Full Test Bank Chapter 17 Globalization and Social Change

Experience Sociology, 4e (Croteau)

Chapter 17 Social Change: Globalization, Population, and Social Movements

1) Social change is always

A) complete.

B) partial.

C) disturbing.

D) bad.

2) Even though women today enjoy full equality in the workplace, they still collectively make significantly less money than men. This is evidence that while some beliefs and attitudes change,

A) they do not change fast enough.

B) they are replaced by new ones.

C) other structural patterns persist.

D) things really stay the same.

3) What is the term that refers to when many individuals begin to engage in a similar behavior independently of one another?

A) social trend

B) social change

C) cultural change

D) attitudinal change

4) What type of social change do social trends cause?

A) market change

B) unintended consequences

C) unpredictable social change

D) irreversible social consequences

5) Current trends in sociological theories that explain social change generally focus on material factors and/or

A) ideas.

B) political decisions.

C) powerful people.

D) All of these answers are correct.

6) Karl Marx's perspective focuses on which of the following to explain social change?

A) cultural factors

B) power factors

C) material factors

D) domination

7) Based on Karl Marx's perspective, change in ________ is the foundation of all other social change.

A) cultural attitudes

B) the economic base

C) the distribution of power

D) the structure of domination

8) Based on Karl Marx's perspective, what is the mode of production?

A) a factory system

B) a structure of inequality

C) an economic system

D) the division of labor

9) According to Karl Marx, what is the underlying factor behind all social change?

A) the structure of inequality

B) the mode of production

C) collective attitudes

D) historical materialism

10) William Ogburn proposed that ideas and beliefs change less rapidly than technology. This phenomenon is called

A) cultural drag.

B) technological supremacy.

C) a technological head start.

D) cultural lag.

11) William Ogburn argued that in the face of rapid technological change, ________ the new technological reality.

A) people's beliefs lag behind

B) people's ideas correspond with

C) people's attitudes adjust to

D) people's choices adapt to

12) William Ogburn argued that technological development produces

A) more comfortable lifestyles.

B) better opportunities.

C) improved health.

D) new social problems.

13) The internet has created a virtual community that brings together people who otherwise would never interact. At the same time, real community involvement suffers as people spend more time isolated from the "real" world. While technology creates new patterns of social interaction, it also produces problems. This reflects the perspective of which social theorist?

A) Max Weber

B) Karl Marx

C) William Ogburn

D) C. Wright Mills

14) Which factor was central to Max Weber's perspective of social change, specifically the rise of capitalism?

A) culture

B) the power structure

C) the economy

D) religion

15) Max Weber argued that ________ contributed to the emergence of industrial capitalism.

A) universal greed

B) the Protestant ethic

C) structural factors

D) colonialism

16) According to Max Weber, Calvinists equated material success with

A) God's blessing.

B) being too "worldly."

C) idolizing money rather than God.

D) None of these answers is correct.

17) Sociologists who focus on a particular social and historical environment in which social change occurs, rather than focusing on a single factor, are using which perspective of social change?

A) historical materialism

B) structural analysis

C) cultural analysis

D) contextual analysis

18) Which choice best captures the definition of globalization?

A) cross-national economic integration

B) integration of multiple aspects of social life

C) cultural homogenization

D) political unification

19) Which is the most significant feature of globalization?

A) increasing use of the internet

B) increasing interconnection of societies

C) decreasing community and civic involvement

D) access to affordable consumer goods

20) ________ can be seen as an early form of globalization.

A) The Crusades

B) World War I

C) Colonialism

D) Feudalism

21) Transnational organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, play an important role in maintaining developing nations' economic dependence on the former colonial powers. From this perspective, globalization

A) contributes to development in the Third World.

B) places a financial burden on wealthy nations.

C) continues the legacy of colonialism.

D) contributes to growth and prosperity around the world.

22) What are "global cities"?

A) cities that do not recognize a single "official" language

B) cities whose population is made up of more than 50 percent immigrants or children of immigrants

C) cities that have no immigration restrictions or trade barriers for companies that are based in them

D) cities that are home to companies that provide services that are strategic to the global economy

23) The people of the Himalayan uplands now drink Coca-Cola, and Indian village women give up breastfeeding in favor of Nestlé formula. These are examples of

A) the benefits of globalization.

