CHAPTER 4

COMPLETION OF THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE

Summary of Questions by STUDY Objectives
and Bloom’s Taxonomy

Note: K = Knowledge C = Comprehension AP = Application

* This topic is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter.

SUMMARY OF STUDY OBJECTIVES BY QUESTION TYPE

Note: TF = True-False MC = Multiple Choice Ma = Matching

* This topic is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter.

Summary of Questions by LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY (lod)

Note: E = Easy M = Medium H=Hard

* This topic is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter.

CHAPTER STUDY OBJECTIVES

1. Prepare closing entries and a post-closing trial balance. At the end of an accounting period, the temporary account balances (revenues, expenses, income summary, and owner’s drawings) are transferred to the owner’s capital account by journalizing and posting closing entries. Separate entries are made to close revenues and expenses to Income Summary; then Income Summary to owner’s capital; and, finally, owner’s drawings to owner’s capital. The temporary accounts begin the new period with zero balances and the owner’s capital account is updated to show its end-of-period balance. A post-closing trial balance has the balances in permanent accounts (i.e., balance sheet accounts) that are carried forward to the next accounting period. The purpose of this balance, as with other trial balances, is to prove the equality of these account balances.

2. Explain the steps in the accounting cycle including optional steps. The steps in the accounting cycle are (1) analyze business transactions, (2) journalize the transactions, (3) post to ledger accounts, (4) prepare a trial balance, (5) journalize and post adjusting entries, (6) prepare an adjusted trial balance, (7) prepare financial statements, (8) journalize and post closing entries, and (9) prepare a post-closing trial balance. A worksheet may be used to help prepare adjusting entries and financial statements. Reversing entries are an optional step that may be used at the beginning of the next accounting period.

3. Prepare correcting entries. Correcting entries are recorded whenever an error (an incorrect journal entry) is found. A correcting entry can be determined by comparing the incorrect entry with the journal entry that should have been recorded (the correct entry). The comparison will show which accounts need to be corrected and by how much. The correcting entry will correct the accounts. An equally acceptable alternative is to reverse the incorrect entry and then record the correct entry.

4. Prepare a classified balance sheet. In a classified balance sheet, assets are classified as current assets; long-term investments; property, plant, and equipment; and intangible assets. Liabilities are classified as either current or non-current (long-term). Current assets are assets that will be consumed or converted into cash within one year of the balance sheet date. Current liabilities are liabilities that must be paid from current assets within one year of the balance sheet date. The classified balance sheet also includes an equity section, which varies with the form of business organization.

5. Illustrate measures used to evaluate liquidity. One of the measures used to evaluate a company’s short-term liquidity is its working capital, which is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. This can also be expressed as the current ratio (current assets ÷ current liabilities). The acid-test ratio is a measure of the company’s immediate short-term liquidity and is calculated by dividing the sum of cash, short-term investments, and receivables by current liabilities.

6. Prepare a work sheet (Appendix 4A). A work sheet is an optional multi-column form, used to assist in preparing adjusting entries and financial statements. The steps in preparing a work sheet are (1) prepare a trial balance on the work sheet, (2) enter the adjustments in the adjustment columns, (3) enter adjusted balances in the adjusted trial balance columns, (4) enter adjusted trial balance amounts in the correct financial statement columns, and (5) total the statement columns, calculate profit (or loss), and complete the work sheet.

7. Prepare reversing entries (Appendix 4B). Reversing entries are optional entries used to simplify bookkeeping. They are made at the beginning of the new accounting period and are the direct opposite of the adjusting entry made in the preceding period. Only accrual adjusting entries are reversed. If reversing entries are used, then subsequent cash transactions can be recorded without referring to the adjusting entries prepared at the end of the previous period.

TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

1. Closing entries are necessary if the business plans to continue operating in the future and issue financial statements each year.

2. The owner's drawings account is closed to the Income Summary account in order to properly determine Profit (or loss) for the period.

3. After closing entries have been journalized and posted, all temporary accounts in the ledger should have zero balances.

4. Cash is a temporary account and it should be zero after all closing entries have been posted.

5. Closing entries are an optional part of the accounting cycle.

6. Closing revenue and expense accounts to the Income Summary account is an optional bookkeeping procedure.

7. Closing the drawings account to Capital is not necessary if profit is greater than owner's drawings during the period.

