Chapter 8: Imagery

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Why did the author create a detailed mental picture of taking a trip on Pacific Coast Highway?

a. so he could describe it to a friend

b. to create a memory palace

c. so he could relax

d. to plan his next visit there

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction: Visual Imagery in Everyday Life

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. How would you create an accurate, detailed mental picture of a place you had never been?

a. Read about the place and look at pictures of it.

b. Invent sounds and sensations that might happen there.

c. Create a mental picture of a similar familiar place and alter details.

d. It is not possible to do this.

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mental Images and Cognition

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Images are most often ______.

a. visual

b. auditory

c. olfactory

d. tactile

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mental Images and Cognition

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Stephen Kosslyn believes that mental images are represented ______.

a. in black and white

b. spatially

c. propositionally

d. in patterns

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. When Kosslyn had participants access different locations of an object or scene, he called this a ______ task

a. mental travel

b. mental visual

c. mental imagination

d. mental hallucination

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Kosslyn asked participants to move about mentally on a fictional island that they had studied on a map. He believed that participants would take ______ to travel for ______ distances

a. less time; longer

b. more time; longer

c. more time; shorter

d. the same amount of time; all

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Pylyshyn argued that imagining has a ______ sense and that imagery is ______.

a. territorial; interactive

b. metacognitive; interstitial

c. spatial; representational

d. temporal; propositional

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The idea that information is represented non-spatially in the mind is called a(n) ______.

a. propositional representation

b. spatial representation

c. metacognitive hallucination

d. auditory image

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is the most accepted view of mental imagery?

a. Kosslyn’s propositional view

b. Pylyshyn’s propositional view

c. Kosslyn’s spatial view

d. Pylyshyn’s spatial view

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Objects are usually easier to remember because they are ______, whereas concepts tend to be harder to remember because they are ______.

a. auditory; visual

b. visual; auditory

c. abstract; concrete

d. concrete; abstract

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Imagery and Memory

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. You are enjoying your birthday party so much that you want to remember it for a long time. Based on what you have read, which of these would most likely help you to remember the party?

a. Create a phonological loop and include vocal or sub-vocal rehearsal.

b. Create mental images to strengthen the episodic memory.

c. Invent a pegboard mnemonic to remember each hour of the party in sequence.

d. Write down labels for each of the emotions you feel.

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery and Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. A study that asks participants to remember ______ would be likely to result in the highest rates of recall

a. a series of pictures

b. a series of word labels

c. a list of abstract concepts

d. a series of bizarre events

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery and Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The ______ superiority effect suggests that ______ are better remembered than ______

a. picture; pictures; words

b. word; words; pictures

c. concept; abstract concepts; concrete objects

d. sentence; sentences; individual words

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Picture Superiority Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. What is the theory of dual coding?

a. the idea that the mind stores words in two ways rather than one

b. the idea that the mind stores pictures in two ways rather than one

c. a suggestion that reading a word forward and backward cements it in memory

d. a suggestion that bilingual and multilingual people have better memories

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Picture Superiority Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Researchers believe that pictures produce automatic encoding in ______, whereas words produce automatic encoding in ______

a. three modalities; two modalities

b. one modality; three modalities

c. two modalities; one modality

d. one modality; two modalities

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Picture Superiority Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. What is the difference between a concrete image and an abstract concept?

a. All concrete images are the same, while every abstract concept is different.

b. Each concrete image is a sophisticated idea, while each abstract concept is a simple idea.

c. A concrete image shows something you have seen before, while an abstract concept shows something you have only imagined.

d. A concrete image is of a physical object, while an abstract concept is of an idea or feeling.

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Concreteness Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Amanda needs to study a list of words and recall them afterwards. She ends up having an easier time remembering the word set “cat, notebook, desk” than the word set “void, inherent, hypothetical.” This scenario illustrates ______.

a. auditory imagery

b. the concreteness effect

c. the bizarreness effect

d. tactile imagery

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Concreteness Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which of these sentences would McDaniel and Einstein classify as having bizarre imagery?

a. The plumber ate the wrench instead of fixing the sink.

b. I saw a child on a scooter being pulled by a dog on a leash.

c. She is so angry she could scream.

d. The octopus escaped from its tank.

