Learning Test Bank Answers Ch.7 1st Edition

Chapter 7

Learning

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Incarcerated offenders who demonstrate good behaviour in prison may be granted parole, allowing them to be released back to the community early. What is this parole system an example of?
   1. Positive punishment
   2. Positive reinforcement
   3. Extinction
   4. Negative punishment
   5. Negative reinforcement
2. When Susan acted rudely or misbehaved while her parents were entertaining friends, they usually turned on the television to keep their daughter occupied. Now Susan purposely misbehaves when her parents are entertaining in order to get them to turn on the television. In response, Susan’s parents stopped turning on the television when she misbehaved, and as a result her misbehaviour eventually ceased. What is this an example of?
   1. Positive reinforcement
   2. Positive punishment
   3. Extinction
   4. Negative reinforcement
   5. Negative punishment
3. In operant conditioning, what is the administration of something that is unpleasant or aversive known as?
   1. Positive reinforcement
   2. Positive punishment
   3. Extinction
   4. Negative reinforcement
   5. Negative punishment
4. According to Sutherland’s theory of differential association, relationships that are personally meaningful, respected, and valued reflect the modality of which of the following?
   1. Seriousness
   2. Priority
   3. Frequency
   4. Intensity
   5. Duration
5. According to Sutherland’s theory of differential association, which of the following is NOT a modality of association?
   1. Seriousness
   2. Priority
   3. Frequency
   4. Intensity
   5. Duration
6. Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of different reinforcement schedules?
   1. Continuous reinforcement is associated with faster learning and slower extinction.
   2. Continuous reinforcement is associated with faster learning; intermittent reinforcement is associated with slower extinction.
   3. Intermittent reinforcement is associated with faster learning; continuous reinforcement is associated with slower extinction.
   4. Intermittent reinforcement is associated with faster learning and slower extinction.
   5. Continuous reinforcement is associated with faster learning; reinforcement schedules have no impact on the pace of extinction.
7. Devalon performed wrestling moves on his sister after seeing them demonstrated on TV. From an observational learning perspective, what is the model in this case?
   1. Devalon
   2. Devalon’s sister
   3. The wrestlers on TV
   4. The fans on TV cheering at the wrestling match
   5. None of the above
8. Devalon performed wrestling moves on his sister after seeing them demonstrated on TV. The cheering of the fans on TV in response to the wrestlers’ moves is an example of which of the following?
   1. Nonsocial reinforcement
   2. Vicarious reinforcement
   3. Negative reinforcement
   4. Positive punishment
   5. Direct reinforcement
9. Devalon performed wrestling moves on his sister after seeing them demonstrated on TV. From an observational learning perspective, the process of Devalon watching and remembering the wrestling moves performed on TV is known as the ________ stage of observational learning, and Devalon’s subsequent re-enactment of those moves is known as the________ stage of observational learning.
   1. procurement; imitation
   2. acquisition; imitation
   3. procurement; mimicry
   4. acquisition; mimicry
   5. imitation; acquisition
10. According to the differential association-reinforcement theory, the people an individual hangs around with are important because they serve as what?
    1. Sources of reinforcement
    2. Models
    3. Sources of definitions
    4. Both A and C
    5. All of the above
11. In operant conditioning, what is the context or cue in the environment, such as the presence of a teacher or police officer, that indicates a certain response is likely to lead to reinforcement or punishment called?
    1. Conditioned cue
    2. Discriminative stimulus
    3. Stimulus generalization
    4. Unconditioned stimulus
    5. Direct reinforcement
12. According to Sutherland’s theory of differential association, what are values, attitudes, norms and beliefs that encourage law-breaking called?
    1. Minimizing definitions
    2. Positive definitions
    3. Neutralizing definitions
    4. Negative definitions
    5. Priority definitions
13. Vicarious reinforcement plays an important role in which of the following?
    1. Observational learning
    2. Operant conditioning
    3. Classical conditioning
    4. Differential association
    5. Criminal conditioning
14. Which the following is NOT a type of “definition” described in Sutherland’s differential association theory?
    1. Minimizing definitions
    2. Positive definitions
    3. Neutralizing definitions
    4. Negative definitions
    5. All of the above are types of “definitions.”
15. The assumption that everyone begins life neutral with no pre-existing tendencies toward either prosocial or antisocial behaviour is a feature of which of the following?
    1. Operant conditioning
    2. Observational learning
    3. Classical conditioning
    4. Differential association theory
    5. All of the above
16. Hans Eysenck theorized that a classically conditioned “conscience” established in relation to one specific type of misbehaviour could be extended to other types of misbehaviour in what way?
    1. As a result of a discriminative stimulus
    2. Only by repeatedly pairing the other types of misbehaviour with punishment too
    3. By positively reinforcing people for using their conscience
    4. Through the process of stimulus generalization
    5. Through positive and negative reinforcement
17. Steve seeks therapy because he gets sexually aroused by women’s shoes. At each therapy session, he fondles women’s shoes and then drinks ipecac, a drug that causes him to become nauseated and vomit a few minutes later. After several sessions of pairing the shoes and vomiting, Steve is no longer aroused by women’s shoes, but instead becomes nauseated in their presence. According to classical conditioning theory, the ipecac in this example is the ________ and his nausea in the presence of shoes is the ________.
    1. conditioned stimulus (CS); unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
    2. unconditioned response (UCR); unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
    3. conditioned stimulus (CS); conditioned response (CR)
    4. unconditioned stimulus (UCS); conditioned response (CR)
    5. conditioned response (CR); conditioned stimulus (CS)
18. Which term refers to the extent to which classical conditioning responses can be easily and strongly formed in a person?
    1. Conditionability
    2. Stimulus sensitivity
    3. Stimulus susceptibility
    4. Stimulus ability
    5. Generalizability
19. Which of the following is NOT an example of social reinforcement?
    1. Being told by the boss that you did a “good job”