8. The owner's drawings account is a permanent account whose balance is carried forward to the next accounting period.

9. Closing entries are journalized after adjusting entries have been journalized.

10. After the closing entries are posted to the accounts, a trial balance will show balances only in the Balance Sheet Accounts.

11. The amounts appearing on an income statement should agree with the amounts appearing on the post-closing trial balance.

12. In a post closing trial balance the profit of the business will be one of the temporary accounts.

13. Reversing Entries are an optional part of the accounting cycle.

14. The final step in the accounting cycle is the pre-closing trial balance.

15. A company has only one accounting cycle over its economic existence.

16. The accounting cycle begins at the start of a new accounting period.

17. Both correcting entries and adjusting entries always affect at least one balance sheet account and one income statement account.

18. Correcting entries are made any time an error is discovered even though it may not be at the end of an accounting period.

19. Correcting entries will only be done at the same time as the adjusting entries are being prepared.

20. An incorrect debit to Accounts Receivable instead of the correct account Notes Receivable does not require a correcting entry because total assets will not be misstated.

21. Current assets are normally listed in the balance sheet in order of permanency.

22. Under International Financial Reporting Standards, current assets may be shown after non current assets on the Balance Sheet.

23. Another name for Balance Sheet is the Statement of Financial Position.

24. All Canadian public companies must follow International Financial Reporting Standards.

25. Cash and office supplies are both classified as current assets.

26. Long-term investments would appear in the property, plant, and equipment section of the balance sheet.

27. A liability is classified as a current liability if it is to be settled within one year from the balance sheet date or in the company’s normal operating cycle.

28. Common Canadian practice shows current assets as the first items listed on a classified balance sheet.

29. The current ratio is the ratio of current liabilities divided by current assets.

30. Abbott Manufacturing Company’s current ratio is 2:1. The company has $50,000 in current liabilities; current assets must be $25,000.

31. The difference between current assets and current liabilities is called working capital.

32. The acid-test ratio is a measure of a company’s long term liquidity.

*33. Drawings will appear in the balance sheet debit column of a work sheet.

*34. If a company has a loss in the period, the amount of the loss will appear in the income statement credit column and the balance sheet debit column of the work sheet.

*35. The balance of the Depreciation Expense account will appear in the income statement debit column of a work sheet.

*36. If a work sheet is used, financial statements can be prepared before adjusting entries are journalized.

*37. If total credits in the income statement columns of a work sheet exceed total debits, the company has profit.

*38. It is not necessary to prepare formal financial statements if a work sheet has been prepared because financial position and profit are shown on the work sheet.

*39. The adjustments on a work sheet can be posted directly to the accounts in the ledger from the work sheet.

*40. A reversing entry is made at the beginning of the next accounting period and is the exact opposite of the adjusting entry that was made in the previous period.

*41. Reversing Entries are more relevant in corporations.

ANSWERS TO TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

42. Closing entries are made

a. in order to terminate the business as an operating entity.

b. so that all assets, liabilities, and owner's capital accounts will have zero balances when the next accounting period starts.

c. in order to transfer Profit (or loss) and owner's drawings to the owner's capital account.

d. so that financial statements can be prepared.

43. Closing entries are

a. an optional step in the accounting cycle.

b. posted to the ledger accounts from the work sheet.

c. made to close permanent or real accounts.

d. journalized in the general journal.

44. The owner’s capital account is

a. a permanent account.

b. closed to the owner’s drawings account at the end of the accounting period.

c. closed to the Income Summary account at the end of the accounting period.

d. a temporary account.

45. Which of the following is an example of a temporary account that will be closed to Income Summary at the end of the accounting period?

a. Accumulated Depreciation

b. Land

c. Accounts Payable

d. Service Revenue

46. Closing entries are journalized and posted

a. before the financial statements are prepared.

b. after the financial statements are prepared.

c. when the business is closing its doors.

d. at the end of each interim accounting period.

47. Closing entries

a. are prepared before the financial statements.

b. reduce the number of permanent accounts.

c. cause the revenue and expense accounts to have zero balances.

d. close all of the permanent accounts.