Learning Objective: 8-4: What effect does bizarre imagery have on memory?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bizarreness Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. You participate in a research study, and the researchers ask you to study and remember a list of 10 bizarre sentences. Are you likely to do better on this task than you would if you had to recall a list of 10 ordinary sentences? Why or why not?

a. Maybe. It depends on each person's level of creativity

b. Yes. Bizarre ideas are almost always easy to remember because they are so unexpected.

c. No. If all the ideas are bizarre, then none of them stand out

d. No. People tend to perform about the same on these tests regardless of the bizarreness of the imagery

Learning Objective: 8-4: What effect does bizarre imagery have on memory?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Bizarreness Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. In what way are the bizarreness effect and the picture superiority effect related?

a. Because picture memory is superior in most people, the picture superiority effect cancels out the bizarreness effect.

b. Because pictures are generally more distinctive from one another than words are, we tend to remember pictures better.

c. Bizarre imagery always tends to stand out, so the bizarreness effect cancels out the picture superiority effect.

d. The bizarreness effect explains the dual coding of pictures, which are coded not only visually but also on a bizarre-ordinary spectrum.

Learning Objective: 8-4: What effect does bizarre imagery have on memory?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bizarreness Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of these is an example of auditory imagery?

a. wondering when an alarm will ring

b. hearing a door slam

c. imagining the sound of wind in the trees

d. flinching at an unexpected noise

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Auditory Imagery

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the findings of Crutcher and Beer?

a. It is easier to memorize images than the words that name them.

b. It is harder to memorize ordinary sounds than bizarre ones.

c. It is harder to memorize ordinary images than bizarre ones.

d. It is easier to memorize sounds than the words that name them.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Auditory Imagery

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. In the ______, words that rhyme with numbers are placeholders in an ordered list.

a. pegword mnemonic

b. method of loci

c. concreteness effect

d. bizarreness effect

Learning Objective: 8-5: How is imagery used in mnemonics?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Imagery and Mnemonics

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In which of these situations would using a pegword mnemonic most likely help you?

a. figuring out where you left your wallet or purse

b. improving your general memory abilities

c. remembering the names of all your ancestors in your family tree

d. inventing a new coding language for computers

Learning Objective: 8-5: How is imagery used in mnemonics?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Auditory Imagery

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which types of imagery does a pegword mnemonic use?

a. visual and auditory

b. visual only

c. olfactory and auditory

d. auditory only

Learning Objective: 8-5: How is imagery used in mnemonics?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Auditory Imagery

Difficulty Level What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

26. You vividly remember the place and time you first heard that a favorite relative of yours was seriously ill. This is an example of a ______ memory.

a. geographic

b. flashbulb

c. wayfinding

d. pegboard

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Flashbulb Memories

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. You are designing a study of flashbulb memories, and your classmates are your research subjects. Which of these incidents would it make sense to ask your research subjects about?

a. the first time they walked on grass

b. a stock market crash that happened 20 years ago

c. a national tragedy that happened 8 years ago

d. their fifth day as a college student

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Flashbulb Memories

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. You are conducting a study of flashbulb memories. “I remember it like it was yesterday,” one of your research subjects tells you. How likely is this person’s memory to be accurate?

a. very likely, since he or she has an emotional connection to the memory that strengthens it and allows it to remain accurate

b. somewhat likely, but errors in memory may be possible

c. somewhat unlikely, since emotions cloud and distort memories

d. very unlikely, since someone who has read about an event has better recall than someone with a flashbulb memory of it

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Flashbulb Memories

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Researchers have found that when research subjects see a picture of gears, it takes them longer to imagine the gears moving if the movements required are ______.

a. less complex

b. more complex

c. faster

d. slower

Learning Objective: 8-6: How do visual images help us navigate in our environments?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Imagery in Problem Solving

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. You are developing an app that helps people walk to local destinations. Based on what you have read, which of these approaches would make it easier for your users to remember the paths they have taken?

a. Make all information auditory so that users can focus on what they are seeing.

b. Eliminate scenographic information from your directions; keep them simple and map-like.

c. Include scenographic and abstract information, but put the emphasis on scenographic images.

d. Include auditory and other nonvisual imagery.

