Test Bank

Chapter 3: Gender and Diversity

Multiple Choice

1. Which factors are used to determine sex?

a. social and psychological characteristics

b. sexual identity and desires

c. chromosomes, gonads, hormones

d. level of masculinity/femininity

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. A person born with mixed or ambiguous genitals is correctly referred to as ______.

a. intersex

b. transsexual

c. nonsexual

d. gender binary

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following statements reflects the belief that gender is not binary?

a. Gender is an either-or concept.

b. We are free to choose a gender at any point during puberty.

c. Masculinity and femininity exist along a continuum.

d. People are born either innately male or female.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. A sociologist selecting gender-neutral terminology during research involving a Hispanic population may choose to use the term ______.

a. Latinx

b. Latino

c. Spanish

d. Latina

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The life story of David Reimer, who suffered from surgical castration as an infant, shows the role of ______ in gender development.

a. nurture

b. environment

c. biology

d. cognition

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A comprehensive study based on MRIs of male and female subjects found that most brains were composed of ______.

a. mostly “male” characteristics

b. either highly “male” or highly “female” characteristics

c. mostly “female” characteristics

d. a mosaic of “male” and “female” characteristics

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Kane was born with male sex organs, but identifies as female. Kane is considered ______.

a. transgender

b. genderfluid

c. cisgender

d. agender

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. When Deena proposed to her long-term boyfriend, her family and friends were upset that she had not received a romantic proposal or a diamond ring. They believed that Deena was being cheated out of a moment that all women desire. This scenario describes cultural beliefs about ______.

a. gender identity

b. gender roles

c. sexual desires

d. sex roles

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Based on 2017 research, what is the preferred gender role relationship?

a. male-head/female-complement

b. female-senior/male-junior partner

c. male-senior/female-junior partner

d. partner-equal

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Role Ideology

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. What quality reflects an egalitarian relationship?

a. male-dominated decision-making

b. mutual respect for each partner’s opinions and values

c. limited information exchange between partners

d. sexual exploration outside relationship

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Egalitarian Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The sociobiology explanation for gender role development asserts that women choose mates based on the man’s ______.

a. similarity to themselves

b. sexual prowess

c. ability to support their offspring

d. capacity for companionship and fun

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biosocial/biopsychosocial

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. According to the bioecological model, what factors influence gender role development?

a. biological predisposition and society

b. instinct and hormones

c. reward and punishment

d. society and identification

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bioecological

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. A young boy falls and scrapes his knee while playing outside. He runs to his mother for comfort, because his father always says, “Only sissies cry.” But when his sister falls off her bike, his dad runs to pick her up and give her a hug. This family’s dynamics demonstrate what model of gender role development?

a. social learning

b. biosocial

c. cognitive-developmental

d. identification

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. According to social learning theory, why do female caregivers not interfere with “appropriate” male role model socialization?

a. Males learn roles from media, while females learn roles from the home environment.

b. Males have an innate biological drive to act stoic and aggressive.

c. Males are taught to devalue the feminine and emphasize the masculine.

d. Males identify only with observed male role models.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. According to Freud, what is the primary force behind children’s gender role development?

a. reward and punishment

b. identification with the same-sex parent

c. biological need

d. desire for the opposite-sex parent

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Identification

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to the cognitive-developmental model, at what age do children understand gender permanence?

a. 1 to 2 years

b. 3 to 4 years

c. 6 to 7 years

d. 11 to 12 years

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive-Developmental

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Of the following groups, which tend to support broader gender role attitudes for their children?

a. parents with lower educational levels

b. fathers

c. younger parents

d. mothers

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Two popular LEGO play sets feature castles as the main structure. One set, with all female characters, includes a white kitten, a fairy godmother with a wand, and a tiny magic oven. The set with male characters includes knights in battle armor, weapons, a moat, and horses. What message is being sent by these toys?

a. Castles are fun to play with.

b. Boys are heroes; girls are domestic.

c. LEGOs are egalitarian toys.

d. Femininity and masculinity are important attributes.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Family

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. In the 2018 film Widows, Veronica (Viola Davis) must overcome the violent death of her mobster husband, his subsequent betrayal, and a blackmail attempt from a rival gang. Ultimately she gains money and revenge through her own efforts. This character is an example of which stereotypical gender role for African-American women?

a. Mammy

b. Jezebel

c. Sapphire

d. Superwoman

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Race

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ is/are a strong influence in adolescent gender role development, especially with regard to academic performance and relationship functioning.

a. Family

b. Teachers

c. Peers

d. Media

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peers

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. What does the all-male leadership of the Mormon Church tell us about its attitudes toward gender roles?

a. Women are not capable of leadership.

b. Women are highly valued members of the church.

c. Men are good at nurturing others.

d. Men need religious guidance from others.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Religion

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Ongoing occupational sex segregation within our society is attributed to ______.

a. nontraditional gender roles

b. higher average educational levels of men

c. traditional gender roles

d. higher average salaries for women

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning. Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. One reason for the gender wage gap, according to research, is a widespread desire for employed women to have ______.

a. less demanding jobs

b. greater flexibility

c. less responsibility at work

d. more years of training

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economy

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. What positive media portrayal of gender roles was revealed by a recent study of 12 Disney films?

