Chapter 13: International Human Rights and International Crime

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is NOT true of the Human Rights Council?

A. it is formed by the UN

B. consists of 47 members

C. serves as the primary body concerned with human rights

D. may consider any complaint presented in front of it

2. The right to adequate housing is protected by which of the following?

A. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

B. The Council on Reproductive Rights

C. The Housing Accord of 1996

D. The Nuremberg Accord

3. Identify the year that Congress adopted the National Endowment for Democracy Act that created a publicly funded foundation to promote democracy.

A. 1973

B. 1983

C. 1993

D. 2003

4. Which treaty regulated landmines, cluster bombs, and chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons?

A. Geneva Convention of 1977

B. The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

C. Detainee Treatment Act

D. European Court of Human Rights

5. Congress amended the Detainee Treatment Act to prohibit the use of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment by government personnel in ______.

A. 1985

B. 1995

C. 1999

D. 2005

6. Which torture technique requires detainees to remain in a spread eagle stress position for hours?

A. sleep deprivation

B. wall-standing

C. hooding

D. noise

7. The infliction of pain to deter future acts of violence refers to which purpose of torture?

A. punishment

B. discrimination

C. coercion and deterrence

D. confessions and intelligence

8. European Court of Human Rights held that a suspect of collaboration with separatists was detained and tortured by rape, humiliation, beating, and other forms of torture.

A. Prosecutor v. Akayesu

B. Aydin v. Turkey

C. Prosecutor v. Dyilo

D. Kadic v. Karadzic

9. The right to be free from discrimination is protected by which of the following?

A. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

B. The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

C. Torture Victim Protection Act

D. Human Rights Watch

10. The right to work is protected by ______.

A. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

B. The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

C. Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act

D. Human Rights Committee of 2001

11. The United States also has imposed sanctions since 1990 on a number of countries. Identify which of the following countries did NOT have sanctions imposed by the United States.

A. Macedonia

B. Cuba

C. Haiti

D. Serbia

12. Identify the year that the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act was implemented. This authorized sanctions such as a denial of economic developmental assistance to countries that do not protect workers’ rights.

A. 1978

B. 1988

C. 1998

D. 2008

13. The International Criminal Court held that children under 15 years old are incapable of informed consent and as a result there is no meaningful difference between recruiting and conscripting children and enlisting children who voluntarily enroll in the armed forces.

A. Prosecutor v. Akayesu

B. Aydin v. Turkey

C. Prosecutor v. Dyilo

D. Kadic v. Karadzic

14. The U.S. federal court held that claims of torture may be brought under the Alien Tort Claim Act when torture is committed by private individuals as well as by government officials. Identify the selection corresponding to this.

A. Prosecutor v. Akayesu

B. Aydin v. Turkey

C. Prosecutor v. Dyilo

D. Kadic v. Karadzic

15. These rights prohibit the government from interfering with individuals’ freedom and are termed ______.

A. political rights

B. positive rights

C. negative rights

D. international rights

16. A reduced subsistence diet is which of the following torture techniques?

A. wall-standing

B. hooding

C. sleep deprivation

D. deprivation of food and liquids

17. This torture technique involves placing a thick bag over detainee’s heads other than when interrogated.

A. sleep deprivation

B. noise

C. hooding

D. wall-standing

18. The abuse of individuals to obtain admissions of criminal conduct or to obtain information. This serves which purpose of torture?

A. punishment

B. discrimination

C. coercion and deterrence

D. confessions and intelligence

19. The infliction of pain in retribution refers to which purpose of torture?

A. discrimination

B. coercion and deterrence

C. confessions and intelligence

D. punishment

20. The maiming or incapacitation of an individual to eliminate him or her as a threat and to deter other individuals. This serves which purpose of torture?

A. punishment

B. discrimination

C. coercion and deterrence

D. confessions and intelligence

21. These rights impose certain obligations on governments toward individuals.

A. political rights

B. positive rights

C. negative rights

D. international rights

22. The right to life is protected by which of the following?

A. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

B. The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

C. negative rights

D. international rights

23. In which year did Congress formally integrate human rights into U.S. foreign policy?

A. 1964

B. 1974

C. 1984

D. 1994

24. The International Criminal Court held that rape is a form of torture.

A. Prosecutor v. Akayesu

B. Aydin v. Turkey

C. Prosecutor v. Dyilo

D. Kadic v. Karadzic

25. Identify which of the following renounced war as a mode of conflict resolution.

A. League of Nations 1920

B. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1932

C. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

D. International Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984

26. Identify which of the following prohibits the state practice of torture and which has been ratified by 155 countries.