    2. Getting a “thumbs up” from the coach for making a good play
    3. Gaining membership in a gang
    4. A teacher smiling their approval of a student’s work
    5. The “rush” experienced by an offender after successfully committing a crime
20. According to Jeffery (1965), whether or not someone continues to offend can be explained by differential reinforcement. Differential reinforcement reflects the difference between which of the following?
    1. The positive and negative reinforcement received for the offending behaviour
    2. The positive and negative punishment received for the offending behaviour
    3. The reinforcement and punishment received for the offending behaviour
    4. The social and nonsocial reinforcement received for the offending behaviour
    5. The vicarious and direct reinforcement received for the offending behaviour
21. In theorizing about differential reinforcement, Jeffery (1965) used the concepts of deprivation and satiation to explain which of the following?
    1. Why food is such an effective reinforcer
    2. Why people vary in their conditionability
    3. Why criminal justice system punishments are generally so ineffective
    4. Why crime is more concentrated in some communities than others
    5. Why intermittently reinforced offending behaviour is easier to extinguish than continuously reinforced offending behaviour
22. Research suggests that the level of aggressive behaviour displayed by viewers of violent media tends to be higher under which circumstances?
    1. Among viewers exhibiting certain personality traits like aggression
    2. Among viewers who identify closely with the character perpetrating the violence
    3. When the violence depicted in the media is realistic
    4. When the violence depicted in the media lacks any unpleasant consequences
    5. All of the above
23. Offender treatment programs that use a token economy are based on what principles?
    1. Differential association
    2. Observational learning
    3. Operant conditioning
    4. Classical conditioning
    5. Reinforcement
24. Operant conditioning research suggests that for maximum effectiveness, punishments administered by the criminal justice system should be which of the following?
    1. Delivered immediately after the criminal behaviour
    2. Delivered consistently after each criminal behaviour
    3. Delivered at a higher rather than lower intensity
    4. Accompanied by reinforcement for acceptable substitute behaviours
    5. All of the above
25. According to differential association theory, the statement of an abusive husband that, “normally, I don’t believe in hitting a woman, but she had it coming when she embarrassed me in front of my friends,” is an example of a what?
    1. Minimizing definition
    2. Positive definition
    3. Negative definition
    4. Neutralizing definition
    5. Primary definition
26. According to Ronald Akers (2009), when the definitions people hold favouring prosocial behaviour equal those they hold favouring antisocial behaviour, the way they behave will depend primarily on which of the following?
    1. Their genes and biology
    2. The last behaviour they performed
    3. The situation they are in
    4. Their conditionability
    5. The very first role model they ever observed
27. In Sutherland’s differential association theory, the term “association” largely reflects what?
    1. Associations between the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the conditioned stimulus (CS)
    2. Social associations and interactions among people
    3. Associations between a behaviour and a reinforcer
    4. Associations between a behaviour and a punishment
    5. Associations between a punishment and the distress and discomfort it causes
28. An offender goes out each night and tries to open the doors of cars parked in the community. Occasionally, the offender finds a car door that has been left unlocked, enters the vehicle, and steals any valuable contents in it. What is the schedule of reinforcement illustrated in this example called?
    1. Inconsistent reinforcement schedule
    2. Intermittent reinforcement schedule
    3. Infrequent reinforcement schedule
    4. Undetermined reinforcement schedule
    5. Negative reinforcement schedule
29. According to Sutherland’s differential association theory , when is a person more likely to engage in criminal behaviour?
    1. When positive definitions are more strongly held than negative and neutralizing definitions
    2. When positive and neutralizing definitions are more strongly held than negative definitions
    3. When negative definitions are more strongly held than positive and neutralizing definitions
    4. When negative and neutralizing definitions are more strongly held than positive definitions
    5. When positive and negative definitions are more strongly held than neutralizing definitions
30. According to Akers’ (2009) differential association-reinforcement theory, the first step in the development of entrenched criminal behaviour is almost always what?
    1. Seeking out procriminal social relationships
    2. Receiving reinforcement for criminal behaviour
    3. Forming procriminal definitions
    4. Exposure to procriminal social relationships
    5. Ignoring the consequences of criminal behaviour

Short Answer Questions

Hans Eysenck theorized that the human conscience is a classically conditioned reflex. Identify and discuss two reasons why some individuals might not develop such a conscience.

How does Jeffery’s (1965) theory of differential reinforcement account for the fact that many offenders continue to commit crime even though their behaviour does not always lead to reinforcement, and sometimes even results in punishment?

Identify and describe the two broad types of reinforcement schedules. Which of the two reinforcement schedules produces learning that is most resistant to extinction?

Identify and explain two ways in which the criminal justice system’s approach to punishing offending behaviour violates operant conditioning principles.

Identify and describe the two stages involved in observational learning.

Define and distinguish between direct and vicarious reinforcement.

Identify and explain one characteristic of the viewer, and one characteristic of the violent content thought to influence the magnitude of violent media effects on children’s aggressive behaviour.

What is a “definition” as the term is used in the differential association theory. Identify and describe the three types of definitions specified in the theory.

Essay Questions

1. Describe the different modalities of association and then use these modalities to discuss the relative social influence on a 12-year-old child of his or her parents, compared to a sports celebrity the child is just starting to idolize.
2. With the use of a diagram, explain Hans Eysenck’s theory about the development of the human conscience as a classically conditioned reflex, and discuss reasons why it might fail to develop in some people.