Chapter 10: Work and Rationalization

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. How did Weber describe the belief system of Europeans before the Enlightenment?

a. It was characterized by magic and controlled by mystical forces.

b. Most people already believed in the scientific research of the Arabs.

c. The Catholic Church completely controlled most thought processes.

d. Wealthy people were enlightened, but serfs believed in witchcraft.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Ralf was an overseer of serfs on a manor in pre-Enlightenment Europe. If the crops failed, Ralf would most likely blame ______.

a. drought

b. demons

c. depleted soil

d. soil fungus

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. How did Europeans tend to solve problems before the Enlightenment?

a. By doing research into the cause of the problem

b. Writing to other rulers to ask for their advice

c. Performing a religious ritual or sacrifice

d. Donating more money to the Catholic Church

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Emma lived in pre-Enlightenment Europe. When her son came down with the plague, Emma would most likely have sought help from ______.

a. logical measures

b. science

c. physicians

d. magic

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How did Weber describe the waning power of religion’s role in society?

a. The protestant reformation

b. The decline of secularism

c. The disenchantment of the world

d. The end of superstition

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Nicolaus made systematic observations of the planets in the night sky and started to doubt that the sun orbits the earth, even though the Catholic Church supported that view. Nicolaus’s reliance on scientific observation instead of religious teaching represents the ______.

a. disenchantment of the world

b. strengthening of the Church

c. protestant reformation

d. rise of atheism

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which way of solving problems has led to a more productive and efficient world?

a. Secularization

b. Instinctual

c. Rationalization

d. Divination

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Gamel knows his horse will turn right every time his bridle is pulled in that direction, in other words, the response of the horse is ______.

a. predictable

b. calculable

c. efficient

d. arbitrary

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Beau is making a special lunch for his family of five, but the recipe is for only two servings. He can figure out how to adjust for more servings because recipes are ______.

a. efficient

b. predictable

c. calculable

d. controlling

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What element of rationalization is focused on reducing waste?

a. Calculability

b. Control

c. Predictability

d. Efficiency

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Jerry likes to ensure positive outcomes from eating a healthy diet as recommended by his doctor. In other words, he wants ______.

a. control

b. efficiency

c. predictability

d. calculability

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. One advantage of rationalization and the understanding of science is ______.

a. fewer evil spirits

b. longer human lifespans

c. less farm yield

d. more powerful priests

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What is lost when the process of disenchantment seeks efficiency in the production of goods?

a. Reason

b. Predictability

c. Spontaneity

d. Accountability

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. According to Weber, as the world becomes disenchanted, what else is also lost for in many people’s lives?

a. Meaning

b. Religion

c. Longevity

d. Calculability

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. What term meaning “desk power” is the prototype of rationalization?

a. Hierarchy

b. Bureaucracy

c. Byzantine

d. Convoluted

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationalization in Modern Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to Weber and Ritzer, the fact that fast food restaurants offer cheap meals, but also create massive amounts of waste, is an example of the ______.

a. irrationality of rationality

b. predictability of spontaneity

c. control of calculability

d. standardization of creativity

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Negative Outcomes of Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Ben goes to the motor vehicle department to renew his drivers’ license and has to wait in line to take a number, then when his number is called, he finds out which other line to stand in to get his picture taken. All this seems to be excessively formal and a needlessly complex example of the ______.

a. abuse of power

b. efficiency of bureaucracy

c. irrationality of rationality

d. engineering of annoyance

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Negative Outcomes of Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Ernie’s family has run his family-owned sandwich shop for eighty years. According to Ritzer, why is Ernie’s sandwich shop likely resistant to McDonaldization?

a. It is a “premodern” business that has been around a long time.

b. His shop is too small for large franchises to worry about.

c. Ernie’s is a local favorite, and so is immune to competition.

d. The shop is state-owned and does not face pressure from McDonald’s.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Negative Outcomes of Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Yoni does all of his banking online and at ATM machines. How does his convenience also help corporations, according to the ideas of McDonaldization?

a. Online banks have higher overhead costs than brick-and-mortar location.

b. Fewer employees are needed if Yoni is doing the labor for free.

c. Computer and ATM maintenance cost the same as hourly tellers.

d. Corporations using automation are more highly rated.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Negative Outcomes of Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. What is one way rationalization has changed the way we think about goods and services?

