign.
Page Ref: 166
20) The Lost Nation of Islam was a separationist movement.
Page Ref: 167
21) CORE was a non-violent organization that sought for change.
Page Ref: 169
22) The Supreme Court Case Brown v. Topeka Board of Education was the undoing of separate but
equal legislation set in place by Plessy v. Ferguson.
Page Ref: 171
Essay Questions
1) Briefly summarize the key legislative outcomes discussed in Chapter 6, Include a brief
statement on their effect on Black quality of life.
2) Using examples provided in the text, create an argument in favor of using peaceful,
non-violent efforts to bring about civil rights change.
3) Create a roster of key Black civil rights leaders who had an impact (for better or worse) on the
history of the Black experience in the United States.
4) Provide a few supportive evidences that the migration of Blacks from the rural south to the
urban north resembled European migration stream to the United States.
5) Make a list of at least ten major civil rights infractions Blacks suffered while in the United
States. Include page references to your text. How many of these are unique to the Black
experience?
47
6) Take the position of the critics of the Atlanta Compromise and make a list of weaknesses
Booker T. Washington had in his approach.
7) How did the dominant White group react to the loss of the Civil War, reconstruction plan, and
federal legislation which followed?
8) Make the argument that the experience of Blacks resembles the experience of a conquered or
colonized people.
9) Provide at least five examples from your text of how Blacks supported the national agenda at
various times in history, in spite of the overall mistreatment of Blacks in the country.
10) Make the argument that the experience of Blacks is unique in comparison to Native Americans,
Mexican Americans, and Irish Americans.
48
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Who refused to give up the bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama and sparked a bus boycott in
1955?
A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Rosa Parks
C) Malcolm X D) Mary Waters
Page Ref: 179
2) SNCC was by definition a ________ organization.
A) militaristic B) separationist C) non-violent D) back to Africa
Page Ref: 180
3) All of the following were used against the peaceful protesters in Alabama except:
A) water hoses. B) dogs. C) clubs. D) rifles.
Page Ref: 180
4) The effects of the direct-action protests between 1956 and 1964 were:
A) outstanding.
B) minimal.
C) mixed.
D) overwhelmingly in favor of the dominant group.
Page Ref: 181
5) The legislation of 1964 and 1965 marked:
A) the end of official segregation in America.
B) the beginning of official segregation in America.
C) the beginning of the KKK.
D) the end of the KKK.
Page Ref: 181
49
6) This Civil Rights activist argued that the United States should set aside territory for Blacks or
send them back to Africa.
A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Malcolm X
C) Rosa Parks D) W.E.B. DuBois
Page Ref: 182
7) This riot saw 34 people killed, thousands injured and hundreds of buildings burned and was
one of the worst riots since 1943.
A) Atlanta B) Harlem C) Chicago D) Watts
Page Ref: 183
8) Most Whites associated this slogan with Black revolutionaries and separatist organizations.
Blacks associated it with pride and self-help.
A) "Black Love" B) "Black Force"
C) "Black Freedom" D) "Black Power"
Page Ref: 183
9) Which decade saw a calming of the civil rights activism?
A) 1950s B) 1960s C) 1970s D) 2000s
Page Ref: 184
10) In the riots that followed the Rodney King beating in Los Angeles, who were the primary
targets of the rioters?
A) Whites B) non-Whites C) Hispanics D) police
Page Ref: 185
11) Who were less likely to see the arrest of Rodney King and the release of the officers that beat
him as evidence of a larger pattern of racism?
A) Whites B) non-Whites
Page Ref: 185-186
12) On the O.J. Simpson trial, Blacks and Whites:
A) held differing opinions.
C) supported O.J.
Page Ref: 186
50
C) Hispanics D) Blacks
B) held the same opinion.
D) supported the Goldmans.
13) Hochschild attributed the continued elusive racial bias that African Americans face in the
United States to:
A) "the legacy of Jim Crow." B) "the legacy of slavery."
C) "the permanence of racism." D) "the hidden racist agenda."
Page Ref: 186
14) When police or authorities use race as part of the calculation of whether a person should be the
subject of surveillance, questioning, or searching, it is called:
A) racial profiling. B) gender profiling.
C) cutting the race. D) chasing the skin.
Page Ref: 187
15) All of the following corporations had major discrimination suits brought against them except:
A) Texaco. B) Dennys. C) Shoneys. D) Disney.
Page Ref: 188
16) The authors argue that many African Americans have moved slowly toward citizenship
suffering more from ________ ________ than from old fashion racism.
A) modern sharecropping B) modern slavery
C) modern racism D) modern servitude
Page Ref: 188
17) Levine argued that Black Americans succeeded in constructing their own culture and that
"culture is not a fixed condition but a ________."
A) state of mind B) process C) state of being D) plan
Page Ref: 189
18) Which research claimed the fabric of the Negro society and family were deteriorating?
A) Gutman B) Levine C) DuBois D) Moynihan
Page Ref: 189
19) Which researcher claimed that in spite of the undeniable hardships of slavery, Black slaves
placed a high value on family stability and responsibility?
A) Gutman B) Levine C) DuBois D) Moynihan
Page Ref: 190
51
20) This 1995 event took place in hopes that it could help to overcome the overwhelmingly
negative images of Blacks and Black males.
A) Bus Boycott B) Million Man March
C) Black Power Day D) Black Vote Day
Page Ref: 191
21) In 2000, which race had the most female professionals?
A) Blacks B) Asians
C) Native Americans D) Whites
Page Ref: 192
22) During the 1960s and 1970s, Black men showed a significant ________ in income.
A) improvement B) stagnation C) decline D) reversal
Page Ref: 193
23) Black families earn approximately ________ on White families dollar in the United States.
A) 100 cents B) 95 cents C) 80 cents D) 62 cents
Page Ref: 194
24) Nearly one in ________ Black families was affluent in the United States in 1989.
A) 17 B) 13 C) 10 D) 7
Page Ref: 194
25) In terms of racial segregation, some argue that residential segregation may persist because
A) are still discriminated against.
B) are still too poor to live among Asians and Whites.
C) prefer to live in homogeneous neighborhoods.
D) prefer to live in heterogeneous neighborhoods.
Page Ref: 198
52
26) Black-White intermarriages have been ________ in recent decades.
A) declining
B) increasing
C) remaining stable
D) leading to unprecedented levels of divorces
Page Ref: 201
27) Which U.S. Supreme Court Case placed the burden of proof on employers with Affirmative
Action?
A) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. B) Regents of U. of California v. Bakke
C) Grutter v. Bollinger D) Gratz v. Bollinger
Page Ref: 204
28) Which U.S. Supreme Court case disallowed racial quotas with Affirmative Action?
A) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. B) Regents of U. of California v. Bakke
C) Grutter v. Bollinger D) Gratz. v. Bollinger
Page Ref: 205
29) Which U.S. Supreme Court case disallowed race in consideration of undergraduate admissions
in 2003 with Affirmative Action?
A) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. B) Regents of U. of California v. Bakke
C) Grutter v. Bollinger D) Gratz v. Bollinger
Page Ref: 207
30) Which U. S. Supreme Court case allowed racial considerations for law school admissions in
2003 with Affirmative Action?
A) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. B) Regents of U. of California v. Bakke
C) Grutter v. Bollinger D) Gratz v. Bollinger
Page Ref: 205
True or False Questions
1) Amid the charges of excessive conservatism of radicalism, nearly all the main Black protest
groups adopted some combination of legal and direct-action methods.
Page Ref: 180
53
2) President John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights reform program was passed in 1974 as the Civil
Rights Amendment.
Page Ref: 181
3) Malcolm Little changed his name to Malcolm X to drop his slave master's name.
Page Ref: 182
4) In 1943, no Black protest took place.
Page Ref: 183
5) The Civil Rights Act of 1991 reversed the effects of some rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court
concerning discrimination in employment.
Page Ref: 184
6) A poll of Americans after the Rodney King beating trial said that the verdict would have been
the same had every one been White (King and policemen).
Page Ref: 186
7) The Rodney King and O.J. Simpson cases and racial profiling bring up the issue of racial
injustice in the administration of criminal law.
Page Ref: 187
8) Kennedy (2001) pointed out that racial profiling generates anger, humiliation, distrust, and
resentment among Blacks.
Page Ref: 187
9) Texaco made out-of-court settlements and set goals to hire Blacks and other minorities after its
1990s discrimination case.
Page Ref: 188
10) Many critics of the Moynihan report focus on his assumption that Black problems are caused
by the Black family.
Page Ref: 190
54
11) African American and Anglo American cultures are identical according to the research
presented in the text.
Page Ref: 191
12) Large numbers of Blacks are unemployed, underemployed, or are employed at substandard
wages.
Page Ref: 193
13) When Black and White women are compared, the average earnings of Black women are lower
than those of White women of similar education and experience.
Page Ref: 194
14) In both the 1980s and 1990s, race differences in illiteracy were negligible.
Page Ref: 195
15) The theory of spatial assimilation claims that the more minorities assimilate, the more they
would move into less segregated neighborhoods.
