Full Test Bank Chapter.7 Economics

1.

People who study the effects of global economic changes on human–nature relationships and the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are

A)

medical anthropologists

B)

environmental anthropologists

C)

naturalist anthropologists

D)

environmental anthropologists

2.

According to Itzaj beliefs

A)

humans and nature exist in the same realm

B)

humans and nature exist in separate realms

C)

water is the elixir of life

D)

cutting down trees brings good luck

3.

What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

A)

complementary

B)

oppositional

C)

close

D)

respectful

4.

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

A)

a cultural landscape

B)

an ecosystem

C)

a subsistence strategy

D)

a metaphor

5.

Traditional ecological knowledge is

A)

rarely shared in local languages

B)

not useful in the contemporary world

C)

extremely valued by Westerners

D)

not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

6.

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

A)

Planting practices

B)

Harvesting practices

C)

The idea that maize has a soul

D)

Taxonomy

7.

Why do environmental anthropologists study formal nature protection?

A)

Westerners are the only ones who do it

B)

it often generates social conflicts

C)

it is not working

D)

it is a human universal

8.

The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of

A)

an ecosystem

B)

a cultural landscape

C)

an anthropogenic landscape

D)

sustainable development

9.

The Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice

A)

foraging

B)

horticulture

C)

agriculture

D)

transhumant pastoralism

10.

What is “fortress conservation”?

A)

the protection of old walled cities, castles, and forts

B)

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

C)

an approach to conservation that allows for human–animal interaction

D)

an approach to national parks that includes building high-security fences and walls for protection

11.

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is

A)

political ecology

B)

demography

C)

political economy

D)

environmental justice

12.

Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?

A)

demography

B)

environmental anthropology

C)

political economy

D)

political ecology

13.

Ecological footprint is the concept of measuring what people consume and the waste they produce.

14.

Environmental anthropology is the study of how different societies change, engage with, and preserve the natural world.

15.

The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental determinism.

16.

Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ethnoscience, which was at its peak in the 1960s.

17.

Sometimes the very landscapes that Westerners want to conserve without people on them are actually the result of indigenous involvement and manipulation. These are called anthropogenic landscapes.

18.

Contemporary ecological science supports the idea that human cultural behaviors are solely shaped by the environment.

A)

True

B)

False

19.

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based.

A)

True

B)

False

20.

An ecological footprint is a measurement of the population an area can support.

A)

True

B)

False

21.

It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.

A)

True

B)

False

22.

Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality.

A)

True

B)

False

23.

One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

A)

they don't allow big-game hunting

B)

they assume nature must be uninhabited by people

C)

they don't charge enough to visitors for entering the area

D)

they focus too much on integrating animals

24.

Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as

A)

climate change

B)

environmental determinism

C)

cultural relativism

D)

carrying capacity

25.

“Mother nature” and “natural resources” are a good example of

A)

cultural landscapes

B)

Ecosystems

C)

metaphors of human–nature interaction

D)

Idioms

26.

Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?

A)

humans have a wide range of variation when it comes to classifying things

B)

all human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways

C)

humans organize information very differently depending on their environment

D)

non-Western people do not organize scientific knowledge like Westerners do

27.

The enclosure movement is important to understanding Western conservation approaches because

A)

it generated new ideas about scenic beauty

B)

it legitimized people who lived on the land

C)

it supported the growing population of the countryside

D)

it is no longer normative in contemporary Western cultures

28.

How did Americans aim to showcase their “civilization” after the Civil War?

A)

building museums and monuments

B)

starting wars with neighbors

C)

establishing formally protected areas

D)

outlawing headhunting

29.

European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources

A)

to eliminate native competition against the European businesses exploiting raw materials in the colonies

B)

because they thought the native people were too good at using resources

C)

because the colonial administrations purchased the lands where the resources were located

D)

to support indigenous land-use rights

30.

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

A)

scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

B)

indigenous communities do not have scientifically rigorous knowledge which is necessary for conservation

C)

the fact that indigenous people often want to continue living on their land undermines conservation goals

D)

collaboration is unnecessary for sustainable development

31.

Why is Fairhead and Leach's study about landscape change in Guinea important?

