Human Rights & Human Dignity Ch12 Test Bank Answers

1) In which year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The Emergence of Human Rights

a. 1917

b. 1948

c. 1905

d. 1776

2) According to the chapter, the Human Rights language emerged with the development of ______________.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. the European Enlightenment

b. the American Revolution

c. World War II

d. the Rwandan Genocide

3) Proscriptive rights refer to .

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. rights held by corporations

b. rights that focus on political freedoms

c. rights that focus on civil liberties

d. policies and actions that governments cannot do to groups

4) Natural rights were articulated by .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Explaining Where Human Rights Come From

a. Joseph Joubert

b. Huig de Groot

c. Hannah Arendt

d. John Locke

5) Rights that focus on civil liberties and political freedoms are considered to be .

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. second-generation rights

b. negative rights

c. first-generation rights

d. prescriptive rights

6) On the categorization of rights into positive and negative, Henry Shue argues that .

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. such categories are artificial and problematic

b. such categories help us better understand the hierarchy of rights

c. such categories lead to better enforcement of rights

d. such categories are further broken into prescriptive and proscriptive rights

7) Discrimination based on gender is a breach of rights.

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. proscriptive

b. economic and social

c. prescriptive

d. group

8) The obligation to respect civil liberties and political freedoms extends to all of these except for ____________.

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. corporations

b. animals

c. organizations

d. private individuals

9) Third-generation rights focus on the __________________ of rights.

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. religious aspects

b. cultural aspects

c. communal aspects

d. intergovernmental aspects

10) The following are examples of group rights except for _________________.

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. the right to intervention

b. the right to a clean environment

c. the right to economic development

d. the right to self-determination

11) suggested that the most productive way to think about human rights is that they are supposed to serve basic human needs.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. John Locke

b. Johan Galtung

c. Jack Donnelly

d. Henry Shue

12) Jack Donnelly’s “possession paradox” refers to ________.

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. rights held by individuals who are part of a group

b. the controversiality of cultural rights

c. the failure to recognize a right until it is denied

d. military interventions under the guise of humanitarianism

13) Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of rights and the basic human needs they serve?

Feedback:Applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. the right to establish emotional bonds with others AND identity needs – to avoid alienation

b. the right to receive and express opinions AND freedom needs – to avoid repression

c. the right to deny entry to refugees AND economic needs – to avoid deprivation

d. the right of individuals and groups to be free from violence AND survival needs – to avoid violence

14) According to the chapter, which rights are the least institutionalized?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. negative rights

b. first-generation rights

c. second-generation rights

d. third-generation rights

15) In 2017, Chinese human rights lawyers sued the government over .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. air pollution

b. the right to work

c. child labor laws

d. the rights of a second child

16) The ___________ is the most far-reaching and foundational legal expression of human rights.

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

b. Bill of Rights

c. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

d. United Nations

17) The Bill of Rights is made up of agreements.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. thirty

b. ten

c. fourteen

d. three

18) How many principles are in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. 54

b. 30

c. 10

d. 98

19) Which of the following rights is not in the Declaration?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. cultural

b. economic

c. political

d. environmental

20) In which year was the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. 1948

b. 1966

c. 1972

d. 1984

21) Which of the following have become influential in naming and shaming major human rights violations?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Laws and Norms

a. MNCs

b. IGOs

c. NGOs

d. WMDs

22) Which of the following treaties has the U.S. ratified?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

b. Convention on the Rights of the Child

c. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

d. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

23) The European Convention on Human Rights was developed by the .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Other International Human Rights Conventions

a. U.N.

b. European Union

c. Council of Europe

d. European League

24) To date, how many states have ratified the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. 155

b. 45

c. 70

d. 52

25) According to the chapter, the implementation of human rights obligations is entirely on .

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Enforcement

a. nations

b. the international community

c. NGOs

d. INGOs

26) The UNHCR was created in _______ to help European refugees.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Enforcement

a. 1945

b. 1966

c. 1950

d. 1917

27) Which of the following is true about the role of the Universal Periodic Review?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: UN Monitoring Mechanisms

a. It reviews and appoints member states to the U.N. Security Council.

b. It holds discussions, reviews, and passes sentences on individuals accused of human rights violations.

c. It reviews and makes decisions on foreign interventions.

d. It reviews and holds discussions with states about their human rights records.