Page Ref: 196
16) From 1960 to 1990, the average level of residential segregation has increased.
Page Ref: 197
17) Hallinan and Williams (1989) reported that in over one million high school friendship pairs,
only a few hundred were interracial.
Page Ref: 200
18) About 20 percent of African American men and women were interracially married in 1996.
Page Ref: 202
19) W.E.B. DuBois stated that for Blacks, "one ever feels his twoness."
Page Ref: 203
20) Many U.S. presidents laid the foundation for Affirmative Action with their presidential orders.
Page Ref: 204
55
21) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Texas in the Hopwood v. Texas case.
Page Ref: 206
22) Percent plans have been universally successful in creating fairness and diversity.
Page Ref: 206-207
Essay Questions
1) Briefly summarize the legal orders, cases, and rulings that lead up to the 2003 Michigan cases
with Affirmative Action.
2) List ten pros and cons of Affirmative Action using arguments from the text. Which
perspective do you support and why?
3) Briefly summarize the Black protest efforts that proved to be most successful during the 1950s
to 1970s.
4) Describe the overall economic improvements/declines of Black Americans with regard to:
income, education, residential segregation, and affluence.
5) Describe the major riots discussed in Chapter 7. What types of damage did they do? What
types of progress did they help to achieve?
6) Make the argument that global shifts in the economy have weakened the earning power of
Black Americans in recent decades. Provide evidence to support your claim.
7) Compare and contrast the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1991 in terms of their impact on Black
Americans' access to the "American Dream."
8) Provide five racial and five non-racial explanations for the disparity in Black and White
perceptions on the Rodney King and O.J. Simpson cases.
9) Describe the cultural assimilation experience of Black Americans, including a discussion of
how Black America has influenced the dominant culture.
10) Explain preferences for residential segregation in-group (in-race) marital patterns, and
in-group primary relationships using the in and out group approach to human relationships.
56
Minority to Political Activists
Multiple Choice Questions
1) The highest concentration of Mexican Americans is in the:
A) Bay area. B) Bible belt region.
C) Borderlands region. D) northwestern U.S. region.
Page Ref: 227
2) The authors argue that the best approach to the Mexican American experience is the:
A) anti-assimilationist framework. B) melting pot framework.
C) Parks model approach. D) three generation hypothesis.
Page Ref: 227
3) According to the authors, the exploration and colonization of the Spanish territories, including
Mexico, relied more strongly on the initiative of the Crown and the ________.
A) sea B) classroom
C) war with Portugal D) church
Page Ref: 228
4) Compared to the culture of the United States, the culture of Mexico had become much more
________ by 1821 than had the United States.
A) Anglicized B) Francafied C) Spanicized D) Indianized
Page Ref: 228
5) The United States and Spain, and later Mexico, had international relations that could be best
described as:
A) "Exploitative." B) "Mutually beneficial."
C) "Tension." D) "Cooperative."
Page Ref: 229
6) In the Texas frontier most people were a mixture of Spanish and Indian, also called:
A) Mestizo. B) Braceros. C) Tecanos. D) Jetanos.
Page Ref: 229
57
7) By the time Texas revolted from Mexico, most were:
A) Tejanos. B) Anglos. C) Mexican. D) Braceros.
Page Ref: 229-230
8) Texas was an independent republic for only ________ years.
A) 2 B) 5 C) 10 D) 37
Page Ref: 230
9) The treaty that gave half of Mexico to the United States and ended the war with Mexico was
called the Treaty of:
A) Guadalupe Hidalgo. B) Guadalupe Santa Anna.
C) Mexican Annexation. D) Texas Liberation.
Page Ref: 230
10) Those Mexicans living in Texas who did not declare their intentions to remain Mexicans after
one year:
A) were deported. B) were imprisoned.
C) were automatically U.S. citizens. D) were automatically Mexican citizens.
Page Ref: 230
11) Mexican Americans became a conquered ________ in the United States.
A) minority B) racial group
C) dominant group D) extinct group
Page Ref: 231
12) After the war with Mexico ended the ________ did not end.
A) revolution B) diseases C) slavery D) violence
Page Ref: 231
13) It took the United States about ________ years to establish control over the Mexican Americans
living on the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande.
A) 20 B) 40 C) 60 D) 84
Page Ref: 231
58
14) General Pershing's search for Pancho Villa led to ________ relations between the United States
and Mexico.
A) damaged B) improved C) static D) reversed
Page Ref: 232
15) Those comparing the Mexican American experience to that of second stream immigrants base
their claims on the fact that most Mexican Americans came to the United States side of the
border:
A) before 1800. B) after 1800. C) before 1900. D) after 1900.
Page Ref: 232-233
16) The groups most threatening to the dominant group members of the United States in the
second stream were the:
A) Europeans. B) Asians. C) Mexicans. D) Africans.
Page Ref: 233
17) The second wave of Mexican Americans came to the United States since:
A) 1890-1907. B) 1900-1919. C) 1921-1930. D) 1945-1960.
Page Ref: 233
18) Based on Table 8.1, the peak years for numbers of Mexican immigrants to the United States
were:
A) 1991-2000. B) 1971-1980. C) 1921-1930. D) 1900-1910.
Page Ref: 234
19) Alvarez (1985) argues that the boundary between the United States and Mexico is:
A) the wall of shame. B) politically neutral.
C) politically arbitrary. D) the river of doom.
Page Ref: 234
20) Alvarez (1985) argues that Mexicans were not immigrants to the United States. He claims they
are more like:
A) emigrants. B) migrants.
C) prisoners. D) victims of racism.
Page Ref: 235
59
21) Alvarez sees any similarity between Mexican "immigration" and European immigration as
being:
A) profound in the self-definition process.
B) destructive to Americans.
C) superficial.
D) the reason for current uprisings in Mexico.
Page Ref: 235
22) Over the 140 years of the Mexican American experience, the process of assimilation has
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ among the Mexican Americans as one would
expect.
A) "not allowed for Anglo conformity"
B) "not produced as much change"
C) "intensely altered Mexican American culture"
D) "intensely altered European cultural traits"
Page Ref: 236
23) ________ moved Mexican American labor into U.S. agricultural work.
A) World War II B) World War I C) Vietnam War D) Iraq-Gulf War
Page Ref: 236
24) The flow of Mexican immigration was dampened in the late 1920s when the United States
discontinued the practice of:
A) issuing permanent visas at border stations.
B) issuing drug tests at border stations.
C) patrolling borders for illegal immigrants.
D) leaving borders unpatrolled.
Page Ref: 237
25) During the U.S. Depression of 1930s many Mexicans were:
A) granted citizenship.
C) deported.
Page Ref: 238
60
B) given permanent residence.
D) lynched.
26) The Braceros Program ended with:
A) great U.S.-Mexican relations.
C) second U.S.-Mexican war.
Page Ref: 239
27) Zoot suiters called themselves:
A) "Tough guys." B) "Americans."
Page Ref: 240
28) The Sleepy Lagoon Trial was:
A) justice at its best.
C) racially neutral.
Page Ref: 240
29) Who finally broke up the Zoot Suit Riots?
A) civilian police
C) Marine soldiers
Page Ref: 241
B) poor U.S.-Mexican relations.
D) border raids.
C) "Mexicans." D) "Pachucos."
B) racially biased.
D) an attack on sailors.
B) shore-patrol/Military Police
D) common citizens
30) Many Mexican American veterans came home to find:
A) continuing discrimination. B) continuing respect and honor.
C) mutual acceptance. D) open work opportunities.
Page Ref: 242
True or False Questions
1) The conquerors of Mexico were Christian and European.
Page Ref: 228
2) Spaniards counted the Mexican Indians as out rather than in.
Page Ref: 228
3) The Hispano-Indian society came into contact with the United States after the Louisiana
Purchase.
Page Ref: 229
61
4) By 1835, Anglos in Texas outnumbered Mexicans 10-1.
Page Ref: 229
5) When Texas was annexed, relations in the borderlands became peaceful for the most part.
Page Ref: 230
6) About 75,000-100,000 Mexicans were in Texas territory as conquered citizens.
Page Ref: 230
7) The land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande was used as a staging area for U.S.
parties seeking more territory from Mexico.
Page Ref: 231
8) Unlike the European immigrants, Mexican immigrants experienced a reversion to violence.
Page Ref: 232
9) Very many Mexican Americans came to the United States in the 50 years following the Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Page Ref: 233
10) Very few Mexicans came to the United States illegally then later became citizens.
Page Ref: 233
11) The highest number of Mexican Americans immigrating to the United States in a decade was
2,249,421.
Page Ref: 234
12) Mexican Americans have felt tremendous pressure in the southwest to become Anglo
American.
Page Ref: 235
13) Railroad work was the first type of work that drew Mexicans to work in the United States.
Page Ref: 236
62
14) The Mexican immigration fell below 4,000 in 1931, a first since 1907.
Page Ref: 238
15) World War II created a manpower surplus, leading to more deportations of Mexicans.
Page Ref: 238
16) Braceros and documented Mexican laborers made the same exact wage.
