Merrill 8th Edition Test Bank Docx

Name _______________________________

1. The definition of epidemiology includes the term “distribution.” Which of the following best describes this term?
   1. Frequency and determinants
   2. Determinants and application
   3. Frequency and pattern
   4. Frequency and application
2. Characterizing the distribution of health-related states or events according to person, place, and time is part of:
   1. descriptive epidemiology.
   2. analytic epidemiology.
   3. cohort study designs.
   4. case control study designs.
   5. experimental study designs.
3. Analytic epidemiology may involve which of the following?
   1. Identifying who is most likely to develop a given disease
   2. Identifying where the health problem lies
   3. Identifying what the clinical characteristics are of the disease
   4. Identifying why a certain group of people developed a given disease
   5. Identifying when a disease is most likely to occur
4. Malaria being spread by mosquitoes is an example of which type of disease transmission?
   1. Vehicle-borne
   2. Zoonosis
   3. Fomite-borne
   4. Vector-borne
5. True or False? A sharp increase in a given disease is always classified as an epidemic.
   1. True
   2. False
6. An outbreak of salmonella traced to chicken cooked and held at an improper temperature and served at a potluck supper is an example of which of the following?
   1. Point source epidemic
   2. Intermittent or continuous source epidemic
   3. Propagated epidemic
   4. Mixed epidemic
7. Effectiveness of a program refers to which of the following?
   1. The ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program
   2. The ability of a program to produce a desired effect among those who participate
   3. Both of these are correct.
8. What was the primary cause of death in 1900?
   1. Cancer
   2. Heart disease
   3. Pneumonia and influenza
   4. Diabetes
9. The epidemiologic triangle is based on the communicable disease model and is useful in showing the interaction and interdependence of certain factors. Which of the following best describes the host?
   1. Cause of the disease
   2. Harbors a disease
   3. Causes or allows disease transmission
   4. Duration

Questions 10–12: For each of the following interventions, choose the type of prevention that best describes it.

1. Mammograms for early detection of breast cancer and surgical intervention if necessary
   1. Primary prevention
   2. Secondary prevention
   3. Tertiary prevention
2. Physical therapy for stroke victims
   1. Primary prevention
   2. Secondary prevention
   3. Tertiary prevention
3. Education about the hazards of cigarette smoking
   1. Primary prevention
   2. Secondary prevention
   3. Tertiary prevention
4. All of the following are activities that fall under completing the clinical picture of disease, EXCEPT:
   1. identification of types of exposures capable of causing disease.
   2. description of the pathologic changes that occur, the stage of subclinical disease, and the expected length of this subclinical phase of the disease.
   3. identification of the types of symptoms that characterize the disease.
   4. identification of probable outcomes (recovery, disability, or death) associated with different levels of the disease.
   5. All of these fall under completing the clinical picture of disease.
5. Who introduced the terms epidemic and endemic?
6. Hippocrates
7. James Lind
8. John Snow
9. Benjamin Jesty
10. Thomas Sydenham
11. Who exposed his wife and children to cowpox?
    1. Hippocrates
    2. James Lind
    3. John Snow
    4. Benjamin Jesty
    5. Thomas Sydenham
12. Who insisted that that observation should drive the study of disease?
    1. Hippocrates
    2. James Lind
    3. John Snow
    4. Benjamin Jesty
    5. Thomas Sydenham
13. Who applied experimental methods to identify that oranges and lemons were effective remedies for scurvy?
    1. Hippocrates
    2. James Lind
    3. John Snow
    4. Benjamin Jesty
    5. Thomas Sydenham
14. Who demonstrated that cholera could be transmitted through contaminated water?
    1. Hippocrates
    2. James Lind
    3. John Snow
    4. Benjamin Jesty
    5. Thomas Sydenham
15. The Chinese made the observation that if one had a weak strain of smallpox, one would not get a strong strain of smallpox later. This is situation is termed:
    1. zoonosis.
    2. necropsy.
    3. cold and hot disease theory.
    4. variolation.
    5. atomic theory.
16. Edgar Sydenstricker’s primary contribution was in the development of which of the following?
    1. Germ theory
    2. Atomic theory
    3. Morbidity statistics
    4. Mortality statistics
    5. A smallpox vaccine
17. The primary cause of beriberi, rickets, and pellagra is which of the following?
    1. Vitamin deficiency
    2. Bacteria
    3. Viruses
    4. Environmental exposures
18. Who found that people, not fomites, were the primary means of transmission of typhoid fever in his or her investigations in the early 1900s?
    1. Mary Mallon
    2. George Soper
    3. Lemuel Shattuck
    4. T.K. Takaki
19. Janet Lane-Claypon published results on the epidemiology of breast cancer. Which of the following study designs did she employ?
    1. Case-control
    2. Cohort
    3. Experimental
    4. Two of the above study designs
    5. All of these study designs were used.
20. The Framingham study involved which type of study design?
    1. Case-control
    2. Cohort
    3. Experimental
    4. Two of the above study designs
    5. All of these study designs were used.
21. John Graunt divided disease into two types and causes. What are these?
    1. Infectious and noninfectious
    2. Infectious and acute
    3. Noninfectious and chronic
    4. Pathogenic and photogenic
    5. Acute and chronic
22. Which of the following refres to inanimate objects that serve a role in disease transmission?
    1. Fomites
    2. Vectors
    3. Reservoirs
    4. Carriers
23. Humans that contain, spread, or harbor an infectious organism are known as:
    1. fomites.
    2. vectors.
    3. reservoirs.
    4. carriers.
24. Can a pathogen cause cancer?
    1. Yes
    2. No
25. Pathogens include all of the following, EXCEPT:
    1. a virus that produces disease.
    2. a microorganism that produces disease.
    3. a source of or cause of communicable disease.
    4. a nonmicroscopic parasite capable of producing disease.
    5. All of these are pathogens.
26. The incubation period is equivalent to which of the following?
    1. Stage of susceptibility
    2. Stage of presymptomatic disease
    3. Stage of clinical disease
    4. Stage of recover, disability, or death
27. Latency period is a term used in the context of which of the following?
    1. Infectious disease
    2. Infectious acute disease
    3. Noninfectious communicable disease
    4. Chronic disease
28. The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation is referred to as:
    1. zoonosis.
    2. invasiveness.
    3. virulence.
    4. etiology.
29. Diseases may be classified into general categories. Which of the following is not one of these categories?
    1. Congenital and hereditary diseases
    2. Allergies and inflammatory diseases
    3. Degenerative diseases
    4. Metabolic diseases
    5. Mental diseases
    6. These are all classifications of disease.
30. An invading substance that stimulates the immune system is called a(n):
    1. toxicity.
    2. pathogen.
    3. antigen.
    4. None of these is correct.
31. John Salk suggested that herd immunity required what level of immunity for polio in the population or group?
    1. 50%
    2. 75%
    3. 85%
    4. 95%