28) According to the chapter, which of the following is not true?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. The U.S. says that torture can be justified.

b. Respect for human rights of physical integrity is statistically associated with fewer terrorist attacks.

c. The U.S. has signed and ratified the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

d. Torture has proven to be effective in reducing insurgent perpetrated killings.

29) Which of the following is not the role of NGOs in promoting human rights?

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Laws and Norms

a. They promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms.

b. They monitor and appoint member states to various international human rights bodies.

c. They increase public awareness of human rights issues.

d. They conduct research in the field of human rights.

30) Which of the following entities is responsible for monitoring human rights treaties?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: UN Monitoring Mechanisms

a. UDHR

b. OHCHR

c. CEDAW

d. UNHRC

31) From which of these has the U.S. recently withdrawn?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: UN Monitoring Mechanisms

a. UNHRC

b. ECOSOC

c. ECLAC

d. ICCPR

32) According to the UN High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR) 2018 report, the number of displaced people is now over _________________.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Chapter Opener

a. 80 million

b. 30 million

c. 49.5 million

d. 68.5 million

33) It is estimated that there are about __________________ refugees globally.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Chapter Opener

a. 19.9 million

b. 40.2 million

c. 30.3 million

d. 52.5 million

34) Which of the following is not a second-generation right?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. economic subsistence

b. political freedoms

c. education

d. nutrition

35) Which of the following is the most holistic approach to human rights?

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. third-generation rights

b. second-generation rights

c. first-generation rights.

d. fourth-generation rights

36) According to the chapter, _______________ of world’s twenty most polluted cities are in China.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. 5

b. 10

c. 16

d. 12

37) The average life expectancy of Chinese inhabitants has decreased by _________ mainly due to air pollution.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. 5.5 years

b. 3.4 years

c. 2 years

d. 6.2 years

38) According to the chapter, in the USSR, Stalin killed over ___________ people.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Laws and Norms

a. 30 million

b. 20 million

c. 25 million

d. 10 million

39) Which one of the following atrocities united the international community in groundbreaking ways to prevent genocide from ever occurring again?

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Laws and Norms

a. The Holocaust

b. The Armenian Genocide

c. The Rwandan genocide

d. the Bosnian genocide

40) Madres of the Plaza del Mayo were an association of ____________ whose children were “disappeared” by the military dictatorship between 1976 and 1983.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Laws and Norms

a. Colombian mothers

b. Mexican working mothers

c. Argentinean mothers

d. Venezuelan mothers

41) Which of the following is considered a “common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations”?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: The UN and International Law

a. third-generations rights

b. the UNHCR

c. the covenant

d. the UDHR

42) Globally, there has been in the achievement of rights.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. stagnation

b. improvement

c. decline

d. slow decline

43) Which of the following is not considered a third-generation right?

Feedback:applied

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. right to economic development

b. right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

c. right to clean environment

d. right to self-determination

44) Which of the following rights closely relates to identity needs?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Language

a. the right to establish and maintain emotional bonds with others

b. the right to assemble with others

c. the right of individuals and groups to be free from violence

d. the right to receive and express opinions

45) According to the chapter, cultural relativism _________.

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: A Difference in Cultural Standards

a. is considered an extension of universalism

b. only applies to non-western countries

c. asserts that human rights are normative values appropriate to the cultures out of which they emerge

d. maintains that human rights trump culture

46) The Vienna World Conference on Human Rights took place in _______.

Feedback:Roles of NGOs

Chapter Section Reference: Human Rights Enforcement

a. 2001

b. 1945

c. 1993

d. 1985

47) Some feminists argue that is not treated with the same seriousness and commitment as other issues.

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Legal Bias

a. opioid crisis

b. terrorism

c. domestic violence

d. gun rights

48) According to the chapter, which of these is NOT a function of the UNHRC?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: UN Monitoring Mechanisms

a. Conducting independent inquiries e.g., into the use of chemical weapons attacks by the Assad regime.

b. Providing the global community with up-to-date information on human rights abuses.

c. Advancing human rights by engaging in dialogue and monitoring its implementation.

d. Placing sanctions on countries that violate human rights, especially as it relates to refugees and other displaced peoples.