Page Ref: 239
17) The Sleepy Lagoon trial reinforced the impression that Mexicans were naturally criminals.
Page Ref: 240
18) The Zoot Suit Riot had international implications for America's true racist nature.
Page Ref: 241
19) The war effort was undamaged by the Zoot Suit Riot.
Page Ref: 242
20) About 39 Mexican Americans received the Congressional Medal of Honor in World War II.
Page Ref: 242
21) After World War II, Mexican Americans moved back to rural homes in America.
Page Ref: 243
22) In Plyler v. Doe the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for school districts to
deny a free public education to undocumented immigrant children.
Page Ref: 244
Essay Questions
1) Make the argument that Mexican American immigrants resemble second stream immigrants,
giving specific evidence to support your claim.
2) Make the argument that Mexican American immigrants represent a unique group of ethnic
Americans, unlike second stream immigrants, giving specific evidence to support your claims.
63
3) List ten events that hurt Mexican-U.S. relations over the history of the two countries. Provide
dates.
4) Make the argument that Mexican Americans represent a diverse ethnic group with a
historically unique pattern of immersion into U.S. society.
5) Make the argument that an anti-assimilationist perspective best serves a clear understanding
of the Mexican American experience.
6) Give five evidences that Mexican Americans have successfully resisted Anglo-Conformity.
Give five evidences that Mexican Americans have influenced the mainstream Anglo culture.
7) Make the claim that Mexican Americans have proven their loyalty to the United States at
critical times in the country's history.
8) Make the argument that Mexican Americans since 1900 are newcomers (provide five
evidences). Now, make the argument that Mexican Americans since 1900 are homecomers (provide five evidences).
9) List the key events and dates of both United States and Mexican histories which have
contributed to strained international relations and/or poor dominant group perceptions of Mexican Americans.
10) How are Mexican Americans both an immigrant and colonized group?
64
Chapter 9 Puerto Ricans and Mexican
Multiple Choice Questions
1) According to the U.S. Census 2000, Latinos comprise ________ of the total U.S. population.
A) 9.3 percent B) 12.5 percent C) 37 percent D) 56.3 percent
Page Ref: 254
2) The historic concentration of the Latino population in the United States is where?
A) Southeast B) Northwest C) Southwest D) Midwest
Page Ref: 254
3) What percent of the U.S. Hispanic population is foreign-born?
A) 5 percent B) 20 percent C) 38 percent D) 40 percent
Page Ref: 255
4) Which subgroup of U.S. Hispanics is the largest?
A) Mexicans B) Puerto Ricans C) Dominicans D) Cubans
Page Ref: 255
5) Which subgroup of U.S. Hispanics is the second largest?
A) Cubans B) Dominicans C) Puerto Ricans D) Mexicans
Page Ref: 255
6) All of the following are examples of U.S. Census Bureau struggles to define Mexican and
Puerto Rican Americans except:
A) Mother tongue. B) the use of the term "other."
C) last name spelling. D) skin color.
Page Ref: 256
7) Based on one study, the most preferred racial-group classification was:
A) Hispanic. B) Latin. C) Mexican. D) Spanish-origin.
Page Ref: 257
65
8) The majority of Puerto Ricans live in ________ states.
A) Southwestern B) Northeastern
C) Texas and California D) Florida and Missouri
Page Ref: 257
9) The best way to describe the Hispanic population is:
A) shrinking. B) homogeneous. C) heterogeneous. D) assimilating.
Page Ref: 258
10) Puerto Rico was at one time under the control of all of the following except:
A) France. B) Spain.
C) United States D) Christopher Columbus.
Page Ref: 258
11) When Puerto Ricans voted in the 1950 referendum, they chose a:
A) U.S. state status. B) democracy with a president.
C) commonwealth. D) dictator.
Page Ref: 259
12) Which ethnic group has been among the most successful in maintaining their cultural heritage
in the United States?
A) Italians and Asians B) French and Russians
C) Poles and Africans D) Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans
Page Ref: 259
13) Which is the most important factor when determining if children will speak Spanish or
English?
A) if their parents speak English B) if the schools teach English only
C) if the schools teach bilingual D) if the community is English-speaking
Page Ref: 260
14) As incomes increase, fluency in English:
A) decreases. B) increases.
C) disappears. D) is accompanied by fluency in Spanish.
Page Ref: 261
66
15) The bilingual education debate is framed by Anglo conformity and ________ ideologies.
A) discrimination B) cultural pluralist
C) anti-assimilationist D) conflict
Page Ref: 261
16) According to your text, early in U.S. history, Mexican American children were believed to be
________ in language.
A) deficient B) capable C) retarded D) incapable
Page Ref: 262
17) LULAC fought the school district in the Lemon Grove, California case because:
A) They would not let Hispanics participate in extra-curricular activities.
B) They forbade Spanish-speaking students from attending schools.
C) They integrated schools.
D) They built a Mexican-only school.
Page Ref: 263
18) The ________ Act of 1968, Title VII was an amendment to the 1965 Elementary and Secondary
Education Act which funded bilingual education programs.
A) Language Equity B) Fairness in Learning
C) Bilingual D) English-Only
Page Ref: 264
19) The Lau task Force Remedies recommended ________ education for New York City children.
A) five language B) Spanish-only C) bilingual D) English-only
Page Ref: 264
20) Cultural pluralist would encourage children to learn:
A) English only.
B) Spanish only.
C) two languages.
D) More than one language in bilingual programs.
Page Ref: 266
67
21) Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans have not:
A) substituted Spanish for English.
B) substituted English for Spanish.
C) remained for generations in the United States.
D) voted in favor of bilingual education.
Page Ref: 267
22) Even the fourth generation of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans have retained the value
of:
A) speaking English. B) returning home each year.
C) familism. D) machismo.
Page Ref: 267
23) Puerto Ricans, it has been found, provide ________ of the care their elderly or disabled family
require.
A) none B) most C) some D) all
Page Ref: 268
24) More and more Mexican American men are moving into:
A) exports. B) farm work. C) manual labor. D) professions.
Page Ref: 269
25) Puerto Ricans, seeking employment opportunities have been moving more toward:
A) sunbelt states. B) Northwest. C) Southwest. D) Midwest.
Page Ref: 270
26) Mexican Americans make about ________ on Anglos dollars.
A) 27 cents B) 55 cents C) 67 cents D) 99 cents
Page Ref: 270
27) What percentage of Puerto Ricans live in poverty, according to mid 1980 data?
A) 20 percent B) 33 percent C) 41 percent D) 50 percent
Page Ref: 271
68
28) Many Mexican American and Puerto Rican youth:
A) graduate high school. B) graduate college.
C) drop out of college. D) drop out before graduating high school.
Page Ref: 272
29) Which Hispanic group typically scores segregation index scores above 70?
A) Mexican Americans B) Puerto Ricans
C) Cubans D) Dominicans
Page Ref: 274
30) Which category of Mexican American is most likely to interracially marry (marry out)?
A) those with parents born in Mexico
C) those with native parents
Page Ref: 276
True or False Questions
B) those with parents born in New York
D) those with non-native parents
1) Cubans and Mexican Americans are culturally similar in the United States.
Page Ref: 254
2) Hispanics are a very diverse category of U.S. ethnics.
Page Ref: 255
3) Very few Mexican Americans live in the southwestern U.S. states.
Page Ref: 257
4) At one time in Puerto Rico's history, the United States had political control of the island.
Page Ref: 258
5) Most Puerto Rican migration to the United States came after WWII.
Page Ref: 259
6) Many Puerto Rican islanders speak Spanish better than English.
Page Ref: 260
69
7) Bilingual education in the United States has been implemented with very little controversy.
Page Ref: 261
8) Pluralists want only minority children to be bilingual in the United States.
Page Ref: 261
9) When Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States, the locals chose English as the official
language.
Page Ref: 262
10) The Brown v. Topeka Board of Education case of 1954 was preceded by a case in New York City
brought in behalf of Puerto Rican children.
Page Ref: 263
11) Organizers for English-only language support bilingual language programs.
Page Ref: 264
12) It is estimated that 323 languages are currently spoken in the United States.
Page Ref: 265
13) The post-colonial perspective can be applied to Puerto Rican Americans.
Page Ref: 266
14) Williams (1990) found that Mexican Americans are trying to assimilate into Anglo America
when seeking professions.
Page Ref: 267
15) According to Gordon's theory, Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans are assimilating by
substitution.
Page Ref: 269
16) Unemployment for Whites and Puerto Ricans is almost identical.
Page Ref: 270
70
17) Lemann proposed that dark skinned Puerto Ricans may face racial discrimination once living
in the United States.
Page Ref: 271
18) Mexican Americans appear to be achieving higher levels of education.
Page Ref: 271
19) Puerto Rican youth often receive rural and small school educations in the United States.
Page Ref: 272
20) Male Mexican Americans who completed four years of college made the same money as did
white male college graduates.
Page Ref: 273
21) White Hispanics typically have White friends.
Page Ref: 275
22) The authors claim total support for immigrant and colonial models, based on their findings.
Page Ref: 280
Essay Questions
1) Summarize the key historical events and dates leading up to Puerto Rico's current status with
the United States.
