Full Test Bank The Rise And Decline Of Cities And Ch.11 2e

CHAPTER 11: TEST BANK QUESTIONS

KNOWLEDGE OF KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Multiple Choice (12):

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 1

1) A society having many different parts organized into a single social system is said to have

a. unified government

b. economic complexity

c. social complexity

d. social diversity

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 2

2) A key requirement for the formation of a complex society is

a. an increased degree of sedentism

b. an increased intensity of food production

c. increased numbers of hunters

d. increased numbers of complex trade networks

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 3

3) Trade models of state formation focus on the people doing the trading work – traders – as well as the people

a. deciding which goods can be traded

b. responsible for collecting taxes on imports

c. providing military protection

d. developing the ability to keep accurate records

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 4

4) When archaeologists study the use-wear of an artifact, what are they studying?

a. how useful the object could have been in the communities that used it

b. the patterns of wear and tear on an artifact that is presumed to be due to use

c. the patterns that develop when contemporary archaeologists use the object

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 5

5) A hydraulic despot is someone who

a. builds their empire around the control of others

b. builds their empire around the establishment of water access laws

c. builds their empire around the control of water

d. builds their empire around the changes in water supplies for their neighbors

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 6

6) One of the ways that archaeologists know there was social complexity in the Tarascan empire is through

a. the discovery of records that describe changes in manufacturing processes

b. the discovery of highly complex tools used in manufacturing

c. changes in the square footage of housing for most residents

d. spatial segregation of elite and commoner neighborhoods

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 7

7) Archaeologists know that in the Tarascan empire there was a consolidation of state power because

a. objects found with the dead were increasingly elaborate, signifying great prestige

b. objects found with the dead were being produced in areas controlled by the empire

c. objects found with the dead were clearly obtained via long distance trade networks

d. the bodies of the dead were often buried in large groups and not as single grave sites

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 8

8) Jared Diamond argues that cities and states don’t last because

a. human nature leads all large societies to a path of self-destruction from war

b. cities and states all change into unrecognizably different social entities

c. the fundamental cause of collapse is environmental

d. social complexity is simply not in our nature as humans

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 9

9) Archaeologists today generally agree that most social systems

a. routinely collapse and are then revived after some period of time

b. do not collapse but instead transform into other systems, retaining vestiges of their past

c. exist not as complex social systems but as a collection of individual efforts

d. have not yet found the best way to absorb changes and retain basic cultural features

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 10

10) Much of our knowledge of the ancient Mayan empire comes from the careful study of

a. gravesites

b. books

c. stelae

d. calendars

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 11

11) Of the many reasons suggested for the abandonment of the Mayan city of Copán, one reason we can safely say was not part of the process was

a. rioting

b. hurricanes

c. famine

d. drought

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts Multiple Choice Question 12

12) One of the reasons that the understanding of many early city-states is challenging is due to

a. the lack of written records

b. our inability to interpret the language used

c. the loss of material due to looting

d. the inherent biases that archaeologists bring to their work

Fill in the Blank (6):

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge Of Key Terms And Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 1

1) A complex society is in part defined by a high degree of socioeconomic __________.

a. differentiation.

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge Of Key Terms And Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 2

2) The growth of ancient towns into residential centers is called __________.

a. urbanization

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge Of Key Terms And Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 3

3) Archaeologists can evaluate the complexity of a system through the analysis of material things because the material goods are part of an __________.

a. assemblage

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 Knowledge Of Key Terms And Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 4

4) Similar to individual material objects, the determination of __________ happens when individual elements of analysis are no longer taken in isolation.

a. social complexity

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 11 Knowledge Of Key Terms And Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 5

5) The microscopic analysis of the residues of plant and animal foods on pottery or tools is known as __________.

a. residue analysis

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge Of Key Terms And Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 6

6) Often, the specific characteristics of __________ become blurred because the definitions used fail to fully capture cultural dynamics.

a. states and cities

True/False (5):

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts True/False Question 1

1) Social complexity is always associated with social inequality and hierarchy.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts True/False Question 2

2) Ruralization is the process that leads to a contested space in the country located between different city-states.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts True/False Question 3

3) Rich documentation describing the minute details of daily life exist for all of the city-states in the Middle East region, including Mesopotamia and Egypt.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts True/False Question 4

4) Total collapse of city-states is a commonplace event.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts True/False Question 5

5) Socially complex societies can range in population size from hundreds to hundreds of thousands.

a. True

b. False

COMPREHENSION OF FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Multiple Choice (12):