a. Things that used to be considered priceless are now given monetary value.

b. Most goods must now be standardized and McDonaldized or they won’t sell.

c. Innovation and creativity are now frowned upon in favor of predictability.

d. Services that were seen as public goods are now seen as profit centers.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Negative Outcomes of Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Betsy sees public schools as a problem, rather than a public good. She would rather convert them into places for private corporations to maximize profit and train obedient workers. Betsy’s view is most likely shaped by ______.

a. essentialism

b. discrimination

c. rationalization

d. legitimation

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Negative Outcomes of Rationalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Why is crude oil considered a commodity?

a. It is standardized, is worth money, and is mass-produced by several companies.

b. Oil is a necessity for heating, refining into gasoline, and lubricating machines.

c. Many plastics and even some shampoos are made from elements of crude oil.

d. Many modes of transportation rely on oil for fuel and in their transmissions.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Public schools provide education paid for by taxpayers, but private schools require tuition, and represent schooling which has been ______.

a. standardized

b. commodified

c. rationalized

d. profiteered

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Cultural appropriation is a form of the ______ of culture.

a. rejection

b. standardization

c. celebration

d. commodification

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of these is an example of the commodification of culture?

a. One of a kind, unique wooden shaving brushes

b. Cherokee language classes offered free at the library

c. Mass-produced Native American dream catchers

d. A mountain-sized sculpture of Crazy Horse in South Dakota

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Dan owns a football team. Several Native American groups have told him the nickname and logos he uses for his team are offensive and racist. Dan has ______ stereotypical Native American imagery.

a. commodified

b. stigmatized

c. curtailed

d. personalized

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Émile Durkheim said societies in which everyone is very similar, or homogenous, are based on ______ solidarity.

a. organic

b. mechanical

c. natural

d. artificial

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Durkheim would most likely categorize the United States as a society based on ______ solidarity.

a. union

b. mechanical

c. organic

d. artificial

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Aboriginal Australians often live separately in their own communities as a way of preserving their ancient culture. This society is most likely based on ______ solidarity.

a. artificial

b. natural

c. mechanical

d. organic

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. A self-sufficient farming community in which every family grows its own food and makes its own goods has little ______.

a. division of labor

b. conflict of interest

c. income equality

d. mechanical solidarity

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. What is one advantage of a high degree of division of labor, such as in factories?

a. Products will be of higher quality.

b. Goods will become scarcer and more expensive.

c. The skilled workers are paid more.

d. Labor is cheaper, so goods are more affordable.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Eric installs engines in cars for a major automobile manufacturer in Michigan: he does a repetitive task and only knows how to install engines. Erik uses money he earns from his job to purchase most everything he needs to live his life, thus living in a society based on ______ solidarity.

a. mechanical

b. organic

c. artificial

d. essential

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. What is one drawback of increasing division of labor for employees?

a. More unskilled laborers will be needed to maintain the machines.

b. Goods will be cheaper if made on assembly lines with robots.

c. Corporations will gain more profit due to reduced labor costs.

d. Skilled workers will be in less demand due to automation.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Who developed the principle of scientific management?

a. Henry Ford

b. Andrew Carnegie

c. Frederick Taylor

d. John D. Rockefeller

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scientific Management

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Who developed the assembly line to speed up and standardize production?

a. John D. Rockefeller

b. Frederick Taylor

c. Andrew Carnegie

d. Henry Ford

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scientific Management

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. What is one innovation introduced when the assembly line was standardized?

a. Specialized machines replaced skilled laborers making parts.

b. Workers were trained to do any job along the assembly line.

c. Employees were given stock options as part of their salary.

d. Corporations immediately laid off most of the workforce.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scientific Management

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Why are workers sometimes frustrated and angered when companies switch to assembly line production?

a. Their health care benefits were cut to maximize profits.

b. Raises given to workers were not high enough.

c. The work became unthinking and uncreative.

d. Micromanagement of employees declined.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scientific Management

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. What did Frederick Taylor do to help cause the decline of skilled workers?

a. He interviewed skilled employees and broke their processes into easy to learn parts.

b. Taylor was hired by corporations to help them reduce the cost of labor and he did.

c. He tested worker endurance by using experiments to determine how much they could work.