2) Briefly summarize the bilingual education debate including key arguments for and against and
key principles of success from the assimilationistic and pluralistic perspectives.
3) Compare the Mexican American and Puerto Rican assimilation experience (or lack of
assimilation experience) using information provided in Chapter 9.
4) Describe some of the unique hardships faced by Mexican Americans and by Puerto Ricans.
5) How is Puerto Rico similar to or different from the current 50 U.S. states?
6) Make the argument that all U.S. children should learn at least two languages. Which
perspective would you be using?
7) Describe the value of family in Hispanic culture using examples from Mexican American and
Puerto Rican ethnic groups.
71
8) Describe the progress made by Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in terms of primary and
secondary assimilation and structural assimilation.
9) Make the argument that Hispanics represent a very diverse ethnic category of peoples. Use
evidence from Chapter 9.
10) Describe who and how Mexican Americans and/or Puerto Ricans are experiencing upward
socioeconomic movement.
72
Multiple Choice Questions
1) The U.S. government recognizes a total of ________ tribes including those in Alaska.
A) 1,200 B) 900 C) 767 D) 554
Page Ref: 289
2) During the French and Indian War of 1754 and 1761, the Iroquois eventually backed:
A) the English. B) the French. C) the Iroquois. D) the Dutch.
Page Ref: 290
3) Overall, the Proclamation of 1763 gave lip service to the rights of:
A) all Europeans to take whatever land they wanted.
B) all Indians' land rights.
C) all Indian land taken by force or treaty.
D) all squatters' rights.
Page Ref: 291
4) The U.S. government forced the Cherokee to give up ________ acres of its land.
A) 100,000 B) 1 million C) 60 million D) 1 billion
Page Ref: 292
5) In the Worcester case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of ________, but President
Jackson ________ the ruling.
A) Indians, complied to
C) State of Georgia, complied
Page Ref: 293
6) The Florida Seminoles:
A) were defeated by the federal troops.
B) Indians, ignored
D) State of Georgia, ignored
B) were removed by the federal troops after a 15 year stand off.
C) were successful in destroying the entire federal army.
D) were successful in defending their lands against federal troops.
Page Ref: 294
73
7) The tribes on the Plains were:
A) formidable warriors.
C) cooperative at every level.
Page Ref: 295
8) Custer's Last Stand was preceded by:
A) White massacres.
C) miners violating Black Hills lands.
Page Ref: 296
B) easily removed.
D) suicidal fanatics.
B) Native massacres.
D) natives violating Black Hills lands.
9) The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1793 empowered the president to promote ________
among friendly Indians.
A) gambling B) trade
Page Ref: 297
10) The Appropriations Act of 1871 brought an end to:
A) dominant group violence on Indians.
C) education of friendly Indians.
Page Ref: 297
11) The Main effect of the 1887 Dawes Act was to:
A) make Whites into tribal members.
C) transfer White lands to Indians.
Page Ref: 298
C) civilization D) deportation
B) treaty-making.
D) treaty-breaking.
B) make Indians into farmers.
D) transfer Indian lands to Whites.
12) In the beginning, the BIA established two types of schools, day schools and:
A) night schools. B) boarding schools.
C) reservation clubs. D) off-reservation clubs.
Page Ref: 299
13) One of the unfortunate White intervention strategies in response to the Ghost Dances was:
A) the death of Geronimo.
C) the death of Chief Joseph.
Page Ref: 299-300
B) the death of Pontiac.
D) the death of Sitting Bull.
74
14) As the 20th century approached, the population of Indians was only:
A) 2 million. B) 240,000. C) 500,000. D) 100,000.
Page Ref: 300
A) file grievance for violent acts.
B) recover some of their lost lands.
C) recover their adopted children.
D) sue the federal government as a sovereign nation.
Page Ref: 301
16) The terminated tribe, Klamaths, ultimately:
A) never received promised payments for all.
B) learned to trust the BIA.
C) learned to trust the federal government.
D) learned to sell land for money.
Page Ref: 302
17) The friends of Indians were mostly comprised of:
A) Jews. B) Christians. C) Indians. D) Muslims.
Page Ref: 303
18) Which Indian leader graduated in medicine and practiced on the Pine Ridge Reservation?
A) Dr. Charles Eastman (Ohiyesa)
C) Dr. Arthur Parker (Gawasowannah)
Page Ref: 304
19) A group of World War II veterans formed:
A) AIM. B) NYIC.
Page Ref: 305
B) Dr. Carlos Montezuma (Wassaja)
D) Dr. Allen Pontiac (Iroquois)
C) NCAI. D) SIR.
20) A small group of American Indian university students formed:
A) AIM. B) NYIC. C) NCAI. D) SRI.
Page Ref: 305
75
21) After the Supreme Court of Washington State nullified 11 treaties, Indians called for a:
A) sit-in. B) building take-over.
C) picket line. D) fish-in.
Page Ref: 306
22) The text reports that Indian gaming revenues are an estimated ________ per year.
A) $200 million B) $6 billion C) $200 billion D) $6 trillion
Page Ref: 307
23) Pine Ridge Reservation is:
A) one of the richest places in the United States.
B) one of the most densely populated places in the United States.
C) one of the most rural places in the United States.
D) one of the poorest places in the United States.
Page Ref: 308
24) By 1980 more than half of all Indians lived:
A) on reservations. B) in cities.
C) in near-reservation cities. D) on welfare.
Page Ref: 308
25) Reservations suffer from ________ unemployment.
A) very high B) very low
C) moderate D) comparable (to Whites)
Page Ref: 309
26) In terms of ethnic resurgence among Indians, research evidence indicates:
A) There is none.
B) A resurgence came and went without effect.
C) A resurgence is here.
D) No natives show signs of resurgent interests.
Page Ref: 310
76
27) A large number of tribes use blood quantum of ________ for tribal membership status.
A) one-seventh B) one-half C) one-fourth D) one-sixteenth
Page Ref: 311
28) Each of the following tribes reported 100,000 members or more except:
A) Cherokee. B) Iroquois. C) Choctaw. D) Sioux.
Page Ref: 312
29) The largest reservation tribe in the United States is the:
A) Iroquois. B) Choctaw. C) Sioux. D) Navajo.
Page Ref: 313
30) Other than native tribal religions, the most common religion among Indians is:
A) Christianity. B) Buddhism. C) Animism. D) Taoism.
Page Ref: 314
True or False Questions
1) Most of the indigenous Indians survived the diseases brought by the Europeans.
Page Ref: 289
2) The Indians won the French and Indian War.
Page Ref: 290
3) President George Washington attempted to establish a firm peace with the Indians.
Page Ref: 291
4) The English lost the War of 1812 and the Indians gained ongoing European support for their
resistance.
Page Ref: 292
5) Andrew Jackson completely ignored the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling and removed the
Cherokee.
Page Ref: 293
77
6) The United States kept all the treaties made to those Indians who walked the Trail of Tears.
Page Ref: 294
7) White miners mined gold on sacred Indian lands in the Black Hills.
Page Ref: 296
8) The BIA became the commissioner of Indian affairs as the government's administrative agency
in the matter of Indians.
Page Ref: 297
9) The Dawes Act was designed to preserve Native Tribal cultures against assimilation.
Page Ref: 298
10) The U.S. Army massacred women and children at Wounded Knee.
Page Ref: 300
11) The Indian Reorganization Act coincided directly with the realities of Indian life.
Page Ref: 301
12) The termination policy was designed to get government out of Indian business.
Page Ref: 302
13) President Richard Nixon argued for Indian self-determination.
Page Ref: 303
14) SAI was founded on Columbus day in 1911.
Page Ref: 304
15) The Courts have heard many Indian rights issues, but not fishing rights.
Page Ref: 305
16) The takeover of Alcatraz Island failed at every level.
Page Ref: 306
78
17) The text reports that 160 tribes have gaming.
Page Ref: 307
18) Alaska has no native tribes of Indians.
Page Ref: 307
19) Many Indians lived in urban areas before World War II.
Page Ref: 308
20) Indians are on the road to higher levels of assimilation.
Page Ref: 309
21) In 1990 fewer than 3 percent of Indians spoke no English.
Page Ref: 312
22) Native American worldly success almost guarantees the preservation of tribal cultures.
Page Ref: 327
Essay Questions
1) Describe the legal process by which Indians came to be governed under the "Sovereign Nation"
doctrine.
2) Describe the similarities and differences in Mexican American and Native American formal
relations with the U.S. government.
3) Briefly list and describe each of the Indian Civil Rights organizations and those organizations
which have either helped or hindered them.
4) Describe how the migration of Native Americans off the reservations and into the cities and
towns has influenced assimilation.
5) Describe the process of treaty-making and the track record of the Anglo governments in
keeping their end of the treaties. Has the end of treaty-making helped or hurt Native
Americans?
6) Briefly describe the formal programs implemented by Congress to assimilate or "civilize"
Indians and how successful they were. Contrast them with the doctrine of self-determination.
79
7) Describe five major negative consequences to Indians of the Termination Act. Were these
negative consequences ever reversed?