Questions 36–39: Consider the following two populations.

Population A

Age (years) Population Number of deaths

15–29 1,000 34

30–49 4,000 26

50+ 6,000 121

Population B

Age (years) Population Number of deaths

15–29 5,000 120

30–49 2,000 10

50+ 1,000 10

1. What is the crude death rate ratio of population A to B?
   1. 1.4
   2. 1.2
   3. 0.99
   4. 0.94
   5. None of these is correct.
2. Age-adjust population B using population A as the standard (reference) population. Then, calculate the rate ratio of population A to B using this new age-adjusted rate. What is the rate ratio?
   1. 1.4
   2. 1.7
   3. 2.2
   4. None of these is correct.
3. In what age group is the rate 30% greater in population A than B?
   1. 15–29
   2. 30–49
   3. 50+
4. Which of the following descriptive study designs would you use if you wanted to collect exposure and disease data at the individual level and calculate prevalence estimates?
   1. Case series
   2. Ecologic
   3. Cross-sectional
   4. Prevalence is not estimated with any of these designs.
5. When several potential outcomes are being investigated for a given exposure, which observational study design is most appropriate?
6. Cross-sectional
7. Case-control
8. Cohort
9. Experimental
10. True or False? Cancer screening is a form of primary prevention.
    1. True
    2. False
11. Which of the following best describes a line listing?
    1. A map that indicates the location of each case of a rare disease
    2. A graphic representation of the frequency distribution of a variable
    3. A histogram that shows the course of a disease outbreak
    4. A visual display of the size of the different categories of a variable
    5. None of these is correct.

Questions 43–46: Match each of the following study types with the statement that best describes it.

(a) ecologic study

(b) case study

(c) cross-sectional study

1. Aggregate data involved (i.e., no information is available for specific individuals)
2. Takes advantage of preexisting data
3. Useful for obtaining prevalence data
4. Qualitative descriptive research of the facts in chronological order

Questions 47–50: Match each of the following data types with the statement that best describes it.

(a) nominal data

(b) ordinal data

(c) discrete data

(d) continuous data

1. Number of cases in a defined area
2. Outcome status
3. Dose of radiation exposure
4. Low, medium, and high exposure status