A)

it shows why overpopulation depletes forests

B)

it shows why the ignorance of local people causes environmental degradation

C)

it shows why sustainable development projects support forest growth

D)

it shows why forests can increase because of human population growth and cultivation

32.

Which of the following methods allowed Fairhead and Leach to make their conclusions about landscape change in Guinea?

A)

demographic surveys and still photographs

B)

Rorschach tests and videos

C)

biometric cranial measurements and blood screenings

D)

participant observation of agricultural activities and study of colonial records and aerial photographs

33.

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

A)

there is little threat of environmental impacts due to climate change

B)

it promotes the idea that people need less things to be happy

C)

goods are shipped using sustainable fuel sources

D)

the production of goods is not sustainable and uses too many raw materials

34.

Kenya's green belt movement is a good example of

A)

political ecology

B)

environmental anthropology

C)

the limits of carrying capacity

D)

environmental justice

35.

Anthropogenics are important because they demonstrate that many landscapes that seem wild are actually the product of human shaping.

36.

A key feature of environmental justice movements is their attention to the linkages between social marginalization and environmental degradation.

37.

One reason many environmental anthropologists are skeptical of overpopulation as a sole explanation for environmental degradation is that it doesn't recognize that different societies and people within each society consume differing amounts of resources.

38.

Anthropologist Roy Rappaport's distinction between cognized and operational models of ecology is important because it distinguishes between outsider and insider views of nature.

39.

Ethnobiologists are primarily interested in the conservation traditions of non-Western peoples.

A)

True

B)

False

40.

Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.

A)

True

B)

False

41.

Many non-Western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human–nature relationship.

A)

True

B)

False

42.

The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources.

A)

True

B)

False

43.

If anthropologist Roy Rappaport were studying organic farming practices in the rural United States, he would likely want to understand the

A)

environmental justice angle of the organic movement

B)

policies that support organic production and wise land stewardship

C)

understandings farmers themselves have of the landscape, as well as the understandings scientists and other outsiders have of the same landscape

D)

quality of the soil in relation to water sources

44.

An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in

A)

their interactions with the local ecosystem

B)

the meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices

C)

the ways environmental conditions shape their actions and beliefs

D)

the ethnobiological classifications they have of their environment

45.

Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

A)

the effects of traffic corridors on the air quality of an urban neighborhood

B)

the role of peasant farmers in tropical deforestation

C)

the relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

D)

the migration of rural people to cities because of ecological crisis in the countryside

46.

If you wanted to study the history of landscape change in your community and modeled your study on the approach of Fairhead and Leach in Guinea, which method would you be most likely not to use?

A)

collection of oral histories of local people

B)

examination of aerial photos

C)

examination of census records

D)

collection of data on species composition

47.

Which of the following research projects would an ecological anthropologist be most likely to join?

A)

a study of how soil quality and landscape features affect farming practices

B)

a comparative study of the use of “adult-child caring” metaphors in different societies

C)

a study of the ways an indigenous society classifies plant life

D)

the health impacts of village placements in vertical ecosystems

48.

The concept of “fortress conservation” would be applicable to all of the following situations except

A)

the eviction of a local community from a national park to keep it pristine in the Brazilian Amazon

B)

the criminalization of local people who practice traditional hunting in formally protected Costa Rican rain forests

C)

the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas

D)

the prevention of pastoralists from moving through a game reserve to gain access to a waterhole during the dry season in Morocco

49.

Could you apply the concept of cultural landscape to a North American suburban community? Explain your answer.

50.

Have you ever encountered an anthropogenic landscape? Describe it. How do you know it was an anthropogenic landscape?

51.

Aside from the siting of toxic waste dumps in poor and/or minority neighborhoods, what other situations could an environmental justice perspective shed light on? Name three, and give an explanation for each.

52.

What role do you think perspectives drawn from environmental anthropology can play in the study of climate change?

53.

How would an environmental determinist and an anthropologist dedicated to studying cultural landscapes approach a research project on a foraging community?

54.

Do Americans have traditional ecological knowledge? Explain your answer, and use examples.

55.

What does it mean that all knowledge systems about the environment are culturally based?

56.

What forces led to the development of modern environmental conservation culture?

57.

According to environmental anthropologists, what factors lead to the destruction of nature itself?

58.

According to environmental anthropologists, under what conditions can a society have sustainable relations with the natural world?