8) Explain "blood quantum" and why such a doctrine is so important to determining membership
in any given tribe.
9) Pick one historical event of Anglo treatment of Indians that you feel symbolizes the overall
experience of natives with the dominant group. Explain your position.
10) Define some of the pros and cons of gaming and financial success to the collective Native
American Experience. List five things that might help natives to preserve their traditional
ways of life.
80
Chapter 11 The Japanese Experience
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which factor helped to bring the fall of Shogun rule in Japan?
A) European Conquest of Japan
B) European trade with Japan
C) European defeat from Japan
D) assassination of all Shogun warriors by Perry's troops
Page Ref: 336
2) Most anti-Japanese efforts in the United States began about:
A) 1776. B) 1800. C) 1863. D) 1900.
Page Ref: 337
3) The School Board Crisis took place in all of the following except:
A) San Francisco. B) early 1900s. C) Japan. D) United States.
Page Ref: 338
4) One of the outcomes of the compromise of the School Board Crisis was:
A) increased Japanese immigration to the United States.
B) the Gentlemen's Agreement.
C) the Oriental Agreement.
D) denial of all Japanese marriages.
Page Ref: 339
5) The majority of Japanese in the 1900 U.S. Census count were:
A) old. B) women. C) men. D) citizens.
Page Ref: 339
6) The "Picture-Bride" program:
A) dramatically increased Japanese American numbers in the United States.
B) depleted the United States of Japanese.
C) stopped all Japanese immigration.
D) nearly started a war.
Page Ref: 339
81
7) The ________ came to the United States before the 1924 exclusion.
A) Issei B) Nisei C) Sansei D) Yonsei
Page Ref: 340
8) The Japanese family tended to be all of the following except:
A) Mother dominated. B) Father dominated.
C) male child preferred. D) cohesive.
Page Ref: 340
9) The most important Issei group was the:
A) Shogun. B) Jenjinkai riku. C) Kenjinkai. D) Yonsei Kenjin.
Page Ref: 341
10) The ________ ________ law came in response to fears that Japanese would take over all the
land in California.
A) Immigration Reform B) Alien Land
C) Alien Reform D) Immigration Land
Page Ref: 342
11) In 1922 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Ozawa was not White and not a:
A) Japanese. B) immigrant. C) thief. D) citizen.
Page Ref: 343
12) The goal of the Issei was to assist the:
A) Yonsei. B) Issei. C) Nisei. D) Sansei.
Page Ref: 344
13) By 1941, the Japanese American community had been developed for ________ years.
A) 27 B) 50 C) 92 D) 127
Page Ref: 345
14) Who ordered the removal of Japanese Americans to camps?
A) General DeWitt B) General Eisenhower
C) President Roosevelt D) the U.S. Supreme Court
Page Ref: 345
82
15) Approximately how many Japanese Americans were imprisoned without warrants or
indictments?
A) 10,000 B) 60,000 C) 110,000 D) 1 million
Page Ref: 346
16) Japanese Americans in Hawaii included all of the following except:
A) 37 percent of the population
B) 200,000 imprisoned Japanese Americans
C) 1,118 imprisoned Japanese Americans
D) individually arrested and charged Japanese Americans who were arrested
Page Ref: 346
17) The dominant element in the development of Japanese relocation is arguably:
A) national security. B) military objectives.
C) race prejudice. D) threats to the war effort.
Page Ref: 347
18) All of the following states housed Japanese detainees except:
A) Utah. B) Idaho. C) Missouri. D) Colorado.
Page Ref: 348
19) One man, a Japanese evacuee named James Wakasa, had fought in WWI and was ________ by
a guard in the Topaz camp.
A) honored B) given preferential treatment
C) beaten D) shot and killed
Page Ref: 349
20) Gordon Hirabayashi's case before the U.S. Supreme Court ended in a ruling that the curfew
was:
A) constitutional and not appropriate.
C) constitutional and appropriate.
Page Ref: 350
83
B) unconstitutional and not appropriate.
D) unconstitutional and appropriate.
21) Which U.S. Supreme Court case ruled that all Japanese Americans should be set free
immediately?
A) Hirabayashi v. the United States B) Korematsu v. the United States
C) Ex Parte Endo D) Wasaka v. Topaz
Page Ref: 351
22) In 1988, how much money did Congress award each of the 60,000 detainees who were still
alive?
A) $1 million B) $500,000 C) $100,000 D) $20,000
Page Ref: 351
23) Which organization helped to procure a cash settlement in 1988 for each surviving Japanese
American detainee and an apology from President George Bush?
A) JACL B) AIM C) SIM D) NIYC
Page Ref: 351
24) In 1986, it was established that Gordon Hirabayashi:
A) would never be exonerated. B) was in fact guilty of espionage.
C) was exonerated. D) was deported.
Page Ref: 352
25) According to JARP research, which generation is more assimilated?
A) Issei
B) Nisei
C) neither the Issei nor the Nisei
D) Both the Issei and the Nisei are equally assimilated.
Page Ref: 353
26) The text points out that Japanese Americans exceed Whites in all of the following except:
A) crime rates. B) income.
C) education. D) professional occupations.
Page Ref: 354
27) A Japanese moderate residential index of dissimilarity would be:
A) 15. B) 60 and over. C) 83. D) 46.
Page Ref: 355
84
28) Japanese out-marriage appears to be on a/an ________ trend.
A) upward B) downward
C) neutral D) dual-directional
Page Ref: 357
29) Which decade saw the highest numbers of Japanese immigrants to the United States according
to Table 11.1?
A) 1861-1870 B) 1901-1910 C) 1961-1970 D) 1990-2000
Page Ref: 363
30) All of the following are reported in your text as observations of the model Minority Stereotype
except:
A) It ignores other Asian groups' problems.
B) It fits all Asian groups.
C) It indirectly blames all immigrant groups for failure.
D) It ignores ongoing discrimination.
Page Ref: 362-365
True or False Questions
1) Overall, in the early period of Japanese immigration, San Francisco was friendly to Japanese
immigrants.
Page Ref: 337-338
2) The Gentlemen's Agreement was reached between the United States and Japan.
Page Ref: 338
3) The Picture-Bride program had little effect on Japanese American population counts.
Page Ref: 339
4) Nisei were American-born citizens.
Page Ref: 340
5) Kenjin were Japanese provinces.
Page Ref: 341
85
6) Alien Land Laws were based on 1790 naturalization rules.
Page Ref: 342
7) The Immigration Quota Act of 1924 upheld the Gentlemen's Agreement.
Page Ref: 343
8) The JACL never took Japanese American issues to heart.
Page Ref: 345
9) All of the arrested and imprisoned Japanese Americans during WWII were tried and
convicted.
Page Ref: 346
10) Life in most Japanese detainee camps was harsh.
Page Ref: 348
11) About 20,000 Japanese American men and women were inducted for the war effort.
Page Ref: 349
12) Question #28 on the loyalty questionnaire was an easy question for most detainees in the
camps.
Page Ref: 350
13) Every U.S. Supreme Court case referring to being detained came out ruling in favor of
Japanese Americans.
Page Ref: 350-352
14) As one might expect, assimilation was highest among the Sansei.
Page Ref: 353
15) The Yonsei and Sansei are the most "American" of all Japanese generations in the United
States.
Page Ref: 354
86
16) Fugita and O'Brian found that in 1985 most Japanese Americans only belonged to Japanese
organizations.
Page Ref: 355
17) Levine and Rhodes (1981) found that Nisei are not very neighborly folks.
Page Ref: 356
18) Hawaii has very little interracial marriage compared to the rest of the United States.
Page Ref: 357
19) Levine and Montero argued that Japanese American culture will remain for a while.
Page Ref: 358
20) It's only a stereotype that East Asian parents still value more education for their children as
lower educational achievement scores now indicate.
Page Ref: 359
21) Culture is critical to the understanding of Japanese American experience in the United States.
Page Ref: 361
22) The "Model Minority Stereotype" is the best way to understand Japanese and all Asian
Americans.
Page Ref: 362-365
Essay Questions
1) Contrast the Japanese American experience to that of Mexican Americans in terms of
legislative actions to control immigration.
2) Briefly summarize the Gentlemen's Agreement, how it came to be, how the Japanese handled it
in the United States, and how it disappeared.
3) Contrast the internment of Japanese Americans to the reservation experience of Native Indians
in the United States focusing on land, safety, and fears of dominant group members.
4) Using a cultural argument, explain how Japanese Americans have succeeded in so many ways
in spite of their profound history of White dominant abuses.
87
5) Make the argument that the model minority stereotype is hurtful to all Americans, and
especially to Asians and Japanese Americans. Focus on the destructive nature of prejudice and stereotypes in race relations.
6) Using information provided in the text, track the population of Japanese Americans in the
United States noting years and data where available and any periods of stagnant immigration.
7) How did the family and community values assist the Japanese to succeed in the face of so
much anti-Japanese discrimination?
8) Briefly summarize the Japanese American legal battles and how they turned out in terms of
righting wrongs.