49) Which of the following bodies do states submit their human rights reports to?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: UN Monitoring Mechanisms

a. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

b. Universal Periodic Review

c. United Nations Security Council

d. League of Europe

50) A treaty among European powers to abolish the global slave trade was in .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: State Sovereignty and Enforcement

a. 1890

b. 1905

c. 1945

d. 1648

51) According to the 2018 Freedom House report, which of the following is not a basic tenet of democracy?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Measuring Human Rights

a. freedom of press

b. rights of minorities

c. right of the international community to intervene in elections

d. free and fair elections

52) The anti-sweatshop movement can be traced back to _________.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: The Anti-Sweatshop Movement

a. the early 1990s

b. the early 1970s

c. the late 1950s

d. 1945, immediately after World War II

53) Which one of these was not a criticism of the Invisible Children campaign?

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: The Information Technology Revolution

a. It was an over-simplification of the Ugandan conflict.

b. It capitalized on the power of social media to reach out to a broader audience.

c. It placed an emphasis on punitive justice for the perpetrator.

d. It had a lack of local voice or perspective.

54) The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) initiative .

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Responsibility to Protect (AKA R2P)

a. provides a framework for action obligating states to intervene in cases where massive human rights abuses are occurring

b. argues that human rights are normative values appropriate to the cultures out of which they emerge

c. is considered a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations

d. focuses on the communal aspects of being human

55) According to the chapter, the U.N.'s Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict estimates that there are at least child soldiers worldwide.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Child Soldiers

a. a million

b. 2.5 million

c. half a million

d. 250,000

56) According to the chapter, human rights measurements focus on all of the following, except for ____________.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Measuring Human Rights

a. climate data

b. socioeconomic statistics

c. events

d. standards

57) Child soldiers are pervasive inside armed groups in these countries, except for .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Child Soldiers

a. Philippines

b. Guatemala

c. Syria

d. South Sudan

58) According to the chapter, an estimated of all child soldiers are girls.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Child Soldiers

a. 35%

b. 40%

c. 65%

d. 50%

59) Which of the following is NOT a challenge in collecting qualitative and quantitative information for human rights assessments?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Measuring Human Rights

a. cultural homogeneity

b. information bias

c. underreporting

d. lack of consistency in interpreting human rights

60) Measuring women's rights based on the increasing number of women in the workforce worldwide ____________.

Feedback:conceptual

Chapter Section Reference: Women’s Rights

a. shows that there is more empowerment

b. underscores the fact that women have more control over how they spend their money

c. considers income disparity between men and women

d. does not highlight better working conditions for women worldwide

61) According to the chapter, there are approximately ____________ people globally who are victims of human trafficking.

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Human Trafficking

a. 27 million

b. 275,000

c. 40.3 million

d. 0.8 million

62) Which of the following is not a student-led human rights campaign?

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Student-Led Human Rights Campaigns

a. 1999 Iranian protests

b. Tiananmen Square in 1989

c. Madres of the Plaza del Mayo

d. Apartheid divestment

63) In early 2012, Amnesty International encouraged their student groups to participate and take action as a part of .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Students and International Human Rights Movements

a. anti-trafficking month

b. Death Penalty Awareness Week

c. the anti-sweatshop movement

d. the Occupy movement

64) According to the chapter, Amnesty International student campaigns in the U.S. are currently focused on .

Feedback:factual

Chapter Section Reference: Students and International Human Rights Movements

a. equal pay for women workers

b. the rights of a child

c. abolishing sweatshops

d. gun violence

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 01

1) With examples, describe key characteristics of Human Rights.

Feedback: Define each of the characteristics.

 For each characteristic, give an example.

 Which of these would you say is the most important and why?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 02

2) In what ways are first and second-generation rights different?

Feedback: What do first and second-generation rights mean?

 Give examples to elaborate on both sets of rights.

 What are some criticisms of these categorizations?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 03

3) According to Johan Galtung (1994), human rights are supposed to serve human needs.

Feedback: In what ways are his assertions valid?

 Give at least three examples to support your answer

 If rights serve human needs, why are some individuals and groups being denied of them?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 04

4) In 100 words, describe progressive realization of Human Rights, as explained in the chapter.

Feedback: Who holds this responsibility?

 What are some of the factors that may affect this goal?

 Can you think of any criticisms of such an approach?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 05

5) Describe and give examples of how elite actors play a role in promoting human rights.

Feedback: Name some of these key actors

 What are some of the strategies they employ in their advocacy?

