Chapter 6: Girls and Gangs

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following refers to the belief that macrostructural changes from the 1940s to the 1970s fundamentally shifted the role of women in gangs so that they assumed more autonomous criminal roles?

A. conflict resolution

B. liberation hypothesis

C. beyond risk

D. rite of passage

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Females in Early Gang Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following is NOT a key theme uncovered by seminal studies on female gang members in the 1970s and 1980s?

A. They acted at least in part independently from boys.

B. They were engaged in violent conflicts.

C. They served largely as sex objects.

D. They participated in serious crime.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Females in Early Gang Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Moore’s study of gangs in Los Angeles implies the activities of female gang members ______.

A. became more similar to the activities of male gang members over time

B. became less like the activities of male gang members over time

C. have not changed over time

D. were unknown to researchers prior to the early 1990s

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Landmark self-report surveys that measure gang involvement, including the Denver Youth Survey and the Seattle Social Development Project, found that gang members were ______ to be females than males in urban locations.

A. less likely

B. nearly equally likely

C. more likely

D. about a quarter more likely

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of the following is NOT a finding from J. Miller’s (2001, 2014) studies of female gang members in St. Louis, MO, and Columbus, OH?

A. Fewer females were active gang members than expected.

B. Illustrations of family and neighborhood contexts of gang involvement.

C. The relationship between serious family problems and external support systems.

D. The influence of gang-involved family members on girls’ likelihood of joining a gang.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following is NOT an early problem behavior exhibited by child delinquent girls that is also associated with gang membership?

A. estranged parental relationships

B. physical abuse

C. mental health problems

D. speech impediments

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Girls’ Gang Joining

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Which of the following is NOT an example of a characteristic of an “organized gang?”

A. A gang that requires its members to wear all red in public.

B. A gang that requires a “jump in” to become a member.

C. A gang that commits burglaries.

D. A gang that has no designated leader.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Importance of Gang Gender Composition

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. It is uncommon for girls’ violent acts to involve ______.

A. firearms

B. knives

C. fists

D. multiple offenders

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Importance of Gang Gender Composition

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Referring to victimization, Valdez’s (2007) term “beyond risk” is another way of saying ______.

A. no risk

B. low risk

C. moderate risk

D. extreme risk

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Revictimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Valdez (2007) found which of the following detrimental family conditions to be most commonly reported among female respondents who later became gang associates?

A. family member drug use

B. family member alcohol abuse

C. witnessing domestic violence

D. sexual abuse by a family member

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Revictimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior common to “hoodrats?”

A. frequently attending parties with male gang members

B. using both marijuana and cocaine

C. dating a gang member for an extended period of time

D. drinking a six-pack of beer every night

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Revictimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Due to differences in the origins and implications of ______, different interventions are proposed for gang-involved females and males.

A. the liberation hypothesis

B. extreme risk

C. risk factors

D. sexism

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. The ______ is an example of a CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy) intervention for gang involvement.

A. SNAP Girls program

B. Movimiento Ascendencia

C. Female Intervention Team

D. Safe Dates

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. ______ refers to a therapeutic model that allows girls to explore common problems in their lives and to develop a sense of self-worth through intimate communication with others.

A. CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy)

B. mediation

C. strengths-based

D. cultural awareness

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which of the following female-specific programs starts serving girls at the earliest age?

A. SNAP program

B. Movimiento Ascendencia

C. FIT (Female Intervention Team)

D. Safe Dates

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The treatment model of “Safe Dates” implies that the same treatment models that help reduce the likelihood of sexual victimization would also be helping in reducing ______.

A. joining a gang

B. the average amount of time spent in a gang

C. drug use within gang contexts

D. violent victimization in gang contexts

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Which of the following is NOT a “gender-neutral” gang intervention service?

A. G.R.E.A.T. program

B. ART program

C. Movimiento Ascendenica

D. BSFT

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following “female-specific” gang interventions is affiliated with a law enforcement agency?

A. SNAP program

B. CBT (Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy)

C. FIT (Female Intervention Team)

D. Safe Dates

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Recommended Female-Specific Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. It is implied that most gang programs that receive the designation of being “gender-neutral” are named as such because they ______.