d. Taylor wrote a series of newspaper editorials claiming that skilled workers wanted to block unskilled labor.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Scientific Management

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. What is the logical outcome of embracing scientific management principles in manufacturing?

a. Importing migrant workers to pay them less and work them more in factories.

b. Using robots to automate as many parts of the process as possible.

c. The re-emergence of skilled labor to design and maintain workflow.

d. Shrinking the income and achievement gaps between the rich and poor.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Automation

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Edison entered a shop in the airport while waiting for his flight. There was no clerk in the shop, just a terminal to scan the barcode of any merchandise for purchase. Edison walked into a shop that uses ______ to cut labor costs.

a. outsourcing

b. assembly lines

c. automation

d. unskilled labor

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automation

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Globally, what percentage of current jobs have the technical potential to be automated?

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

d. 90%

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Automation

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Joe teaches history in high school. Erin is a sandwich artist. Julie works as a court stenographer. Carlos installs front axles on pickup trucks. Who is least likely to lose their job to automation?

a. Erin

b. Julie

c. Carlos

d. Joe

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Automation

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Which jobs are most likely to be automated?

a. Jobs that prefer candidates to have Master’s degrees.

b. Those that require less than a high school education.

c. Work that needs highly specialized training.

d. Jobs requiring workers to be flexible in applying rules.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automation

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. How could the government best help workers displaced by automation?

a. Training for new jobs could be offered.

b. Welfare programs could be expanded.

c. Workers could be relocated to other countries.

d. Large tax breaks could be offered to companies to keep workers.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automation

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Olabisi is a factory worker in a study of productivity. When the researcher increases the lighting near his group, Olabisi performs better, but he is also more productive when the lights are dimmed. The researcher realizes that workers like Olabisi change behavior when they know they are being observed. In other words this is an example of ______.

a. the Hawthorne effect

b. observer bias

c. confirmation bias

d. the Mayo effect

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Methods in Depth: Worker Productivity and The Hawthorne Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. The Hawthorne effect occurs when ______.

a. workers improve productivity due to better lighting and increased safety

b. dim lighting makes workers pay more attention to their job to stay safe

c. subjects change their behavior when they know they are being observed

d. employees assume the researcher can get them fired if they work slowly

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methods in Depth: Worker Productivity and The Hawthorne Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Randy decides to use Mayo’s research to improve satisfaction for his employees. What is most likely to have the desired effect?

a. Randy should make sure to prevent his employees from forming a union.

b. Disgruntled employees should be treated harshly to set an example for others.

c. Randy should pay bonuses to employees who inform on their coworkers.

d. Randy should ensure the workplace is clean and safe, and provide free coffee.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Methods in Depth: Worker Productivity and The Hawthorne Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Why is replicating research important?

a. To ensure job security for researchers

b. Because verified studies are more generalizable

c. So colleges can keep their science grant money

d. As practice for students in training

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methods in Depth: Worker Productivity and The Hawthorne Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. What attitude about workers was shared by Taylor and Ford?

a. They both felt factory work was a noble pursuit.

b. Workers are on their way to becoming owners.

c. Both had little respect for factory workers.

d. They believed workers value workplace efficiencies.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Outsourcing

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Despite promising to keep the factory open, production for Star-Spangled Flagmaking Company moved from the United States to Asia to cut costs, a move called ______.

a. outsourcing

b. automation

c. rationalization

d. essentialism

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Outsourcing

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. How does moving jobs out of the United States save money for corporations?

a. Corporations that outsource jobs no longer have to pay sales tax in the United States.

b. The CEOs of corporations that outsource are paid a percentage of foreign worker salaries.

c. Some other countries have no minimum wage, and no workplace safety or environmental laws.

d. Corporations are paid a government bonus for each job they send outside of the United States.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Outsourcing

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. According to Marx, how does making workers compete with each other change the nature of work?

a. Work is transformed from a social, collective activity into a solitary, selfish one.

b. More productive employees get to keep the surplus they create for capitalists.

c. Repetitive, isolated labor that does not require thinking is more enjoyable.

d. Workers value and feel a part of the products they produce.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Alienation of Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Mick works alone on an automobile assembly line, and does NOT control how he works. According to Marx's view, Mick's feeling about this job can be best described as ______.