48. Which of the following is a true statement about closing the books of a proprietorship?

a. Expenses are closed to the owner’s drawings account.

b. Only revenues are closed to the Income Summary account.

c. Only revenues and expenses are closed to the Income Summary account.

d. Revenues, expenses, and the owner's drawings account are closed to the Income Summary account.

49. In order to close a revenue account, the

a. income summary account should be credited.

b. income summary account should be debited.

c. owner’s drawings account should be credited.

d. owner’s drawings account should be debited.

50. In order to close the owner's drawings account, the

a. income summary account should be debited.

b. income summary account should be credited.

c. owner's capital account should be credited.

d. owner's capital account should be debited.

51. In preparing closing entries

a. every revenue account will be credited.

b. every expense account will be credited.

c. the owner's capital account will be debited if there is profit for the period.

d. the owner's drawings account will be debited.

52. To close the depreciation expense account

a. income summary is debited and owner’s capital is credited.

b. income summary is debited and the depreciation expense is credited.

c. income summary is credited and the owner’s capital is debited.

d. income summary is credited and the depreciation expense is debited.

53. The closing entry process consists of closing

a. all asset and liability accounts.

b. out the owner's capital account.

c. all permanent accounts.

d. all temporary accounts.

54. When is a post-closing trial balance prepared?

a. when reversing entries are required

b. after adjusting entries but before closing entries

c. after both adjusting and closing entries have been posted

d. after the balance sheet has been prepared

55. An error has occurred in the closing entry process if

a. the revenue and expense accounts have zero balances.

b. the owner's capital account is credited for the amount of profit.

c. the owner's drawings account is closed to the owner's capital account.

d. the balance sheet accounts have zero balances.

56. Closing entries are journalized in the

a. trial balance.

b. general journal.

c. general ledger.

d. chart of accounts.

57. The balance in the owner’s drawings account after all closing entries have been posted will be equal to

a. zero.

b. the profit (or loss) for the period.

c. the cash withdrawn by the owner during the period.

d. the balance in the Owner’s Capital account.

58. After closing entries are posted, the balance in the owner's capital account in the ledger will be equal to

a. the beginning owner's capital reported on the statement of owner's equity.

b. the amount of the owner's capital reported on the balance sheet.

c. zero.

d. the profit (or loss) for the period.

59. A post-closing trial balance will show

a. only permanent account balances.

b. only temporary account balances.

c. zero balances for all accounts.

d. the amount of profit (or loss) for the period.

60. A post-closing trial balance should be prepared

a. before closing entries are posted to the ledger accounts.

b. after closing entries are posted to the ledger accounts.

c. before adjusting entries are posted to the ledger accounts.

d. after adjusting entries are posted to the ledger accounts.

61. A post-closing trial balance will show

a. zero balances for all accounts.

b. zero balances for balance sheet accounts.

c. only balance sheet accounts.

d. only income statement accounts.

62. The purpose of the post-closing trial balance is to

a. ensure that all adjusting entries were made.

b. prove the equality of the balance sheet account balances that are carried forward into the next accounting period.

c. prove the equality of the income statement account balances that are carried forward into the next accounting period.

d. list all the balance sheet accounts in alphabetical order for easy reference.

63. The balances that appear on the post-closing trial balance will match the

a. income statement account balances after adjustments.

b. balance sheet account balances after closing entries.

c. income statement account balances after closing entries.

d. balance sheet account balances after adjustments.

64. The heading for a post-closing trial balance has a date line that is similar to the one found on

a. a balance sheet.

b. an income statement.

c. a statement of owner's equity.

d. the work sheet.

65. Which one of the following is an optional step in the accounting cycle of a business enterprise?

a. Analyze business transactions.

b. Prepare a work sheet.

c. Prepare a trial balance.

d. Post to the ledger accounts.

66. The final step in the accounting cycle is to prepare

a. closing entries.

b. financial statements.

c. a post-closing trial balance.

d. adjusting entries.

67. Which of the following steps in the accounting cycle would NOT generally be performed daily?

a. Journalize transactions.

b. Post to ledger accounts.

c. Prepare adjusting entries.

d. Analyze business transactions.

68. Which of the following steps in the accounting cycle may be performed more frequently than annually?

a. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.

b. Journalize closing entries.

c. Post closing entries.

d. Prepare a trial balance.