B) the globalization of culture.

C) global economic progress.

D) global consumption.

24) Western Protestant evangelicals have successfully exported their beliefs and religious practices to many countries around the world. This is an example of

A) cultural globalization.

B) a global social movement.

C) a transnational church.

D) neoconservatism.

25) The global export of culture

A) involves most world cultures.

B) produces a great intermingling of many cultures.

C) is dominated by Western societies.

D) unifies people around the world.

26) Western cultural exports around the world are a form of

A) cultural enhancement.

B) cultural unification.

C) cultural domination.

D) indoctrination.

27) World systems theory is a form of ________ theory.

A) materialist

B) conflict

C) demographic

D) functionalist

28) Some critics argue that globalization has ________ the wealth gap between the rich and poor countries.

A) increased

B) decreased

C) has little impact on

D) equalized

29) According to world systems theory, globalization disproportionately benefits wealthy nations because they

A) enjoy a cultural hegemony.

B) have greater political influence.

C) are more powerful.

D) control the rules of capitalism.

30) From the perspective of world systems theory, national governments in developing nations have ________ to regulate their own economies.

A) little incentive

B) a unique opportunity

C) virtually no power

D) been encouraged

31) Globalization shifted power away from national governments to corporations and transnational entities such as the World Bank. The effect of this shift is

A) improved global security and peace.

B) an improvement of living standards around the world.

C) increased prosperity in developing nations.

D) an increased power of wealthy nations over poor ones.

32) Which economic philosophy promotes markets, deregulation, privatization, and reduced government social expenditures?

A) the Austrian school

B) Keynesian economics

C) neoliberalism

D) libertarianism

33) According to the Globalization Index, which of the following countries is the most globalized?

A) United States

B) Netherlands

C) Chad

D) China

34) Which is NOT a policy promoted by neoliberalism?

A) reduction of taxes

B) opposition to unions

C) social welfare programs

D) deregulation

35) Which group most benefits from the principles of economic neoliberalism?

A) investors and capitalists

B) the working class

C) the government sector

D) marginal groups

36) Why do critics of neoliberalism suggest that neoliberal policies are applied selectively?

A) Tax cuts are not applied consistently.

B) Only the underprivileged benefit.

C) Governments routinely subsidize businesses.

D) Labor unions are allowed to flourish.

37) Neoliberal policies have

A) been widely accepted and endorsed by most.

B) sparked a global justice movement.

C) promoted fairness and justice.

D) None of these answers is correct.

38) What spurred the population explosion known as the "baby boom"?

A) a ban on birth control

B) the end of World War II

C) a cultural revolution

D) suburbanization

39) Many individuals decided to have children at about the same time, which resulted in the "baby boom." Which of the following was primarily responsible for the baby boom?

A) individual decisions

B) biology

C) social factors

D) lax morals

40) The study of population trends and characteristics is called

A) biography.

B) demography.

C) cartography.

D) biostatistics.

41) By 2088, the world's population is expected to be

A) 5 billion.

B) 7 billion.

C) 9 billion.

D) 11 billion.

42) What is the primary reason behind the global population explosion?

A) absence of birth control

B) increased prosperity

C) increasing poverty

D) scientific advances

43) Technological development, particularly in the medical field, contributed to population explosion by

A) improving living standards and reducing mortality.

B) improving fertility treatments.

C) increasing life expectancy and lowering infant mortality.

D) improving preventive health care.

44) Not all countries experience the same population trends. Great differences exist among countries in population growth, infant mortality rates, average lifespan, etc. This inequality is called

A) the population pyramid.

B) population disparity.

C) biometric discrepancy.

D) the demographic divide.

45) Which of the following describes the population growth rate in European countries?

A) negative growth rate

B) high birth rate

C) negative death rate

D) stable growth

46) Which area of the world is experiencing the highest death rate?

A) South America

B) Europe

C) Africa

D) Asia

47) What is the primary factor in rates of population growth?