9) Compare and contrast the middle-man minority and ethnic-enclave theories in explaining the
Japanese American experience. Which do you prefer and why?
10) Briefly summarize how the United States came to relocate Japanese Americans and how
Japanese Americans collectively responded to it over the years of detainment. How does this speak to the experience of success for Japanese Americans?
88
Chapter 12 Chinese, Asian Indian, Korean,
Vietnamese, Filipino, and Middle Eastern Arab Americans
Multiple Choice Questions
1) The Third Great Stream began in 1965 with:
A) Immigration Quota Act.
B) Chinese Exclusion Act.
C) Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments.
D) War Brides Act.
Page Ref: 370
2) The first large immigration of Chinese people came with the:
A) Gold Rush. B) railroad.
C) rebuilding of San Francisco. D) depression.
Page Ref: 371
3) According to Table 12.1 the highest decade for Chinese immigration to the United States was:
A) 1871-1880. B) 1971-1980. C) 1981-1990. D) 1991-2000.
Page Ref: 372
4) The Majority of Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Asian Indian Immigrants in the early days of
their respective immigration were:
A) women. B) men.
C) very old. D) balanced men and women ratios.
Page Ref: 372
5) Most of the violence against the Chinese went:
A) unreported. B) celebrated back home.
C) punished. D) unpunished.
Page Ref: 373
89
6) Most Early Chinese immigrants came from ________ China.
A) Hong Kong B) Guangdong C) Taiwan D) northern
Page Ref: 374
7) Which organization assisted Chinese immigrants with many different life challenges and stood
as diplomatic representative to them?
A) CACA B) CCCC
Page Ref: 374
8) The Chinese Exclusion Act:
A) was never repealed.
C) was repealed in 1943.
Page Ref: 375
C) CBBB D) CCBA
B) was repealed in 1879.
D) was never approved by Congress.
9) About ________ Chinese came to America between 1820 and 2000.
A) 200,000 B) 900,000 C) 1 million D) 1.3 million
Page Ref: 376
10) Of the Chinese who came to America, about two-thirds came since:
A) 1845. B) 1910. C) 1943. D) 1965.
Page Ref: 376
11) Most ________ Chinese culturally assimilated first.
A) earlier B) newer C) older D) women
Page Ref: 377
12) Early Chinese immigrants became known as:
A) entrepreneurs. B) teachers. C) activists. D) professionals.
Page Ref: 378
13) Chinese immigrant naturalization was:
A) 10 percent. B) 30 percent. C) 58 percent. D) 97 percent.
Page Ref: 379
90
14) All of the following countries ruled Korea at some time in history except:
A) China. B) Britain. C) Japan. D) Russia.
Page Ref: 380
15) The Gentlemen's Agreement:
A) did not affect Korea. B) did affect Korea.
C) did not affect the Philippines. D) did affect the Philippines.
Page Ref: 381
16) Many Koreans came to the United States as:
A) Muslims. B) Jews. C) Catholics. D) Protestants.
Page Ref: 382
17) The highest decade for Korean immigration in numbers was:
A) 1903-1910. B) 1971-1980. C) 1981-1990. D) 1991-2000.
Page Ref: 382
18) All of the following studied in the United States and became renowned political leaders in Asia
except:
A) Kim lo Rhan. B) Syngman Rhee.
C) Pak Yong-man. D) Ahn Chang-ho.
Page Ref: 383
19) A total of ________ Koreans came to the United States between 1965 and 2000.
A) 1 million B) 2 million C) 784,061 D) 287,999
Page Ref: 384
20) Which immigrant group has the highest number of businesses owned per immigrant?
A) Filipino B) Chinese
C) Korean D) Korean-Filipino
Page Ref: 385
21) All of the following countries have ruled the Philippines except:
A) Russia. B) Japan. C) Spain. D) United States.
Page Ref: 386-387
91
22) The first major immigration surge of Filipinos went to:
A) California. B) Alaska. C) Wyoming. D) Hawaii.
Page Ref: 387
23) After independence was granted to the Philippines, Filipino Americans went from American
Nationals to:
A) citizens. B) deportees. C) sojourners. D) aliens.
Page Ref: 387-388
24) The highest decade of Filipino numbers coming to the United States was:
A) 1991-2000. B) 1981-1990. C) 1971-1980. D) 1931-1940.
Page Ref: 389
25) The rich family tradition, compadrinazgo, was ________ by early Filipino immigrants.
A) ignored B) not reproduced
C) reproduced exactly D) supported by U.S. mainstream culture
Page Ref: 389
26) Filipino men had an unusually difficult time surrounding the issue of:
A) alcoholism. B) activism.
C) interracial marriage. D) crime prevention.
Page Ref: 390
27) Approximately ________ of Filipinos are professionals or managers.
A) 10 percent B) 18 percent C) 39 percent D) 68 percent
Page Ref: 391
28) According to Table 12.4, the highest decade of Asian Indian immigration numbers was:
A) 1991-2000. B) 1981-1990. C) 1961-1970. D) 1941-1950.
Page Ref: 395
29) Early on, since Punjabi women were scarce, most Punjabi men married ________ women.
A) the few available Punjabi B) Latina
C) Chinese D) Italian
Page Ref: 397
92
30) The Asian Indian immigrants' rate of naturalization was:
A) 10 percent. B) 35 percent. C) 49 percent. D) 97 percent.
Page Ref: 398
True or False Questions
1) Britain's early relations to China included exporting opium grown in India.
Page Ref: 371
2) Based on tables 12.1-12.4, the Chinese have the highest numbers of immigrants to the United
States.
Page Ref: 372 and 389
3) The Chinese were forbidden, even after court rulings, to bring wives and children to the
United States.
Page Ref: 373
4) The CCBA actively worked against Chinese immigrants.
Page Ref: 374
5) World War II united, to a certain degree, U.S. and Chinese interests.
Page Ref: 375-376
6) Most Chinese immigrated to the United States after 1965.
Page Ref: 376
7) In 1998, Texas and Mississippi were the top two destinations for Chinese immigrants.
Page Ref: 377
8) "Woi" and "Tanamoshi" were very similar institutions.
Page Ref: 378
9) In Kibria's study, Chinese immigrants abandoned the "blood tie" concept.
Page Ref: 379
93
10) The Chinese, like the Japanese, have also been referred to as the "model minority."
Page Ref: 380
11) Wagner (2002) called Korea the "hermit kingdom."
Page Ref: 380
12) During WWII, Koreans were considered "enemy aliens."
Page Ref: 381
13) Few Koreans, if any, were Methodist.
Page Ref: 382
14) Koreans, like other Asian immigrant groups, practiced picture bride programs.
Page Ref: 384
15) Most Korean immigrants are fluent in English speaking and reading.
Page Ref: 384-385
16) The Philippines is really only a handful of islands and cultures.
Page Ref: 385-386
17) President McKinley lived in the Philippines and personally saw to its Americanization efforts.
Page Ref: 386
18) Filipino Americans went from American nationals to aliens.
Page Ref: 387-388
19) Filipino communities were established early and with large numbers of members.
Page Ref: 390
20) Early native Americans called Asian Indians "Hindus" when they were really Sikhs and
Punjabis.
Page Ref: 395
94
21) The U.S. Supreme Court supported early efforts for Asian Indians to become citizens.
Page Ref: 396
22) Most new Asian Indian immigrants hold a bachelor's degree.
Page Ref: 398
Essay Questions
1) Compare and contrast the major Asian ethnic groups discussed in Chapter 12 in terms of
numbers of men to women in early years of immigration, global circumstances that worked in their favor as immigrants, and hostility from U.S. natives.
2) Which of the Asian immigrant groups is most assimilated? Which have done the best job at
preserving their own culture? Support your claims with evidence from the text.
3) Briefly list, date, and describe the laws written against the Chinese and Koreans. Also list the
key historical events and laws that reversed them.
4) Which cultural factors worked uniquely against the Filipino immigrants early on? How
significant did they turn out to be in the overall Filipino "success" story?
5) What was unique about the early Asian Indian immigrants? How did they uniquely adapt and
adjust to the hostility and discrimination they faced?
6) Draw a line graph of numbers of immigrants from each of the Asian regions. Place key legal
and global events on peaks and valleys in the graph. Explain the impact from the INAA.
7) Using Gordon's typology as a framework, briefly describe all the exceptions to "normal"
assimilation that were reported in Chapter 12 and give brief reasons for each one.
8) For each Asian group, explain the economic, cultural, and political factors that contributed to
these groups assimilating more by addition than by substitution.
9) What socio-cultural factors kept William Howard Taft from succeeding at Americanizing the
Philippines?
10) Explain the role Japan played in the immigration patterns of each of these Asian immigrant
groups. Note key historical events and dates.
95
Chapter 13 Vietnamese Americans, Arab
Americans, and Resurgent Racism
Multiple Choice Questions
1) According to Table 13.1, the decade with the most numbers of Vietnamese Americans was:
A) 1991-2000. B) 1981-1990. C) 1971-1980. D) 1951-1960.
Page Ref: 409
2) Many social, economic, political, and global factors worked together so that by the 20th
century, the problem of what to do with the rising numbers of refugees became an ________ international question.