69. Which of the following depicts the proper sequence of steps in the accounting cycle?

a. Journalize the transactions, analyze business transactions, prepare a trial balance

b. Prepare a trial balance, prepare financial statements, prepare adjusting entries

c. Prepare a trial balance, prepare adjusting entries, prepare financial statements

d. Prepare a trial balance, post to ledger accounts, post adjusting entries

70. The two optional steps in the accounting cycle are preparing

a. a post-closing trial balance and reversing entries.

b. a work sheet and post-closing trial balances.

c. reversing entries and a work sheet.

d. an adjusted trial balance and a post-closing trial balance.

71. The first required step in the accounting cycle is

a. reversing entries.

b. journalizing transactions in the book of original entry.

c. analyzing transactions.

d. posting transactions.

72. Jasmine Company received a $350 cheque from a customer for the balance due on an accounts receivable. The transaction was erroneously recorded as a debit to cash of $530 and a credit to service revenue of $530. The correcting entry is

a. debit Accounts Receivable $350; credit Cash $350

b. debit Accounts Receivable $180; credit Cash $180

c. debit Service Revenue $530; credit Cash $180; credit Accounts Receivable $350

d. debit Service Revenue $530; credit Cash $350; credit Accounts Receivable $180

73. Crimmins Boats paid a $350 cheque to a supplier for the balance due on an account payable. The transaction was erroneously recorded as a credit to cash of $530 and a debit to Repairs Expense of $530. The correcting entry is

a. debit Accounts Payable $350; credit Cash $350

b. debit Accounts Payable $180; credit Cash $180

c. debit Cash $180; debit Accounts Payable $350, credit Repairs Expense $530

d. debit Cash $350; debit Accounts Payable $180 credit Repairs Expense $530

74. If errors occur in the recording process, they

a. should be corrected as adjustments at the end of the period.

b. should be corrected as soon as they are discovered.

c. should be corrected when preparing annual financial statements.

d. cannot be corrected until the next accounting period.

75. A correcting entry

a. must involve one balance sheet account and one income statement account.

b. is another name for a closing entry.

c. may involve any combination of accounts.

d. is a required step in the accounting cycle.

76. On January 1, Robert Auto Repair Shop purchased parts on account for $800. Robert paid the entire balance on January 31 and recorded the payment by debiting Supplies for $800 and crediting Cash for $800. On the January 31 financial statements

a. assets and expenses will be understated.

b. assets and liabilities will be overstated.

c. expenses and liabilities will be overstated.

d. assets and liabilities will be understated.

77. On August 1, Rothesay Boat Club provided services on account for $800. Rothesay received the entire balance on August 31 and recorded the payment by debiting Cash for $800 and crediting Service Revenue for $800. On the August 31 financial statements

a. assets and revenues will be understated.

b. assets and liabilities will be overstated.

c. assets and revenue will be overstated.

d. assets and liabilities will be understated.

78. Carr Company paid the weekly payroll on January 2 by debiting Wages Expense for $40,000. The accountant preparing the payroll entry overlooked the fact that Wages Expense of $24,000 had been accrued at year end on December 31. The correcting entry is

a. Wages Payable 24,000

Cash 24,000

b. Cash 16,000

Wages Expense 16,000

c. Wages Payable 24,000

Wages Expense 24,000

d. Cash 24,000

Wages Expense 24,000

79. The Singh Company paid $630 on account to a creditor. The transaction was erroneously recorded as a debit to Cash of $360 and a credit to Accounts Receivable, $360. The correcting entry is

a. Accounts Payable 630

Cash 630

b. Accounts Receivable 360

Cash 360

c. Accounts Receivable 360

Accounts Payable 360

d. Accounts Receivable 360

Accounts Payable 630

Cash 990

80. The Saint John River Company received $630 on account from a customer. The transaction was erroneously recorded as a debit to Cash of $360 and a credit to Accounts Payable, $360. The correcting entry is

a. Accounts Receivable 630

Cash 630

b. Accounts Payable 360

Cash 360

c. Accounts Payable 360

Accounts Receivable 360

d. Accounts Payable 360

Cash….. 270

Accounts Receivable 630

81. A lawyer collected $860 of legal fees in advance. He erroneously debited Cash for $680 and credited Accounts Receivable for $680. The correcting entry is

a. Cash 680

Accounts Receivable 180

Unearned Legal Fees 860

b. Cash 860

Legal Fees Earned 860

c. Cash 180

Accounts Receivable 680

Unearned Legal Fees 860

d. Cash 180

Accounts Receivable 180

82. Queenstown Marina noticed an error in their financial statements after the financial statements had been submitted to their bank. The company is applying for a new loan to install a new wharf. The controller of Queenstown should

a. wait until the bank has approved the loan to notify them of the mistake.

b. inform Queenstown’s management and assume that they will tell the bank.

c. inform Queenstown’s management and inform the bank and provide corrected financial statements.

d. do nothing or resign.

