Chapter 15: Gender and Mental Health Issues

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Today, gender bias in diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues is ______.

A. non-existent

B. more subtle

C. similar to old-fashioned sexism

D. more common

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A meta-analysis included studies from 90 countries, finding that gender differences in depression ______.

A. vary somewhat but have generally the same pattern

B. have different patterns, with more women experiencing depression in Western countries and more men experiencing depression in Eastern countries

C. have different patterns, with more men experiencing depression in Western countries and more women experiencing depression in Eastern countries

D. vary, with women experiencing more depression in Western countries, but no gender differences in Eastern countries

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. At which life stage do we see the highest gender differences in depression?

A. childhood

B. adolescence

C. young adulthood

D. older adulthood

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Affective, biological, and cognitive vulnerabilities are components of ______.

A. protective factors that explain gender difference in depression during young adulthood

B. the model used to determine risk factors for eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia

C. vulnerabilities that explain gender difference in alcohol and substance abuse disorders throughout the lifespan

D. the model that explains the emergence of gender difference in depression during adolescence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The ABC Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Genetics, issues associated with puberty, epigenetic factors, and neurobiological changes, are examples of ______.

A. psychobiological vulnerabilities of anxiety

B. psychobiological vulnerabilities of depression

C. biological vulnerabilities of depression

D. factors that influence environmental risk factors

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Research on genetics and depression shows that ______.

A. genes are more important influences on depression than stress

B. two genes, SRY and 5-HTTLPR, are especially important in depression

C. 5-HTTLPR interacts with stress in predicting depression

D. carriers of the s allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene have an 80% chance of developing depression

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Maria was in a car accident. When thinking about the event, she concludes that she is an accident-prone person and will probably have more car accidents and other accidents in the future. According to hopelessness theory, Maria ______.

A. is not vulnerable to depression

B. has a negative cognitive style

C. is taking appropriate responsibility for her actions

D. is ruminating on the event

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. In Abramson’s learned hopelessness theory, _____ is the vulnerability and _____ is/are the stress.

A. negative cognitive style; negative life events

B. low self-esteem; negative life events

C. low self-esteem; poverty

D. insecure attachment style; being the victim of violence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. In theories of depression, ______ is the tendency to think repetitively about one’s depressed mood or negative life events.

A. repetition disorder

B. rumination

C. negative cognitive style

D. low self-esteem

Cognitive Domain: Cognitive Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Negative cognitive style, rumination, and objectified body consciousness are all ______.

A. affective vulnerabilities to depression

B. biological vulnerabilities to depression

C. sources of stress for adolescent girls

D. cognitive vulnerabilities to depression

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Cirrhosis, poisoning, and motor vehicle crashes are examples of ______.

A. the most common types of alcohol-attributed deaths among men

B. the most common types of alcohol-attributed deaths among women

C. the most common types of substance abuse–attributed deaths among women

D. the most common types of substance abuse–attributed deaths among men

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Alcohol-Use Disorder

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The ratio of men to women with alcohol-use disorder is approximately ______.

A. 1:1

B. 2:1

C. 3:1

D. 4:1

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Alcohol-Use Disorder

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Genetic factors, a history of childhood adversity, and depression and anxiety are all ______.

A. risk factors for incarceration

B. protective factors for substance abuse disorders

C. predictors of alcohol-use disorder in women

D. factors that influence women to drink more than men

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Predictors of Alcohol-Use Disorder in Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Women are more likely to have used heroin at the urging of ______, whereas men are more likely to have used it at the urging of ______.

A. their best friend; a group of men

B. a male sex partner; other men

C. their pimp; a female sex partner

D. their peer group; members of their sports team

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Substance-Use Disorder

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Anorexia and bulimia are more common in women, with gender ratios of ______.

A. 2:1

B. 4:1

C. 7:1

D. 10:1

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. More than ______ of people with anorexia are female.

A. 90%

B. 75%

C. 50%

D. 40%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Anorexia Nervosa

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Damage to teeth and esophagus, stomach and heart problems are consequences of ______.

A. anorexia nervosa

B. bulimia

C. substance-use disorder

D. alcohol-use disorder

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bulimia

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Similar to substance addiction, research points to the possibility of ______ that leads individuals to engage in binge eating.

A. a history of family addiction

B. dysfunction in the brain’s reward system

C. exposure from peers and family

D. differences in hormone levels

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Regarding possible biological causes of anorexia, ______.

A. early puberty is a risk factor

B. low levels of FSH and LH in early puberty predict later anorexia

C. there are significant genetic effects

D. endorphins are at abnormally high levels, and this seems to be the cause

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Causes of Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. What personality characteristic is a risk factor for eating disorders?