A) irrelevant B) important
C) ignored D) inconsequential
Page Ref: 409
3) All of the following contributed to the current U.S. policies for refugees except:
A) Displaced Persons Act. B) Military Occupations Renewal Act.
C) Refugee Act. D) Refugee Assistance Act.
Page Ref: 409-410
4) Under U.S. refugee policies, approximately 780,000 Cubans and ________ Indochinese have
come to the United States.
A) 20 million B) 5 million C) 725,000 D) 272,456
Page Ref: 410
5) According to your text, all of the following were admitted as refugees during the 1950s except:
A) Vietnamese. B) Hungarians. C) Cubans. D) Rwandans.
Page Ref: 410
6) All of the following countries eventually withdrew from the Vietnam War except:
A) Japan. B) France.
C) the United States. D) Britain.
Page Ref: 411
96
7) The Cambodian tragedy, which led to the massacre of 1 million was perpetrated by:
A) General Lao Chan. B) Pol Pot.
C) Ho Chi Minh. D) Vietcong renegades.
Page Ref: 411
8) This country housed the refugee encampment of hundreds of thousands who fled war-torn
Vietnam.
A) Taiwan B) Japan C) Thailand D) Hong Kong
Page Ref: 412
9) Unofficial estimates of drowned Boat people are:
A) 10,000 B) 15,700 C) 125,900 D) 200,000
Page Ref: 412
10) Of the 2 million people who fled Indochina, approximately how many initially came to the
United States?
A) 130,000 B) 200,000 C) 1 million D) 2 million
Page Ref: 412
11) Which world-level organization tried to help with the Indochinese refugee problem?
A) WHO B) UNHCR C) WBO D) UNICEF
Page Ref: 413
12) All of the following were provided in U.S. resettlement camps except:
A) college placement services. B) war reparations.
C) english courses. D) basic needs.
Page Ref: 413
13) Which state received the most Vietnamese refugees?
A) Texas B) California C) Louisiana D) Virginia
Page Ref: 413
97
14) Based on Montero's five studies of Vietnamese ability to speak English once in the United
States, we can conclude that ________ had a good command of it or rapidly acquired it.
A) 1/5 to 1/3 B) 1/20 to 1/15 C) 1/10 to 1/7 D) 1/2 to 3/4
Page Ref: 415
15) Vietnamese Americans score lower than average Americans on all of the following secondary
structural assimilation measures except:
A) education. B) jobs.
C) incomes. D) residential segregation scores.
Page Ref: 415-416
16) Many Vietnamese have ________ to be closer to family and build family unity.
A) telephoned regularly B) written in Vietnamese
C) gone on welfare D) relocated
Page Ref: 416
17) The Vietnamese appear to be ________ a sequence of adaptation to the American setting that
would produce results resembling those found among other Asian immigrant groups.
A) ignorant of B) purposefully avoiding
C) following D) distracted by
Page Ref: 418
18) At least ________ Arabs now live in the Middle East and North Africa.
A) 27.4 million B) 67.4 million C) 106 million D) 200 million
Page Ref: 418
19) All of the following describe the Arab world except:
A) Islam. B) common dialects.
C) common language. D) heterogeneous.
Page Ref: 418
20) Europeans came into contact with the Arab civilization via commerce and resistance to:
A) Arab conquests. B) Arab economic expansion.
C) Arab language domination. D) Arab educational themes.
Page Ref: 418
98
21) At the end of WWI, the ________ Empire was defeated and the Middle East was subdivided.
A) Greek B) Ottoman C) African D) Russian
Page Ref: 419
22) Most early Arab American immigrants came from:
A) Mount Lebanon. B) Israel.
C) Jordan. D) Iraq.
Page Ref: 419
23) Most of the early Arab American immigrants were single male sojourners who eventually:
A) went home to stay.
B) went home to return with brides and family.
C) lived decades as bachelors.
D) died single men in Syria.
Page Ref: 420
24) The Association for Syrian Unity formed in response to the harsh efforts of:
A) the KKK. B) Jewish-Christian coalition.
C) C.J. Najour movement. D) Mannie Staler movement.
Page Ref: 421
25) All of the following describe earlier Arab American immigrants when compared to later Arab
American immigrants except:
A) earlier were from one main region. B) earlier were more educated.
C) earlier were predominantly Christians. D) earlier favored small towns and villages.
Page Ref: 422
26) As newer Arab American immigrants came to the United States, earlier ones:
A) considered them different.
B) united with them.
C) called them Christians.
D) did not unite with them into communities.
Page Ref: 423
99
27) All of the following cities have the largest numbers of Arab Americans except:
A) Dallas. B) Detroit. C) Dearborn. D) Los Angeles.
Page Ref: 424
28) All of the following are examples of Arab American assimilation measures which exceed levels
for the average American except:
A) interracial marriage. B) income.
C) education levels. D) professional and managerial jobs.
Page Ref: 425
29) The Southern Poverty Law Center estimates ________ active U.S. hate groups.
A) 256 B) 376 C) 700 D) 1,200
Page Ref: 428
30) Two core issues that the United States must work to preserve in post-September 11, 2001
recovery are national security and:
A) limited immigration. B) increased immigration.
C) relaxing on civil rights for all. D) protecting civil rights for all.
Page Ref: 431
True or False Questions
1) Very few Vietnamese came to the United States prior to 1971.
Page Ref: 408-409
2) Laos had virtually no displaced persons because it took a neutral position during the war.
Page Ref: 411
3) The United States accepted the majority of the Boat people.
Page Ref: 412
4) President Gerald Ford assigned the management of the evacuation to IATF.
Page Ref: 413
100
5) Caplan, Whitmore, and Choy (1989) found that none of the Boat people in their study knew
English.
Page Ref: 415
6) The Vietnamese have not focused on establishing primary relationships with Native
Americans.
Page Ref: 417
7) Islam has two branches, Sunni and Shi'a.
Page Ref: 419
8) All Syrian Americans in the early immigration period were from Syria.
Page Ref: 420
9) Early Syrian American immigrants were mainly Muslim.
Page Ref: 420
10) In Dow v. United States, George Dow was ruled to be non-White.
Page Ref: 421
11) Many Syrian Americans found their work in pack peddling.
Page Ref: 421
12) In the early immigration years, most Arab Americans practiced their homeland culture at
school, work, and other public places.
Page Ref: 422
13) The third-period Arab immigrants have more in common with the second-period than the
first-period Arab immigrants.
Page Ref: 424
14) There are at least 1 million Arab Americans in the United States.
Page Ref: 424
101
15) Arab Americans are more likely to live in poverty than average Americans.
Page Ref: 425
16) Most native-born Arab Americans have married out.
Page Ref: 425
17) The main contemporary obstacle to Arab American identificational assimilation lies in the
religious realm.
Page Ref: 426
18) The FBI established an advisory committee to improve relations between officers and the Arab
American community.
Page Ref: 427
19) The most common type of U.S. hate group organization is the neo-Nazis.
Page Ref: 428
20) After September 11, 2001, the Reverend Richard Cizik called for patient love and caring for our
Arab neighbors.
Page Ref: 429
21) U.S. Arab organizations condemned the 9/11 attacks.
Page Ref: 430
22) Ibish (2003) reported that about nine weeks after 9/11 the rates of violence against Arab
Americans increased.
Page Ref: 430
Essay Questions
1) Contrast the political, religious, economic, and global social forces behind the Vietnamese
immigration and the early Arab American immigration to the United States.
2) Describe the prejudice and discrimination reported in Chapter 13 relating to Arab Americans
and Vietnamese Americans. Which is more intense and what factors contributed to that
intensity?
102
3) Contrast the settlement, choice of cities, preparation for work and fitting into the U.S.
mainstream culture experienced by the Vietnamese and Arab Americans.
4) Briefly describe the factors pertinent to the first, second, and third-period Arab immigrants.
How do they compare and contrast?
5) Briefly discuss the refugee problem, including a history of dates and legislation the United
States and U.N. passed to ameliorate the problem.
6) Briefly explain what the authors might have meant when they claimed that Vietnamese
Americans "appear to be following a sequence of adaptation to the American setting that will produce results resembling those found among the other Asian American groups we have considered" (page 418). Provide examples in your explanation.
7) Make the argument that it was the locals who paid the price for Western involvement in
Indochinese politics, using evidences provided in Chapter 13.
8) Describe five world, Middle Eastern, or religious factors that have affected the U.S. political
efforts of Arab American Immigrants.
9) Make the argument that racism has experienced a resurgence in the United States. Argue that
it is very similar or different to historical racism and why.
10) Support or refute the authors' claim that civil rights are at odds with national security in the
current state of affairs. Support your claim with evidence.
103
Chapter 14 The Future of Ethnicity
Multiple Choice Questions
1) In the introductory paragraph to Chapter 14, the authors ask all of the following questions,
except:
A) Have 1st and 2nd stream White ethnics been absorbed into the mainstream?
B) Will White ethnics of the 3rd stream follow the same pattern of the 1st and 2nd stream?