a. Women were most often depicted as victims.

b. Plots focused on making women more attractive to men.

c. There was an increase in compliments related to skills.

d. Men were often revealed to be foolish.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mass Media

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Why are gender roles deeply embedded in our culture?

a. Gender roles are based on biological imperatives.

b. Most traditional gender roles are positive influences.

c. Few people actually want change.

d. Each agent of socialization reinforces the others.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mass Media

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. What is the likely relationship impact on men socialized to believe that they should not participate in traditional domestic activities?

a. They will fail to develop these skills, and will be viewed as undesirable life partners.

b. They will be viewed as more attractive by nontraditional potential mates.

c. They will seek highly egalitarian relationships.

d. They will experience role overload later in life.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mass Media

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. When men and women’s level of educational attainment is equal, women earn, on average, ______.

a. substantially more than men

b. a little less than men

c. substantially less than men

d. about the same as men

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. What group is most likely to experience the feminization of poverty?

a. single men living alone

b. single women living with their parents

c. single women living with their children

d. married women living with their spouse

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Our society's sponsorship of over 4,000 beauty pageants annually demonstrates which of the following?

a. tradition of male dominance

b. cultural obsession with beauty

c. tradition of benevolent sexism

d. normative romantic ideology

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. A ______ attitude subordinates or discriminates against individuals because of their sex.

a. sexist

b. protectionist

c. benevolent

d. traditionalist

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. What is a clear advantage of being socialized as a woman?

a. role as dominate life partner

b. ability to communicate sexual desire

c. earnings potential

d. longer life expectancy

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. In modern society, a man’s identity tends to be aligned with his ______.

a. family background

b. occupation

c. spouse’s attractiveness

d. athletic ability

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Male Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. The male gender role in our society is typically connected to ______.

a. avoiding risk

b. self-disclosure

c. emotional stoicism

d. losing control

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Male Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. What relationship advantage is associated with traditional male role socialization?

a. greater pool of potential partners

b. feeling “taken care of”

c. fear of intimacy

d. limited self-regulation

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Positive Consequences of Traditional Male Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. What advantage do men receive the most, in terms of employment?

a. identity equated with occupational role

b. higher educational attainment

c. greater freedom of movement

d. higher income

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Consequences of Traditional Male Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. ______ is a blending of traditional masculine and feminine characteristics.

a. The gender binary

b. Androgyny

c. Gender schema

d. Queer

Learning Objective: 3.5: Summarize how gender roles are changing.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Changing Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Alice is a woman who typically wears suits and has her hair in a pixie cut. She would be described as ______.

a. transgender

b. a lesbian

c. androgynous

d. intersex

Learning Objective: 3.5: Summarize how gender roles are changing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Changing Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. An individual who identifies as genderfluid believes that ______.

a. “feminine” is the preferred gender identity

b. sex and gender are similar concepts

c. gender is biologically designated

d. gender is not a fixed identity

Learning Objective: 3.5: Summarize how gender roles are changing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genderfluid

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. What institutional change reflects a new openness to gender fluidity?

a. egalitarian norms in the workplace

b. ability to designate one’s sex as “X” on your driver’s license

c. decrease in gender-based wage gap

d. acknowledgement of intersex individuals

Learning Objective: 3.6: Identify future changes to gender and gender roles.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Future of Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. A man who greets his newborn son with “______” seems likeliest to be open to gender role change.

a. what a big, strong guy

b. here’s my slugger

c. hey future quarterback

d. hello sweetheart

Learning Objective: 3.6: Identify future changes to gender and gender roles.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Future of Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Gender is a biological construct.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Socialization has a strong influence on gender development.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. An individual must take hormones or have surgery to be regarded as transgender.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The social learning model of gender role development says that gender role models include parents, peers, siblings and the media.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The family is a highly gendered institution.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Media influence is especially critical regarding entrance into deviant behaviors during adolescence.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peers

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Mass media both shape and reflect gender roles in modern society.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mass Media

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Having a child as a teenager tends to keep women living in poverty.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Wives in nontraditional marriages are likeliest to report low marital satisfaction.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The gender roles displayed in our relationships are changing.

Learning Objective: 3.6: Identify future changes to gender and gender roles.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Future of Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Why is gender considered a social construct? Discuss the biological and social factors that help determine gender.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Terminology of Gender Roles

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Define the terms gender roles and gender role ideology. Provide several examples of common gender roles for men and women in your family and your community.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between the terms sex and gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Roles | Gender Role Ideology

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Create a detailed scenario that plausibly describes the process of gender role acquisition for a college-age male or a female. Use at least one theory of gender role development as the basis for your explanation.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Identify five theories of gender role development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theories of Gender Role Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What agents of socialization have a profound influence on gender role development? Discuss at least three agents of socialization, and analyze how one of these has changed during your lifetime.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Recall seven agents which influence gender role learning.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Agents of Socialization

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Briefly review the negative consequences of traditional female role socialization. What consequence is most damaging? Why? Provide justification for your response.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Discuss the consequences of gender role socialization for women and men.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Negative Consequences of Traditional Female Role Socialization

Difficulty Level: Hard