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 1

1) The dynamics of a complex society ensure that

a. non-elites enjoy the same status as elites

b. all members of the society benefit from the social structure

c. lifestyles of the elites benefit from the labor of non-elites

d. wealth is redistributed to ensure that all members benefit

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 2

2) One of the side effects of increased food production is the generation of a surplus, something that helped give rise to

a. the development of food storage methods

b. new social roles for food producers, typically specialist roles

c. stronger trade networks, especially between states

d. military protection of surplus food stores

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 3

3) True control of food production appeared with the development of

a. a strong military elite

b. a powerful upper class

c. irrigation systems

d. extended trade networks

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 4

4) Why do archaeologists disagree with Indiana Jones’ approach to archaeology?

a. He values objects as important in their own right

b. he travels to exotic places to specifically find certain unique and flashy objects

c. he values objects because of their value to museums or collectors

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 5

5) The 200 communities in the north coast of Papua New Guinea have an egalitarian social complexity based on

a. exchange networks controlled by a central chiefdom

b. social exchange networks reinforced by marriage

c. exchange relationships between pairs of friends

d. measured warfare that leaves only a single person killed

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 6

6) One of the limitations of the archaeological analysis of complexity is that

a. objects recovered in an excavation cannot always be relied upon as having come from the same source

b. multiple assemblages of objects are required to perform an accurate comparison to other, similar sites

c. absent a written system, there is no way that the material remains of a site can provide useful data

d. an object by itself cannot determine dynamics of wealth, power, or status

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 7

7) The discovery that layers of sediment deposited in a lake were due to erosion from higher altitudes, indicated to archaeologists that in the Tarascan empire

a. the population had no suitable methods to contain erosion

b. population growth led to severe degradation of the soil

c. farming methodology was poorly developed at that time

d. changes in climate and weather led to the failure of the food system

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 8

8) Despite the evidence of escalating warfare, excessive population growth, drought, and the failings of the ruling elite, the overwhelming evidence about the Mayan empire suggests that

a. Mayans were fully assimilated into the Spanish empire at the time of the conquest

b. Mayans were completely decimated by diseases brought in by the conquering Spanish

c. the Mayan empire fell prey to serious environmental problems not of their making

d. Mayans did not disappear, they simply changed their social system

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 9

9) Some archaeologists have interpreted the collapse of the Mayan empire as having been the result of overpopulation when they had reached a level of more than 150 persons per square kilometer. One possible problem with this explanation is that there are many other societies with much larger population densities, such as Los Angeles, which currently has about 2,700 persons per square mile, which shows that

a. Los Angeles is on the verge of collapse

b. the concept of population density is highly relative

c. our assessment of population sizes in the Mayan empire lacks sufficient data for any proper conclusion

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 10

10) Several hundred years after the Maya abandoned their ancient cities, Spanish observers reported a social hierarchy and inherited nobility that seemed related to what existed in the large, ancient, urban centers. This fact suggests that

a. the Maya never escaped the overarching authority of their rulers

b. the Spanish observations were based on a different part of the Central American populations that created large city-states

c. the Maya simply transformed

d. the Maya needed the reassurance of their leaders to survive over time

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 11

11) Early European archaeologists were interested in studying the ancient societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the rest of the Fertile Crescent because

a. of a recognition that civilization and the concept of nations had emerged in Europe and spread to the Fertile Crescent

b. of a desire to establish Europe as the cradle of civilization, dispelling the notion that Mesopotamian kingdoms were earlier than those in Central Europe

c. of their interest in venerating these earlier civilizations

d. they saw European legal codes and philosophies as originating in these ancient Middle Eastern states

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts Multiple Choice Question 12

12) The primary contrast that shaped thinking about complex societies was between the

a. material and the organizational aspects of society

b. material and the technological aspects of society

c. organizational and agricultural aspects of society

d. material and religious aspects of society

Fill in the Blank (4):

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension Of Fundamental Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 1

1) The “trade model” of state formation holds that trade and exchange create __________ between neighboring societies.

a. alliances

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension Of Fundamental Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 2

2) The importance of Çatal Höyük stems from the absence of evidence about __________ inequality.

a. hereditary

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension Of Fundamental Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 3

3) V. Gordon Childe’s view of __________ was that social interactions lead to social stratification.

a. urbanization

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension Of Fundamental Concepts Fill in the Blank Question 4

4) According to Robert Carneiro, increases in a society’s population’s size and social complexity lead to an increase in __________.

a. warfare

True/False (4):

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts True/False Question 1

1) Cahokia’s vast complex of mounds and ceremonial sites initially suggested that it was the center of a vast empire. What is surprising is that this socially complex state did not last very long before it was abandoned.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts True/False Question 2

2) Social complexity in ancient city-states did not always emerge on the basis of social inequality.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts True/False Question 3

3) The complex social system on the north coast of Papua New Guinea precludes monopolistic behaviors because the network is so diffuse.