a. appreciated

b. alienated

c. attached

d. proud

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Alienation of Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Although the division of labor does increase profits for corporations, what effect does it have on workers according to Marx?

a. Most workers prefer jobs that are not intellectually challenging.

b. Workers are happy with this because the company shares the profits with them.

c. Repetitive tasks are much less satisfying than controlling the process.

d. Workers are pitted against each other to earn the best spot on the assembly line.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Alienation of Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. What is the recent trend in the good producing sector?

a. There has been a dramatic decline in resource extracting jobs like mining.

b. More people are being hired to work on offshore oil drilling platforms.

c. Farming requires more manual labor than before to ensure good yield.

d. Fewer people are going into retail sales and entertainment.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Work in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Shipping companies often hire more workers during busy times of the year, such as in months leading up to major holidays. These jobs are considered ______.

a. emotional

b. precarious

c. creative

d. consistent

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Precarious Employment

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. What has changed employee expectations in many low-level service jobs since the 1980s?

a. Now more than ever, employees can work their way up from entry level jobs into management.

b. Most companies are giving service workers more benefits as the cost of living increases.

c. Service jobs like cleaning are now outsourced and cannot advance within corporations.

d. Salaries paid to service workers have been increasing faster than compensation for management.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Work in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. Any job that provides a good or service, and also tries to make people feel a certain way, is considered ______ labor.

a. manual

b. intellectual

c. precarious

d. emotional

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Emotional Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Jason NOT only needs to help his students learn psychology, but he must also attempt to make them feel valued and provide a positive classroom experience. Jason’s job requires ______ labor.

a. emotional

b. manual

c. resource extraction

d. precarious

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emotional Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. What factor makes jobs precarious in a factory?

a. Employees control the labor process.

b. Workers are easily fired and replaced.

c. Customers need lots of emotional support.

d. Employees who work too fast are shunned.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Precarious Employment

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta described gravity over one thousand years before Isaac Newton.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The Enlightenment marked an increase in religious influence on society throughout Europe.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Rationalized World

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. A bureaucracy is a kind of machine made of humans.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Rationalization in Modern Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. An independent local coffee shop is an example of a business in favor of rationalization.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rationalization in Modern Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Anything mass-produced is by definition cultural commodification.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Karl Marx felt that the commodification of labor dehumanizes workers in the eyes of employers.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The assembly line makes production faster, but also makes employees much easier to replace.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A society based on organic solidarity has a much simpler division of labor.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Division of Labor in Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Frederick Taylor believed that factory workers have limited mental abilities.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Outsourcing

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Under capitalism, if a worker creates more surplus value for the owner, he or she is entitled to be paid more as a reward.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Alienation of Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Workers who have no creative control over the products they make tend to feel alienated.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Alienation of Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In the U.S., only 13% of people were employed in the good producing sector in 2016, compared to 45% in 1910.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Work in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Service sector jobs tend to have higher salaries than other occupations.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Work in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Tourism, banking, and teaching are all service sector jobs.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Changes in Work in the United States

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Precarious labor is often dirty, dangerous, and demeaning.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Precarious Employment

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Do the benefits of rationalization outweigh the disadvantages? Be sure to discuss at least two benefits and two disadvantages.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain the rise of rationalization and the positive and negative consequences of this process for individuals and society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Rationalization in Modern Society

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Explain the process of cultural commodification and provide a specific example. Do you think cultural commodification is a problem? Why or why not? Use details and examples to support your answer.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Illustrate and apply the concepts of commodities and commodification.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Commodification

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Evaluate scientific management in terms of productivity, efficiency, and effects on workers as well as owners. Include a discussion of Frederick Taylor, Henry Ford, Émile Durkheim, and Karl Marx in relation to this question.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Scientific Management

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss the four ways Karl Marx asserted that capitalism distorts the process of work from its previous forms.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Explain the changing division of labor in society and how this shapes social relationships and the individual worker.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Alienation of Labor

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Predict outcomes if the trend toward automating good production sector jobs continues. What other types of jobs may emerge? Be sure to discuss precarious employment and emotional labor, using details and examples to support your answer.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain how precarious employment, and the rise of emotional labor have changed the experience of labor in modern society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Changes in Work in the United States

Difficulty Level: Hard