 Give an example of at least two human rights issues that have greatly benefited from the works of elite actors.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 06

6) What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and why does it matter?

Feedback: Define the UDHR and give a short background to its adoption.

 What are some of the critical components of the UDHR?

 Have there been any substantial changes to the UDHR since its adoption?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 07

7) Despite its overwhelming passage, the UDHR is not legally binding.

Feedback: What does it mean when we say this?

 What other mechanisms can be used in enforcing basic principles codified in the declaration?

 Is the UDHR still relevant today, why or why not?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 08

8) Describe the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

Feedback: In which year was it adopted?

 What are the critical aspects of the covenant?

 With examples, explain why some states prioritize the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) over the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 09

9) Describe the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).

Feedback: In which year was it adopted?

 What are the critical aspects of the covenant?

 To date, the United States has not ratified the ICESCR; what reasons do they give?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 10

10) What is the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT)?

Feedback: Why has UNCAT drawn considerable attention in recent years? Give examples to support your answer.

 According to the chapter, can torture be justified in matters of public emergency? Why or why not?

 Which of the 155 states that have ratified the UNCAT come under fire for violations? Give at least three examples.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 11

11) Reflect on the Trump administration’s policy of separating children from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border.

Feedback: Highlight the administration’s main arguments for the policy.

 What articles of the UDHR can you employ to argue against the family separation policy?

 Domestic affairs trump international human rights. Discuss this using the family separation case.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 12

12) Reflect on the relationship between IGOs, NGOs, and human rights.

Feedback: What roles do IGOs and NGOs play?

 What are some of the strategies they employ?

 What are some potential limitations of NGOs and INGOs in enforcing human rights?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 13

13) Reflect on the role of customary law in global politics.

Feedback: What is customary law?

 What some examples of customary law?

 How does customary law influence international law?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 14

14) Discuss the impact of sweatshops.

Feedback: What are sweatshops?

 What are some examples of sweatshops?

 What are human rights issues surrounding sweatshops?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 15

15) What is the value of measuring and reporting human rights?

Feedback: With examples, describe some of the ways that human rights can be measured.

 Identify some of the challenges one might face in measuring human rights. How might these be addressed?

 Describe how human rights violations are reported? What reporting mechanisms exist at national and international levels?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 01

1) Using specific examples, explain universalism as a characteristic of human rights.

Feedback: In what ways have human rights evolved to incorporate more groups?

 What implications, positive or negative, have the incorporation of more groups or peoples had in the promotion and enforcement of human rights?

 Are some cultures incompatible with human rights or vice versa?

 What role has globalization played in the expansion of human rights values across the globe?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 02

2) How has the war on terror changed our thinking about torture and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT)?

Feedback: What does torture have to do with the war on terror? Give at least two examples to justify your answer.

 What arguments have been made in support of torture tactics?

 What arguments support the opposite view i.e. torture is ineffective?

 Some have argued that since terrorist groups have continuously used torture as a tactic, states should also be able to use torture on prisoners and detainees. Discuss.

 How would the UNCAT be revised to address these new challenges?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 03

3) Consider the Kathie Lee Gifford’s sweatshop case and resulting policy change following it.

Feedback: Why was there such little awareness about this and related issues?

 Describe at least three human rights violations associated with this particular case.

 We are now aware that such violations continue within the $4.5 billion/year apparel industry. Why is this the case?

 With examples, what are some of the challenges facing individuals and organizations working on addressing this issue?

 What role, if any, can individuals play in raising awareness about these issues?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 04

4) In the U.S., according to the chapter, women make approximately $0.80 for every dollar a man earns in a similar position. Write a 300-word essay on equal pay for women in the U.S.

Feedback: Using your own interpretation of two or more human rights principles, make a case for equal pay for women in the U.S.

 Women’s rights are human rights. Discuss with examples.

 With two or more examples, identify critical areas in which women's rights advocates have made the most impact over the last decade or so.

 Why do you think there is no equal pay for women in the U.S.?

 What can you do to support equal pay for women in the U.S.?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 05

5) Reflect on some of the student-led human rights campaigns highlighted in the chapter.

Feedback: What is unique about these campaigns compared to others?

 In what ways have these movements solidified the belief that collective action works?

 With technological advancements, especially in communication and social media, how will student-led human rights campaigns look like in the future?

 What human rights campaign would you take part in on campus? Give reasons for your answer.