83. Under IFRS which terms are used as a heading to the balance sheet?

a. classified balance sheet or statement of financial position

b. balance sheet or classified balance sheet

c. statement of financial position or balance sheet

d. balance of assets and liabilities or statement of assets and liabilities

84. Office Equipment is classified in the balance sheet as

a. a current asset.

b. property, plant, and equipment.

c. a current liability.

d. a long-term investment.

85. A current asset is

a. an expense incurred in the business.

b. an asset which is currently being used to produce a product or service.

c. usually found as a separate classification in the income statement.

d. expected to be realized in cash, sold or consumed within one year of the balance sheet.

86. An intangible asset

a. derives its value from the rights and privileges it provides the owner.

b. is a liability because it has no physical substance.

c. is never amortized because it has an indefinite life.

d. cannot be classified on the balance sheet because it lacks physical substance.

87. Liabilities are generally classified on a balance sheet as

a. small liabilities and large liabilities.

b. present liabilities and future liabilities.

c. tangible liabilities and intangible liabilities.

d. current liabilities and non-current liabilities.

88. Which of the following would NOT be classified a non-current liability?

a. current maturities of long-term debt

b. bonds payable

c. mortgage payable

d. lease liabilities

89. The current portion of a long-term liability is reported on the balance sheet as a

a. deferred interest expense.

b. current asset.

c. current liability.

d. non-current liability.

90. On a classified balance sheet of a Canadian company, current assets are customarily listed

a. in alphabetical order.

b. with the largest dollar amounts first.

c. in the order of liquidity.

d. in the order of acquisition.

91. Intangible assets are

a. listed under current assets on the balance sheet.

b. not listed on the balance sheet because they do not have physical substance.

c. listed as a separate category on the balance sheet.

d. listed as a long-term investment on the balance sheet.

92. The relationship between current assets and current liabilities is important in evaluating a company's

a. profitability.

b. liquidity.

c. market value.

d. turnover.

93. The most important information needed to determine if companies can pay their current obligations is the

a. profit for this year.

b. projected profit for next year.

c. relationship between current assets and current liabilities.

d. relationship between current and non-current liabilities.

94. The current ratio is expressed as

a. current assets divided by current liabilities.

b. current assets minus current liabilities.

c. current liabilities divided by non-current liabilities.

d. current assets minus owner’s equity.

95. The current ratio should be interpreted by considering all but

a. general economic and industry conditions.

b. other special financial information.

c. other firms in the same or related industry.

d. other firms in unrelated industries.

96. Which of the following will be affected by a reclassification of assets from current to non-current?

a. total assets

b. current ratio

c. income summary

d. accounts payable turnover

97. Which of the following will be affected by a reclassification of liabilities from current to non-current?

a. total assets

b. total liabilities

c. working capital

d. inventory turnover

98. Which of the following would NOT affect the acid-test ratio?

a. increasing supplies

b. decreasing accounts receivable

c. increasing cash

d. decreasing accounts payable

*99. After the adjusting entries are journalized and posted to the accounts in the general ledger, the balance of each account should agree with the balance shown on the

a. adjusted trial balance.

b. post-closing trial balance.

c. the general journal.

d. adjustment columns of the work sheet.

*100. The account, Supplies, will appear in the debit columns of the work sheet for all columns EXCEPT the

a. trial balance.

b. adjusted trial balance.

c. balance sheet.

d. income statement.

*101. When constructing a work sheet, accounts are often needed that are not listed in the trial balance already entered on the work sheet from the ledger. Where should these additional accounts be shown on the work sheet?

a. They should be inserted in alphabetical order into the trial balance accounts already given.

b. They should be inserted in chart of account by highest dollar value.

c. They should be inserted on the lines immediately below the trial balance totals.

d. They should not be inserted on the trial balance until the next accounting period.