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: CHAPTER 11 Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts True/False Question 4

4) The ancient Pueblo peoples disappeared due to environmental collapse.

a. True

b. False

APPLICATION OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

Multiple Choice (7):

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 1

1) If you were interested in a past population’s diet, what method of analysis would you be most likely to use on the artifacts available to you?

a. carbon-14 dating

b. horizontal stratigraphy

c. spectral analysis

d. residue analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 2

2) One of the most popular theories about the relationship between early states and warfare was promoted by Robert Carneiro. Which of the following was part of his model to explain the rise of early states?

a. growing populations increased social frictions because different segments of the population naturally had ideological differences

b. different types of lifeways—hunter-gatherer and agricultural—could not coexist side by side

c. growing populations put pressure on land needed to support the community, which led to conflict

d. larger populations meant a growing need to find marriage partners from other communities

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 3

3) The recent reinterpretation of ancient empires has led archaeologists to conclude that many such empires were actually little more than

a. loosely formed alliances that served a single estate

b. well-organized estates that served the needs of a temple

c. the result of exaggerated writings by temple scribes

d. extended groups of farmers and craftspeople

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 4

4) Studies of the inherited exchange relationships along the north coast of Papua New Guinea revealed that, despite a high degree of specialization within each community, all communities have essentially the same material culture and a very similar diet. This pattern is very different from the ancient state societies in the Middle East for which of the following reason?

a. the ancient Middle Eastern states had intricate social hierarchies absent in the Papua New Guinea case

b. food surpluses in the Papua New Guinea case were organized around individual relationships, while in ancient Mesopotania they were given to central authorities

c. there was no political hierarchy in the Papua New Guinea case, while in the Middle East elites held centralized power

d. all of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 5

5) Scott Van Keuren analyzed brushwork sequences in decorative styles of the pottery of the Southwestern United States. His research found that changes in style could be explained as evidence that

a. societies with different original styles had moved to the same area leading to styles derived from several original styles

b. the presence of similar pottery designs in the Four Corners and along the Little Colorado River in Arizona demonstrated that the former had driven out the latter groups

c. the consistency of religious iconography found on Fourmile pottery demonstrated that although the people had moved from the Four Corners region, their social patterns, including pottery styles and designs, remained stable and unchanged

d. all of the above.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 6

6) We can apply the ideas of Robert Carneiro’s argument about the role of war in a complex society to the Tarascan data by looking at

a. the increase in environmental degradation as a military failure

b. the construction of monumental architecture as a marker of military success

c. the shift in mortuary objects as a reflection of the consolidation of power

d. changes in spatial arrangements in the larger cities as a reflection of increased inflows of refugees

Type: multiple choice question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Multiple Choice Question 7

7) Scott Van Keuren’s work in social complexity leads us to better understand

a. why certain kinds of material objects confer changes in status

b. how restricting religious iconography can foment rebelliousness

c. why imitation in material production reduces social factionalism

d. how exclusivity in knowledge can signal changes in social complexity

Short Answer (3):

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Short Answer Question 1

1) Why does it follow that an increase in population size leads to an increase in social complexity?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Short Answer Question 2

2) Is there a single, uniform explanation that explains the disappearance of city-states?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Short Answer Question 3

3) What is meant by the term “craft specialization”? Identify examples of it in our own society.

Essay (3):

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Essay Question 1

1) How does the “trade model” of state formation lead to an increase in social complexity? What are the mechanisms by which this can or cannot happen?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Essay Question 2

2) How does the construction of larger structures such as monuments and buildings help us understand social complexity?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Application of Anthropological Concepts Essay Question 3

3) The book argues that the Mayan people did not actually vanish, they changed. How can this same argument be applied to other vanished civilizations? The Aztecs, for example, were a powerful empire in the same region. What might you look for when seeking a similar explanation for their disappearance, or how might you, as an anthropologist, determine whether or not they did collapse and vanish?

OPPORTUNITIES FOR ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Essays (4):

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Opportunities for Analysis and Synthesis Essay Question 1

1) How might the disappearance and transformation of extinct city-states be of use to us today?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Opportunities for Analysis and Synthesis Essay Question 2

2) The disappearance of complex societies in the past has been a subject of fascination for a long time. Someday our complex society will disappear as well. How should future archaeologists approach that disappearance?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Opportunities for Analysis and Synthesis Essay Question 3

3) The analysis in the text of the Mayan transformation includes mention of their use of stelae, the large stone slabs used to record accounts of various events. To what extent does the “recording of events,” such as those stelae—or our own contemporary use of e-mail and other modes of writing—have a particular tilt or bias in the preservation and account of any event? How can we, in attempting to analyze the changes or transformations that accompany change in a society, rely on any of those accounts?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: CHAPTER 11 Opportunities for Analysis and Synthesis Essay Question 4

4) Consider the disappearance of one of the ancient world’s important states, particularly one with architectural centers. How does this society’s disruption, disappearance, or transformation offer support for or evidence against Jared Diamond’s model of environmental degradation to explain the society’s “collapse”?