A) access to birth control

B) level of economic development

C) religious beliefs

D) cultural values

48) Besides death and birth rates, what other factor is essential in assessing population growth?

A) incarceration rates

B) migration

C) degree of economic prosperity

D) reliability of demographic records

49) Which of the following best describes the current and projected impact of immigration on population growth in the United States and other wealthy nations?

A) significant

B) negligible

C) declining

D) currently insignificant, but rapidly increasing

50) An aging population brings a variety of social problems. Which issue related to the aging population in the United States is most significant?

A) a housing shortage for young people

B) too few young people supporting too many retirees

C) slower economic growth and lower spending

D) high unemployment as retirement age increases

51) The "graying of America" has had which of the following effects on the Social Security system in the United States?

A) Benefits have been reduced.

B) The age at which a person is eligible for benefits has increased.

C) The system itself continues to struggle with solvency.

D) All of these answers are correct.

52) Unsustainable population growth is threatening the planet. This statement is consistent with which population theory?

A) neoclassical

B) Malthusian

C) environmental

D) neo-Malthusian

53) Which theory argues that population growth is directly related to levels of affluence and adoption of new technology?

A) demographic divide theory

B) Malthusian theory

C) demographic transition theory

D) neoliberalism

54) Demographic transition theory suggests that societies progress through four demographic stages, beginning with high birth and death rates and culminating at ________ population growth.

A) slowed

B) zero

C) negative

D) sustainable

55) According to demographic transition theory, societies that embraced industrialization were able to reduce overall birth and death rates. The primary reason behind this reduction was

A) increased affluence.

B) the introduction of birth control.

C) improved knowledge about sanitation and disease.

D) transition from extended to nuclear families.

56) Based on demographic transition theory, why do preindustrial societies experience very low overall population growth?

A) low birth rates

B) high birth and death rates

C) high death rates

D) alternating periods of prosperity and famine

57) How is social structure in agrarian societies related to large families?

A) extended family structure

B) religious promotion of procreation

C) absence of birth control

D) need for farm labor

58) How is social structure in advanced countries related to small families?

A) Urban living restricts the number of family members.

B) Children are a financial liability.

C) Family planning is possible.

D) There is a cultural preference for fewer children.

59) Which of the following best describes Rosa Parks's role in the Montgomery bus boycott?

A) a spontaneous action by a woman who was a new member of the NAACP

B) a deliberate action by a woman who was "brought in" to Montgomery by the NAACP

C) a spontaneous action by a woman who was simply tired of the status quo

D) a deliberate action by a trained civil rights movement member

60) What does Richard Flacks mean by "making history"?

A) a special charisma to sway people's opinions

B) an ability to invent new technology that changes the course of history

C) the power to influence the organization of society

D) an ability to act in a way that inspires change

61) According to Richard Flacks, most people are not involved in "making history" because they

A) are too distracted by media entertainment.

B) lack inspiration and dedication.

C) lack talents and special abilities.

D) are busy "making life."

62) Collective, organized efforts at bringing about or opposing change, typically led by people who have no institutional power, is a definition of

A) interest groups.

B) lobbying.

C) social movements.

D) support groups.

63) What primarily differentiates social movements from other forms of politics?

A) Social movements do not involve money.

B) Social movements use extra institutional tactics.

C) Social movements fight for a noble cause.

D) Social movements are centered on conflict.

64) Boycotts, nonviolent street demonstrations, and protests are examples of what type or method of social change?

A) innovative

B) disruptive

C) conflict-based

D) extra institutional

65) Which of the following best describes the methods used by social movements to achieve their goals?

A) exclusively extra institutional

B) combination of conventional and extra institutional

C) innovative but conventional

D) nontraditional power channels

66) Social movements would NOT be interested in pursuing which effort?

A) changing institutional structure

B) supporting charitable organizations

C) promoting the support for war

D) educating about the importance of recycling

67) Social movements are primarily interested in

A) addressing immediate needs.

B) supporting charitable causes.

C) tackling underlying causes.

D) providing service and assistance.

68) Although composed mostly of the powerless, social movements do have power to bring about social change. A major source of their power is the power

A) to excite and inspire.