*102. When using a work sheet, adjusting entries are journalized

a. after the work sheet is completed and before financial statements are prepared.

b. before the adjustments are entered on to the work sheet.

c. after the work sheet is completed and after financial statements have been prepared.

d. before the adjusted trial balance is extended to the proper financial statement columns.

*103. Assuming that there is a loss for the period, which column will the loss balance be entered in?

a. Income statement credit column

b. Adjustment credit column

c. Trial balance debit column

d. Adjusted trial balance debit column

*104. When preparing a worksheet, the profit (or loss) for the period

a. is found by calculating the difference between the income statement credit column and the balance sheet credit column on the work sheet.

b. cannot be found on the work sheet.

c. is found by calculating the difference between the income statement column totals of the work sheet.

d. is found by calculating the difference between the trial balance totals and the adjusted trial balance totals.

*105. The work sheet does NOT show

a. profit or loss for the period.

b. revenue and expense account balances.

c. the ending balance in the owner's capital account.

d. the trial balance before adjustments.

*106. If the total debits exceed total credits in the balance sheet columns of the work sheet, owner's equity

a. will increase because profit has occurred.

b. will decrease because a loss has occurred.

c. is in error because a mistake has occurred.

d. will not be affected.

Use the following information for questions 107–108.

The income statement and balance sheet columns of Rand Company's work sheet reflect the following totals:

Income Statement Balance Sheet

Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.

Totals $55,000 $50,000 $34,000 $39,000

*107. The profit (or loss) for the period is

a. $50,000 profit.

b. $5,000 profit.

c. $5,000 loss.

d. not determinable.

*108. To enter the profit (or loss) for the period into the above work sheet requires an entry to the

a. income statement debit column and the balance sheet credit column.

b. income statement credit column and to the balance sheet debit column.

c. income statement debit column and the income statement credit column.

d. balance sheet debit column and to the balance sheet credit column.

*109. Reversing entries are used to reverse two type of adjusting entries:

a. accrued revenue and unearned revenues.

b. prepayments and unearned revenues.

c. accrued revenue and expenses.

d. prepayments and accrued expenses.

*110. Although it may look unusual, when preparing a reversing entry you may create

a. a debit balance in an asset account.

b. a credit balance a liability account.

c. no change; all accounts remain in the same balance.

d. a credit balance in an expense account.

*111. Reversing entries are useful

a. whenever adjusting entries are prepared.

b. only when accruals are journalized in the current period.

c. only when accruals have been journalized in the previous period.

d. whenever correcting entries are prepared.

*112. A reversing entry

a. reverses entries that were made in error.

b. is the exact opposite of an adjusting entry made in a previous period.

c. is the same as the adjusting entry made in a previous period.

d. is made when a company sustains a loss in one period and reverses the effect with a profit in the next period.

*113. If a company utilizes reversing entries, they will

a. be made at the beginning of the next accounting period.

b. not actually be posted to the general ledger accounts.

c. be made before the post-closing trial balance.

d. be part of the adjusting entry process.

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

MATCHING

114. Match the items below by entering the appropriate code letter in the space provided.

A. Work sheet F. Share capital

B. Permanent accounts G. Current assets

C. Closing entries H. Income summary

D. Drawings I. Non-current liabilities

E. Reversing entry J. Correcting entries

1. A temporary account used to account for owner withdrawals

2. Balance sheet accounts whose balances are carried forward to the next period

3. A temporary account used to close revenues and expenses

4. Entries at the end of an accounting period to transfer the balances of temporary accounts to a permanent owner's equity account

5. Entries to correct errors made in recording transactions

6. Obligations expected to be paid after one year

7. Resources that are expected to be realized in cash, sold, or consumed within one year of the balance sheet

8. An optional tool that facilitates the preparation of financial statements

9. The exact opposite of an adjusting entry made in a previous period

ANSWERS TO MATCHING

1. D

2. B

3. H

4. C

5. J

6. I

7. G

8. A

9. E

Legal Notice

Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. or related companies. All rights reserved.

The data contained in these files are protected by copyright. This manual is furnished under licence and may be used only in accordance with the terms of such licence.

The material provided herein may not be downloaded, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, modified, made available on a network, used to create derivative works, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise without the prior written permission of John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.