A. dedicate equal amounts of time to female- and male-specific topics

B. have shown to be effective for both female and male participants

C. have equal proportions of female and male program staff

D. do not mention gender in any of their materials

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Recommended Gender-Neutral Services

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem behavior that would be targeted by Brief-Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) for prevention or intervention?

A. heroin use

B. teen pregnancy

C. the incarceration of a parent

D. truancy

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Recommended Gender-Neutral Services

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following refers to an alternative to residential treatment, incarceration, or hospitalization for adolescents who have problems with chronic antisocial behavior, emotional disturbance, and delinquency?

A. MTFC (Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care)

B. MST (Multisystemic Therapy)

C. (Brief Strategic Family Therapy) BSFT

D. Comprehensive Gang Program Model

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Recommended Gender-Neutral Services

Difficulty Level: Easy

Multiple Response

1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. It is implied that early misconceptions about the participation of females in gangs are based on ______ assumptions about gangs in general.

A. racist

B. classist

C. sexist

D. over-simplistic

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following have been found about the relationship of female gang involvement to other forms of delinquency and criminality?

A. Female gang members have become more extensively involved in serious and violent offending since the turn of the millennium.

B. Females involved in gangs are more likely to engage in prostitution than non-gang-involved females.

C. Female gang members today are less likely to engage in serious, violent crimes than 40 years ago.

D. Females involved in gangs are more likely to experience substance abuse than non-gang-involved females.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Level of Female Gang Involvement and Seriousness of Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following describe the group “girlfriends” in Valdez’s typology of female gang associates?

A. in a steady relationship with a gang member

B. frequent substance use

C. given respect from other members

D. active involvement with daily gang activities

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Revictimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Under what circumstances are girl members of gangs found to be MOST likely to engage in violence?

A. as the proportion of females in a gang increases

B. as the age of females in a gang increases

C. as the proportion of males in a gang increases

D. as the level of organization of a gang increases

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Importance of Gang Gender Composition

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following is a risk factor for girls’ gang joining?

A. early problem behaviors

B. immigration status

C. neighborhood characteristics

D. family environments

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Girls’ Gang Joining

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Coverage during the first media crime wave largely characterized female criminals as ethnic and racial minorities.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Females in Early Gang Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. It is implied that mixed-methods approaches, such as those employed by Moore (1978, 1991), are ideal for exploring the role of girls in gangs.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Modern studies on girls in gangs that followed Moore’s (1978, 1991) landmark studies largely used longitudinal study designs.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. There is consensus among researchers that female gang members are increasingly involved in more serious and violent offenses.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Level of Female Gang Involvement and Seriousness of Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Studies on gang gender composition suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the proportion of males in a gang and the amount of violence perpetrated by the gang.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Importance of Gang Gender Composition

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Ebensen and colleagues (1999) found that gangs with female members were slightly more organized than gangs without female members.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Importance of Gang Gender Composition

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Each group included in Valdez’s (2007) typology of females who did not belong in a gang includes an assessment of the group’s level of involvement in gang-related activities.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Revictimization

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Females exposed to gangs are at a heightened risk of victimization of sex crimes and violence offenses.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Revictimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Risk factors refer to conditions that potentially serve as antecedents to joining a gang.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Girls’ Gang Joining

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. The “female-responsive” and “what works” treatment and intervention philosophies are the same.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Girls’ Unique Treatment Needs and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Discuss Moore’s (1978, 1991) key research findings about female gang members and how her studies advanced scholarship on the topic of girls in gangs.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Indicate two reasons why the data source for the National Youth Gang Survey may influence estimates that only 10% of gang members are female.

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Question of Increasing Female Gang Involvement

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Discuss the evolution of research on the involvement of girls in gangs. Why did the development of research on male and female gang members differ so substantially?

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction | Females in Early Gang Studies | Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Imagine that you are creating a female-specific gang prevention program after reviewing best practices. What would be the key elements of your program, what programs would they be based on, and how would they aim to reduce gang membership among females? (Hint: Be sure to discuss risk factors of female gang membership and which risk factors your program addresses.)

Learning Objective: N/A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk Factors for Girls’ Gang Joining | Girls’ Unique Treatment Needs and Implications for Prevention and Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium