Income And Labor Market Inequality Verified Test Bank Ch.9

Chapter 9: Income and Labor Market Inequality

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 01

1) In 2012, almost ______ of the 153.6 million Americans with a job at any time made less than $15,000, averaging just $6,100 per year.

a. a quarter (25%)

b. one half (50%)

c. a third (33%)

d. two-thirds (66%)

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 02

2) In 2012, the number of people whose jobs paid cash wage of $5 million or more grew by _______ to 8,982 workers?

a. 24%

b. 25%

c. 26%

d. 27%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 03

3) For the top 1%, they saw their average incomes rise a real increase that nearly __________ their pretax incomes.

a. doubled ($881,000)

b. tripled ($1,264,000)

c. quadrupled ($1,764,000)

d. None of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 04

4) The difference in earnings between the richest and poorest people has ________ over the past decades.

a. shortened

b. stayed the same

c. widened

d. skyrocketed

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 05

5) What is the measure of inequality, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality?

a. Gini coefficient

b. Scarcity costs

c. Equity coefficient

d. Pareto efficiency

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 06

6) Which of the following is NOT true of the United States, compared with similar nations, when it comes to income inequality?

a. The US ranks last in child poverty rates.

b. The US has the largest ration between the richest 10% and the poorest 10%.

c. The US has the highest rate of insurance coverage (58%).

d. The US has the highest percentage of people living below 50% of the median income.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 07

7) White women earn, on average, _____ cents an hour for each dollar that White men earn:

a. 91

b. 79

c. 77

d. 62

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 08

8) Black women earn, on average, ____cents for each dollar that White men make?

a. 48

b. 54

c. 62

d. 71

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 09

9) Native American make only _____ cents on the dollar that White men make:

a. 35

b. 48

c. 57

d. 61

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 10

10) There is a saying in the Black community, “When America catches a cold, Black People get__________?”

a. sicker

b. the flu

c. pneumonia

d. bronchitis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 11

11) Researchers found that, without taking the incarcerated population into account, ____ of Black high school dropouts aged 21-30 had jobs; compared with ______ of White high school dropouts.

a. 30%; 90%

b. 40%; 75%

c. 60%; 85%

d. 50%; 80%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 12

12) In sociology, educational attainment, skills and job experience are called:

a. human capital.

b. economic capital.

c. social capital.

d. cultural capital.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 13

13) From highest to lowest, which groups graduated from high school immediately enrolled in college?

a. Whites, Asians, Latinos

b. Asians, Whites, Latinos

c. Asians, Latinos, Whites

d. Whites, Latinos, Asians

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 14

14) When an applicant is not given an opportunity to interview for a job because of his race, it is called?

a. explicit elimination

b. racially rejected

c. categorical exclusion

d. biased expulsion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 15

15) In a global study of employment discrimination, researchers found which of the following countries created significant barriers to employment?

a. France

b. Sweden

c. Germany

d. All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 16

16) Edna Bonacich (1976) called difference in the price of labor for two or more groups of laborers:

a. split labor market.

b. dual labor market.

c. splintered labor market.

d. segmented labor market.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 17

17) When Black and White employees worked together, labor conditions and wages were higher for everyone. These increases in labor costs led factory owners to make changes that would lower their costs. Which of the following was NOT something they did?

a. They relocated part of the manufacturing processes abroad.

b. They relocated their factories to parts of the country where unions were not as strong.

c. They bribed White union workers to turn their back on Black union workers.

d. They mechanized parts of the manufacturing process.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 18

18) What is the name of the hypothesis that African American men in particular often do not have the skills required to secure work in the current economy?

a. skills mismatch hypothesis

b. strengths mismatch hypothesis

c. success mismatch hypothesis

d. spatial mismatch hypothesis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 19

19) Which two northern cities experienced a great deal of deindustrialization?

a. Chicago, New York

b. Detroit, Cleveland

c. Chicago, Detroit

d. Indianapolis, Philadelphia

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 20

20) In a 2004 New York Hiring Discrimination Study, researchers sent out two means of men, each of which included a White, Latino, and Black job tester, all between 21 to 26 years of age and of similar height. They told the White testers to indicate that they had a criminal record. Who received the highest percentage of callbacks?

a. A Latino with no criminal record.

b. A White man with a criminal record.

c. A Black man with no criminal record.

d. A Latino with a criminal record.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 01

1) Every 1 in every _____ people you meet today, statistically, has no income except for food stamps.

Page reference: Introduction

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 02

2) What is the difference between a wage gap and an earnings gap?

Page reference: Income Inequality by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 03

3) There is a lot of variation in income household among Asian Americans of different national origins. Please provide an example.

Page reference: Disparities among Asian Americans

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 04

4) In 2016, the average Black male worker earned $18 per hour, compared to the average White male worker earned $25 an hour. What accounts for the $7 difference?

Page reference: Individual Level Explanations

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 05

5) A survey conducted in 2001 found that more than 33% of Blacks and nearly 20% of Latinos believed they had…...?

Page reference: Individual Level Explanations

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 06

6) What accompanied the decline in manufacturing?

Page reference: Structural Explanations

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 07

7) A _____ _______ economy is an economy in which a business’s success is both shaped and limited by the racial group membership of the business owner.

Page reference: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 08

8) What did Dr. Harvey Wingfield find out about some African American women without college educations are able to do for themselves?

Page reference: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 09

9) What was the effect of COVID-19 on Black small businesses and self-employed businesses?

Page reference: Entrepreneurship and Self-Employment

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 10

10) Prior to the civil rights era, why was it “illogical” for companies to keep hiring White workers when they were paying African Americans less? Wouldn’t they want to pay the least?

Page reference: Affirmative Action in Employment

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 01

1) According to David Cay Johnston, what was financial life like for most Americans from the end of WWII until the early 1970s?

Page reference: Introduction

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 02

2) What does it mean to be underemployed?

Page reference: Underemployment, Unemployment, and Joblessness

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 03

3) What does research about names and resumes show when it comes to discrimination?

Page reference: Individual Level Explanations

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 04

4) What is the overarching goal of affirmative action in employment?

Page reference: Affirmative Action in Employment

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 09 Question 05

5) What happened in Detroit, Michigan as deindustrialization occurred?

Page reference: Structural Explanations