C) Will non-White ethnics of the 3rd stream follow the same pattern of the 1st and 2nd
stream?
D) Will some form of pluralism be accepted by all groups, including Whites?
Page Ref: 440
2) According to the authors, ________ of the American ethnic groups have reached full Anglo
conformity.
A) nearly all B) not a single one
C) every single one D) very few, if any
Page Ref: 440
3) Gans argued that as the functions of ethnic cultures and groups diminish, ________ ethnicity
becomes the primary way of being ethnic.
A) symbolic B) temporary C) substitutive D) additive
Page Ref: 441
4) Which period of immigrants have merged so highly with the American core that they would
be considered completely assimilated?
A) colonial B) first-stream C) second-stream D) third-stream
Page Ref: 442
5) The authors explain that assimilation by its very nature is:
A) one-sided.
C) multi-directional, influencing the core.
Page Ref: 442
104
B) unidirectional, ignoring the core.
D) multi-directional, ignoring the core.
6) Alba and Nee (1997) found that "there is abundant evidence that assimilation has been the
________ among the descendants of the immigrants...who mainly came from Europe... before
1930."
A) bain of failure B) bain of taunting
C) slave trend D) master trend
Page Ref: 442
7) According to Ignatiev, Irish became "White" by:
A) first acting Black.
B) distinguishing themselves from Blacks.
C) first acting Mexican.
D) distinguishing themselves from Mexicans.
Page Ref: 443
8) According to the authors, White people are rarely forced to think about:
A) White ethnicity. B) White legal definitions.
C) White traditional heritage. D) White forfeited cultures.
Page Ref: 444
9) Bobo, Kluegel, and Smith refer to the fact that White people underestimate the importance of
the status of being White in American society as:
A) White ignorance. B) White privilege.
C) laissez-faire racism. D) laissez-faire ethnogenesis.
Page Ref: 444
10) The authors argue that most in the United States have:
A) multiple marriage partners. B) multiple ethnic origins.
C) multiple languages spoken. D) multiple intra-country travels.
Page Ref: 444
11) Greely (1985) referred to the speed with which the second-stream Europeans have assimilated
culturally and in the secondary arena as a/an:
A) sad discourse on human existence. B) sad discourse on U.S. assimilation.
C) ethnic miracle. D) ethnic disaster.
Page Ref: 445
105
12) The main criticisms of the colonial model rest on efforts to show all the following, except:
A) Some non-White groups have achieved high levels of assimilation.
B) The recent experiences of Mexicans resemble those of second-stream European
immigrants.
C) The recent experiences of Blacks resemble those of second-stream European immigrants.
D) The recent experiences of Japanese resemble those of second-stream European
immigrants.
Page Ref: 446
13) The immigrant model ________ deny the validity of the colonial model in some instances.
A) doesn't B) does C) tries to D) tries not to
Page Ref: 446
14) If a small society X is invaded and overpowered by outsiders from society Z, and society X is
taken into Z society as an entire unit, then X becomes a:
A) pluralized group. B) colonized group.
C) enslaved group. D) centripetal group.
Page Ref: 447
15) A group that is subordinate and focuses on continuing to stay together as a unit is referred to
as a:
A) pluralized relationship to dominant. B) colonized relationship to dominant.
C) centrifugal relationship to dominant. D) centripetal relationship to dominant.
Page Ref: 448
16) When subordinate group members try to find mutually satisfactory ways to bring dominant
and subordinate groups together it is referred to as a:
A) pluralized relationship to dominant. B) colonized relationship to dominant.
C) centrifugal relationship to dominant. D) centripetal relationship to dominant.
Page Ref: 448
17) According to the authors, boundaries of racial and ethnic groups that are accepted at any given
time may be:
A) firmly set. B) altered. C) unalterable. D) irreparable.
Page Ref: 449
106
18) The authors claim that the once-colonized American ethnic groups have gone from being
centrifugal to:
A) recolonized. B) redominated. C) centripetal. D) centrifugal.
Page Ref: 450
19) The authors state that Mexican and Puerto Rican Americans show an attraction to:
A) transnationalism. B) mononationalism.
C) Americanism. D) Hispanism.
Page Ref: 450
20) The American "core society" is much more ________ than in the past.
A) Anglo B) Asiatic C) homogeneous D) diverse
Page Ref: 451
21) With all due respect to "Garveyism," we may say that during most of the past century, Blacks
have been divided between Anglo conformity and:
A) cultural pluralism. B) cultural homogeneity.
C) Garveyism. D) separatism.
Page Ref: 451
22) In a June 7, 1999 Newsweek survey, Blacks felt that it was impossible to feel truly ________ in
America.
A) safe B) accepted C) free D) equal
Page Ref: 452
23) First generation Blacks feel pressure to identify themselves:
A) "only as Blacks." B) "only as immigrants."
C) "as real Americans." D) "as equal to other Blacks."
Page Ref: 452
24) Estimates of bilingualism among second- and third- generation immigrants are probably:
A) underestimated. B) understated.
C) overstated. D) uncounted.
Page Ref: 453
107
25) A sizable portion of the U.S. population does not want their children to attend schools with:
A) Asians. B) Hispanics. C) Polynesians. D) Blacks.
Page Ref: 453
26) The basic faith of the cultural pluralists is that consensus on the principles of American
economic and political life does not require a/an ________ to the will of the dominant group.
A) capitulation B) adaptation C) configuration D) confirmation
Page Ref: 454
27) The complexity of U.S. society has made it extremely difficult for ethnic groups to maintain or
________ a centrifugal relationship with the majority.
A) organize B) suppress C) revive D) resist
Page Ref: 454
28) A continuing and pressing problem is the failure to afford ________ for secondary assimilation
to every American who wishes it.
A) the American Dream B) access to military enlistment
C) disparate opportunity D) equal opportunity
Page Ref: 455
29) The authors discuss all of the following countries which are having race relations problems,
except:
A) South Africa. B) Germany. C) Sweden. D) Canada.
Page Ref: 455-468
30) According to recent studies, who receives the highest income in Brazil?
A) Whites B) Blacks C) mulattos D) immigrants
Page Ref: 458
True or False Questions
1) Many American immigrant groups have at least a nominal level of ethnic identity.
Page Ref: 440-441
2) Most early colonial immigrant groups took exactly three generations to assimilate.
Page Ref: 441
108
3) Ethnogenesis is not a possibility for first-generation immigrants' descendants.
Page Ref: 442
4) Italians were great candidates for Anglo-conformity assimilation in the United States.
Page Ref: 442
5) The cases of the Irish and Italians illustrates that the concept of race is not fixed by nature.
Page Ref: 443
6) Early court ruling found some ethnic group members to be non-White.
Page Ref: 443
7) Laissez-faire racism is commonly ascribed to non-Whites.
Page Ref: 444
8) The idea to choose only one race and give up all others is no longer the only option in the
United States.
Page Ref: 444
9) Walters (1990) argued that symbolic ethnicity had "died" for Whites in the United States.
Page Ref: 445
10) Most Blacks in the northern cities have not been there more than three generations.
Page Ref: 446
11) In the alternate view provided by the authors, the issue is really certainties not probabilities.
Page Ref: 447
12) In the alternate view provided by the authors, they combine elements of immigrant and
colonial models.
Page Ref: 447
109
13) The immigrant ethnics are less likely than the colonized ethnics to resent the dominant group.
Page Ref: 448
14) Relationships between dominant and subordinate groups at the time the relationship forms fix
the relationship forever.
Page Ref: 448
15) The condition of conquest is most important in the alternate view, not the conquest itself.
Page Ref: 449
16) Most Indian tribes have resisted assimilation only in the last century.
Page Ref: 450
17) African Americans were a colonized minority that formed a centrifugal relationship with the
dominant White group.
Page Ref: 451
18) African Americans came to accept cultural pluralism ideas after the 1960s.
Page Ref: 452
19) Most U.S. Asian groups are English dominant as adults.
Page Ref: 452
20) Pan-ethnic identities weaken ethnic groups' collective power.
Page Ref: 455
21) South Africa has had a major influx of immigrants.
Page Ref: 456
22) Serbs set out on a campaign of Albanian ethnic cleansing.
Page Ref: 459
110
1) Make the argument that symbolic ethnicity is common for many diverse ethnic group
members. Use evidence from the text.
2) Discuss the concept of White ethnicity and contrast it to Native American ethnicity. Why
might Whites ignore the status of race?
3) Support the claim that cultural pluralism is common among U.S. ethnic groups.
4) Briefly summarize the alternate view, contrasting it to immigrant and colonial views.
5) Provide three evidences that interracial relations are NOT fixed over time.
6) Discuss the possibility that immigrant youth might be more attracted to inner-city,
low-income culture rather than middle-class culture.
7) Contrast and compare the colonization experiences of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Native
American groups and how their circumstances at the time of colonization varied from one
another.
8) List the pros and cons of the United States having a true culturally pluralist society.
9) Briefly explain why ethnicity is still present among ethnic group members after numerous
generations of living in the United States.
10) How is being White associated with either privilege or the lack thereof? Use specific examples
to support your claim.
111
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