B) to influence and persuade.

C) to confront and challenge.

D) of noncompliance.

69) The coordination of many individuals into a concerted effort to promote social change is called

A) organizing.

B) a revolt.

C) a boycott.

D) a protest.

70) Who famously stated that, "Power concedes nothing without a demand"?

A) Max Weber

B) Karl Marx

C) Martin Luther King, Jr.

D) Frederick Douglass

71) Why are bystanders so important to the success of a social movement?

A) They can cheer and support the movement actors.

B) Movements need public exposure.

C) There is potential for expansion of the movement if bystanders become involved.

D) Movements need witnesses to injustice.

72) According to community organizers, there are two basic sources of power. Which of the following is the one possessed by social movements?

A) money

B) people

C) influence

D) enthusiasm

73) "Framing" is central to the formation of a collective identity necessary for the success of a social movement. What does framing do?

A) It defines "us" versus "them."

B) It defines the meaning of its message.

C) It identifies opponents or targets.

D) It solidifies membership.

74) Social movements promote their organizations with symbolic markers such as logos, t-shirts, and slogans primarily in order to

A) foster collective identity.

B) solicit contributions.

C) rally support.

D) maintain enthusiasm.

75) The idea of "framing" originated in the work of

A) Max Weber.

B) Karl Marx.

C) Erving Goffman.

D) Frederick Douglass.

76) ________ is a way to generate assets that support the physical structure and operation of a social movement.

A) Movement drive

B) Asset acquisition

C) A charitable function

D) Resource mobilization

77) The most likely candidate for recruitment into a social movement would be a(n)

A) unemployed person.

B) disenchanted employee.

C) college student.

D) retiree.

78) What are political opportunities?

A) when movement leaders gain political influence

B) external factors that change the environment

C) when a movement becomes mainstream

D) when movement leadership becomes part of the power structure

79) Successful social movements are generally able to ________ alter social values in order to bring about change.

A) radically

B) rapidly

C) partially

D) completely

80) ________ is essential to the success of today's social movements.

A) Effective communication

B) Large financial backing

C) Face-to-face contact

D) Access to mainstream media

81) Americans born during which years are identified as the "Silent Generation"?

A) 1981 or later

B) 1928-1945

C) 1946-1964

D) 1965-1980

82) In the past, social movements relied on

A) public speeches.

B) written communication.

C) face-to-face communication.

D) All of these answers are correct.

83) Contemporary social movements rely increasingly on ________ to communicate their message to supporters.

A) the mainstream media

B) underground networks

C) cable and satellite networks

D) the internet and social media

84) Which of the following is a key communication tool for contemporary pro-democracy movements in repressive nations?

A) collective organizing

B) the use of social media

C) the mobilization of resources

D) face-to-face recruitment

85) In contemporary pro-democracy movements around the world, which strategy used by a government to suppress movements would be most effective?

A) show of force

B) limitation of internet access

C) mass arrests and incarceration

D) threat of violence

86) Social change always originates at the macro level.

87) Sociologists understand social change as being primarily driven by the actions and decisions of powerful individuals.

88) Globalization is not a recent phenomenon. Various forms of globalization have existed in the past.

89) Globalization today carries on many features of colonialism. We can speak of globalization as "neocolonialism."

90) The globalization of culture is a somewhat unilateral process; not all parties enjoy the same cultural influence.

91) Western societies account for the vast majority of the world's cultural exports.

92) Developing countries account for at least a half of the world's cultural exports.

93) Developing nations tend to be the most globalized.

94) Critics claim that neoliberal policies undermine democratic principles by shifting power from democratically elected governments to corporations whose allegiance lies only with investors.

95) Neo-Malthusians support women's right to make their own reproductive decisions.

96) Population growth has been gradual and incremental throughout human history.

97) The infant mortality rate is the number of babies who die within one week of birth (per 1,000 live births).

98) The United States has the highest percentage of foreign-born individuals of any country in the world.

99) The ability to communicate effectively with the public is a crucial component of social movement success.

100) Censorship and manipulation of internet content is one way that governments that oppose democracy fight against pro-democracy movements.