A. neuroticism

B. extraversion

C. introversion

D. perfectionism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Causes of Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Dissatisfaction with weight is so common among adolescent girls and women that it has been termed a ______.

A. normative discontent

B. common frustration

C. typical dissatisfaction

D. normal developmental phase

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. People with eating disorders have a variety of dysfunctional thought processes, such as believing themselves to be fat when they are emaciated. This dysfunctional thought is treated with ______.

A. behavior therapy

B. pharmacotherapy

C. cognitive behavioral therapy

D. family therapy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Treatments for Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. According to family systems theory, ______.

A. the anorexic was probably a part of a family the predisposed to anorexia

B. family therapy is most effective when paired with pharmaceuticals

C. one of the hormone systems in the body is in imbalance that leads to anorexia

D. anorexia is developed because the parents used rigid punishments

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Treatments for Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Promoting self-esteem and stress-management skills, healthy weight control behaviors, and a critical analysis of the thin ideal in our culture are components of _______.

A. effective substance-use prevention programs

B. the feminist analysis program

C. effective peer group support programs

D. effective eating disorder prevention programs

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevention of Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Feminists, concerned about gender bias in psychotherapy, argue that ______.

A. PMS is not sufficiently recognized by male therapists

B. diagnosis of a mental disorder is not an objective, value-free process

C. only 30% of therapists are women, making it difficult for women to find a female therapist

D. male therapists are more likely than female therapists to engage in sexist behaviors

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Bias in Treatment

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Rather than “fixing” the client, a feminist therapist would ______.

A. tell the client the right tools that will address the situation

B. use their power to advocate for the client

C. empower the client to deal with their situation

D. encourage the client to use distraction to deal with their situation

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Most psychotherapists are ______.

A. multiracial

B. international

C. White

D. men

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Which of these is part of the American Psychological Association’s guidelines for culturally sensitive therapy?

A. clients should recognize the cultural embeddedness of their problems

B. therapists must make a commitment to acquiring knowledge about ethnicity issues

C. clients need to be aware of their intersecting identities

D. psychologists should assume that their negative biases and attitudes will always influence their practice and damage the client–therapist relationship

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. “Psychologists should understand that gender identity and sexual orientation are distinct but interrelated constructs” is a guideline for ______.

A. working with people of color

B. working with trans people

C. working with adolescents

D. working with adults

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychological Practice with Trans People

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Regarding stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care for trans people, psychologists ______.

A. do not need to do much in-depth research to understand the impacts

B. will be more effective if they have experienced stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care themselves

C. should engulf themselves in communities of trans people in order to be a better psychologist and treatment provider

D. understand the need to promote social change that reduces negative effects of stigma

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Psychological Practice with Trans People

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. About twice as many women as men are depressed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Stress accounts for most of the gender difference in depression.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The temperament trait, negative emotionality, predicts depression in adolescents and adults.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Vulnerabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. According to data, adolescent boys experience a greater number of negative life events, but girls report more stressful negative life events that have a greater impact.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Negative Life Events

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Whites have the highest rates of alcohol-use disorder across ethnic groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Alcohol-Use Disorder

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Today, 90% of those who began using heroin in the last decade are White, and about half are women.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Substance-Use Disorder

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The average model, dancer, or actress today weighs less and looks thinner than 95% of the female population in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Women of color are often held to White standards of beauty.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. One review found that about 80% of people with anorexia fully recover from their disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Treatments for Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Studies consistently show that male therapists are more biased than are female therapists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sexism and Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. What are three of the nine classic, defining symptoms of depression?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Explain the “feminization of poverty.” How is this related to mental health implications for women?

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: The ABC Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain one possibility for the gender difference in alcohol use and abuse in men and women.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Causes of Gender Differences in Alcohol-Use Disorder

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Compare and contrast the two eating disorders commonly found in women: anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. How would a feminist perspective explain the high prevalence of eating disorders among girls and women in the United States today?

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Explain one of the principles of feminist therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Feminist Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Stephanie is a White female therapist who has just begun working with Toshiko, an Asian American woman. What are two culturally sensitive features of culturally adapted therapy that Stephanie should keep in mind?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Fatima lost her job last week and has been feeling sad, has had trouble sleeping, has feelings of worthlessness and guilt, and has had a loss of energy. Based on these symptoms alone, is it likely a psychologist or therapist would diagnose Fatima with depression? Explain why or why not.

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Depression

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Break down the ABC model of depression in the following ways:

(a) What does the ABC model explain?

(b) Explain what the ABC model being a “vulnerability-stress model” means.

(c) What are the components of the ABC model?

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: The ABC Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Describe the results of the study by Broverman et al. (1970) on clinicians’ judgments of mental health for males and females. What are the implications of these results? From a scientific standpoint, criticize the study.

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Sexism and Psychotherapy

Difficulty Level: Hard