Learning Objective: 8-6: How do visual images help us navigate in our environments?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery in Wayfinding

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Imagery that is ______ looks like what you would see walking through your campus, but ______ imagery is a map of your campus.

a. abstract; scenographic

b. scenographic; auditory

c. olfactory; auditory

d. visual; olfactory

Learning Objective: 8-6: How do visual images help us navigate in our environments?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery in Wayfinding

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Jaronda believes that if athletes mentally imagine themselves practicing their basketball free throws, they will get better at it in real life. This supports the ______.

a. concreteness effect

b. bizarreness effect

c. visual imagery theory

d. motor imagery theory

Learning Objective: 8-6: How do visual images help us navigate in our environments?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nonvisual Imagery

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Paivio’s dual-coding theory suggests that pictures have a(n) ______ code and a(n) ______ code.

a. verbal; nonverbal

b. visual; tactile

c. olfactory; visual

d. auditory; olfactory

Learning Objective: 8-6: How do visual images help us navigate in our environments?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nonvisual Imagery

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Elizabeth Loftus showed that subjects who are asked to “remember” incidents from their childhood, even though they did not really experience these events, ______.

a. were uncertain about whether they had experienced them

b. told her they did not remember the events

c. created stories to go along with the events

d. thought they were hallucinating

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Dark Side of Imagery

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Elizabeth Loftus suggested that ______ an event could cause false memories of the event.

a. imagining

b. experiencing

c. observing

d. sleeping through

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Dark Side of Imagery

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. The ______ is a memory aid in which a person creates images of to-be-remembered information and pairs them with locations along a familiar route or place.

a. pegword mnemonic

b. method of loci

c. bizarreness effect

d. picture superiority effect

Learning Objective: 8-5: How is imagery used in mnemonics?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Dark Side of Imagery

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which of the following sentences are you most likely remember?

a. The high school student impatiently waited for the bell to ring.

b. Rashad went to the grocery store to buy an eagle.

c. Three photographers took pictures at the concert.

d. Keith sat on the warm white sand and felt the cool breeze.

Learning Objective: 8-4: What effect does bizarre imagery have on memory?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bizarreness Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of these words are you least likely to remember?

a. tray

b. tree

c. truck

d. truth

Learning Objective: 8-5: How is imagery used in mnemonics?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Imagery and Memory

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. In which situation would you be most likely to apply what you have learned from the work of Decety and Grèzes?

a. You are taking your weekly run around the track.

b. In a few minutes, you will meet your fiancé's mother.

c. You need to memorize a list of words for a biology exam.

d. A friend urges you to relax about an upcoming deadline.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery and Simulation

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Before you give your speech as your class's valedictorian, you make a mental rehearsal of what you will do and say and how you will act. Cognitive psychologists call this an example of ______.

a. nonverbal intelligence

b. intellectual interference

c. social agility

d. grounded cognition

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery and Simulation

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. It is possible to use imagery to help us plan future behaviors.

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: Visual Imagery in Everyday Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Images can be not only visual, but also auditory, olfactory, or tactile.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mental Images and Cognition

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Imagery plays only a small role in episodic memory.

Learning Objective: 8-3: How do pictures aid memory?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mental Images and Cognition

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Kosslyn argued against the idea of imagery being represented spatially.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A person is told to imagine an image of a plane and asked to begin each trial by focusing on the cockpit. In the first trial, he or she is asked a question about the engine. In the second trial, he or she is questioned about the tail. According to Kosslyn’s theory, it should take the person longer to answer the question about the engine of the plane as compared to the question about the tail.

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Pylyshyn argued that mental images represent propositional representation.

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. People have an easier time imagining abstract concepts than concrete objects.

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Concreteness Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The bizarreness effect shows that distinctiveness causes recall to worsen in most test subjects.

Learning Objective: 8-4: What effect does bizarre imagery have on memory?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Bizarreness Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Studies have shown that mentally rehearsing actions such as volleyball serves helps improve the actual action.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nonvisual Imagery

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Neurophysiological studies indicate that imagery may precede many social interactions.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Imagery and Simulation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Compare and contrast Kosslyn’s and Pylyshyn’s views of mental imagery. Provide examples to support your answer.

Learning Objective: 8-1: What is an image? How do images contribute to cognitive tasks?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Differentiate between the picture superiority effect, the concreteness effect, and the bizarreness effect. Describe how you could use each one to improve your memory recall in your everyday life.

Learning Objective: 8-4: What effect does bizarre imagery have on memory?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Imagery and Memory

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain the role of imagery in motor performance, and propose a way that you could test it.

Learning Objective: 8-7: How do nonvisual images aid in cognition?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nonvisual Imagery

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the idea that being able to create mental images may be harmful. Cite examples from published research.

Learning Objective: 8-2: How are visual images represented and manipulated in our minds?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Dark Side of Imagery

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Define the two types of imagery that contribute to “working map” representations. How would you design a study to determine which type of imagery people rely on more?

Learning Objective: 8-6: How do visual images help us navigate in our environments?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Imagery in Wayfinding

Difficulty Level: Hard