A. League of Nations 1920

B. Kellog-Briand Pact 1932

C. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

D. International Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984

27. Identify which of the following is NOT a principle established by the Nuremberg trials.

A. Individuals are liable regardless of whether they are military, government leaders, or low-level combatants.

B. International crimes can be those against humanity and war crimes.

C. Superior orders can be used as a defense for criminal liability.

D. Supremacy of international law trumps locate laws of state.

28. Identify which of the following forced Germany to agree to hand over accused war criminals for prosecution before Allied and multinational tribunal.

A. Kellogg-Briand Pact

B. League of Nations

C. Nuremberg Trial

D. Versailles Peace Treaty

29. Identify which of the following is NOT a nonderogable right.

A. freedom from slavery

B. freedom from ex post facto punishment

C. freedom of conscience

D. rights that can be modified

30. World War I inspired the formation of the ______.

A. League of Nations 1920

B. Kellog-Briand Pact 1932

C. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

D. International Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984

31. Identify which of the following established that all individuals are born free.

A. League of Nations 1920

B. Kellog-Briand Pact 1932

C. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

D. International Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984

32. Identify which part of the International Military Tribunal holds individuals responsible for international trials, regardless of whether they are military, governmental leaders, or low-level combatants.

A. individual liability

B. international crimes

C. superior orders

D. corporate accountability

33. Identify which part of the International Military Tribunal describes international crimes as including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.

A. individual liability

B. international crimes

C. superior orders

D. corporate accountability

34. Which part of the International Military Tribunal describes that superior orders are not a defense to criminal liability although may be considered in mitigation?

A. individual liability

B. international crimes

C. superior orders

D. corporate accountability

35. The use of torture as an expression of discrimination against a group because of race refers to which purpose of torture?

A. punishment

B. discrimination

C. coercion and deterrence

D. confessions and intelligence

1. Historically waterboarding was not viewed as torture.

2. Negative rights impose obligations on governments towards individuals.

3. Nuremberg Trials dealt with matters of international crimes during wartime.

4. American law allows the government to engage in assassination abroad.

5. Physical abuse of family members counts as physical torture.

6. As of 2012, 166 countries, including the United States have ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

7. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights awarded all humans being born free and having equal dignity and rights.

8. WWII inspired the formation of the League of Nations.

9. The Nuremberg trials prosecuted Yugoslavian war criminals after WWII.

10. Universal jurisdiction obligates all countries to prosecute or extradite abroad an offender detained in their territory.

11. Nanotech devices are small, remote-operated, pilotless aerial vehicles used in counterterrorism strategy.

12. An expedition request needs to be filed by a country that wants to prosecute an individual who is located in another country.

13. Without universal jurisdiction war criminals and maritime pirates would not be brought to justice.

14. Threats to family is an example of psychological torture.

15. It is estimated that 300,000 children currently are fighting or recently have participated in armed conflict.

1. Torture is used for various purposes. The 1984 Convention lists the “purposes,” for which torture should not be employed. List and explain each of these four purposes.

2. The newly established UN almost immediately took two significant steps in regards to human rights. Identify and summarize these two steps.

3. Numerous policy concerns and philosophical issues arise in discussing international human rights. Select one of these and provide a detailed summary.

4. The Preamble to the UN Charter, the foundation instrument of the United Nations, recognized that the rights of individuals are recognized under international law. Identify and discuss the four opening purposes found in the Preamble.

5. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights protects a broad range of rights. Identify and list 4 of the 8 rights.

1. The right to life

2. The right to be free from slavery or forced labor

3. The right to due process of law throughout the justice process

4. The right of incarcerated individuals to humane treatment

5. The right to freedom of movement and residence

6. The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion

7. The right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly

8. The right to be free from discrimination

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The United Nations Human Rights System

Difficulty Level: Hard