Full Test Bank Ch.2 Science, Matter, Energy, And Systems 18e

CHAPTER 2—SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, AND SYSTEMS

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In 1963, Bormann and Likens compared the output of two river valleys, one forested and the other clear cut. What were their findings?

2. What is the definition of a scientific hypothesis?

3. When an overwhelming body of observations and measurements supports a scientific hypothesis or group of related hypotheses, it becomes a(n) ____.

4. What is a well-tested and widely accepted description of what scientists find happening repeatedly in nature in the same way?

5. What is the correct order of applying the scientific process to a problem?

6. Which of the following is an example of an organic compound?

7. Complex carbohydrates are a type of ____.

8. What is the distinct piece of DNA containing instructions for making proteins?

9. What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life?

10. Thousands of genes make up a single ____.

11. Which statement is an example of a chemical change?

12. Radioactive decay is best characterized as a type of ____.

13. What law states that when matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed?

14. Electromagnetic energy travels in _____.

15. Nuclear ____ occurs when two nuclei are forced together.

16. Matter is anything that ____.

17. What is the most basic building block of matter?

18. Fundamental types of matter that have unique sets of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means are called ____.

19. Which substance is a compound?

20. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are all ____.

21. The atomic number is the number of ____.

22. The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of the ____.

23. Isotopes are forms of an element that differ from one another by having different ____.

24. An ion has a net positive or negative ______.

25. What describes the measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions compared to the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution?

26. Fossil fuels are best characterized as a type of ____.

27. High-quality energy can best be characterized as ____.

28. Which law states that no energy can be created or destroyed?

29. Energy efficiency refers to ____.

30. What is an example of low-quality energy?

31. What percentage of the energy used to produce food for living organisms, and to heat the earth, comes from the sun?

32. What does the first law of thermodynamics tell us?

33. The matter and energy laws tell us that we can recycle ____.

34. The energy "lost" by a system is ____.

35. Scientists classify energy as either ____.

36. Which of the following represents kinetic energy?

37. Heat is best characterized as a kind of ____ energy.

38. Scientists estimate that about _____ of the energy used in the United States is unavoidably wasted.

39. Energy can be formally defined as ____.

40. Which of the following best illustrates potential energy?

41. Time delays in feedback systems allow changes in the environment to build slowly until the changes reach a(n) ____.

42. What are two or more processes interacting such that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects?

43. A community knows the effects of chemical X when it is used alone. They also know the same for chemical Z, so they set safe limits for use for both chemicals. When the chemicals are released at safe levels on the same day, there is a massive fish kill. What is the most likely explanation?

44. Human events that affect the environment are generally characterized by ____.

45. What is considered to be the most essential component of a system?

46. One property of a system is that it ____.

47. Feedback causes ____ in a system.

48. Which of the following illustrates a negative feedback loop?

49. What is the point of a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system?

50. What term describes the lack of system response system during a period of time?

51. Scientists tend to be highly skeptical of new data, hypotheses, and models until they can be tested and verified.

52. When someone says that evolution is not important, "after all, it's just a theory," it is probable that they do not understand how scientists use the term "theory."

53. Tentative or frontier science is performed by amateur scientists whose work will never be accepted by their peers.

54. Scientists can disprove things but they cannot prove anything absolutely, which means there is always some uncertainty in science.

55. Atoms have a net positive electrical charge.

56. A chemical formula is a shorthand way of writing the symbols for atoms or ions in a compound.

57. Methane, a hydrocarbon, is considered an organic molecule even though it contains only one carbon atom.

58. How useful matter is to humans as a resource is determined by its concentration, availability for use, and its potential.

59. In a nuclear fission reaction, atoms are destroyed.

60. According to the law of conservation of matter, once trash decomposes in a landfill, we have completely gotten rid of the matter that made up the trash.

61. Energy cannot be recycled.

62. Burning coal demonstrates the conversion of energy from kinetic to potential.

63. Energy consumption does not mean the disappearance of energy; rather, it is the conversion of energy from one form to another with no net loss.

64. The scientific principles of sustainability show that everything we do affects someone or something in the environment in some way.

65. A negative feedback loop causes a system to further change in the same direction.

66. Science is based on the assumption that events in the natural world follow ____________________ patterns that can be understood.

67. ____________________ happens when scientists report details of their research and other scientists evaluate it.

68. A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms held together by forces called _______________.

69. Compounds are combinations of two or more different elements held together in ____________________ proportions.

70. A(n) ____________________ has more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions and has a pH ____________________ 7.

71. An organic compound is one that contains one or more _______________ atoms combined with atoms of one or more other elements.

72. If a macromolecule was a brick wall it would be called a(n) ____________________ made up of repeating units called ____________________.

73. Thousands of genes make up a single _______________, a double helix DNA molecule wrapped around proteins.

74. According to the ____________________, when a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed.

75. Body fat of a human or other animal is a type of ____________________ energy.

76. Most of the energy from burning a gallon of gasoline is lost as ____________________ energy called heat.

77. A(n) ____________________ occurs when an output of matter, energy, or information is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in the system.

78. There are many types of electromagnetic radiation, each with a different ____________________ and energy content.

79. A(n) _______________ is a set of components that function and interact in some regular way.

80. Any process that increases or decreases a change to a system is called a(n) _______________.

81. Briefly describe the scientific process outlined in this chapter.

82. Explain how a scientific law comes to be accepted.

83. Draw the basic chemical reaction of carbon and oxygen (C + O₂)

84. Explain how heat is a form of kinetic energy.

85. Give an example of a positive feedback loop and explain the process.

86. Explain how the human body is intimately connected to the two laws of thermodynamics.

87. Differentiate between a hypothesis, a guess, and a theory. Explain why it is important for non-scientists to understand how scientists use these terms when discussing something like global warming or evolution. Why might it be incorrect when a non-scientist dismisses a topic like these as being "just a theory"?

88. With reference to the accompanying figure, explain the significant difference that occurred between 1966 and 1970 in terms of the two lines representing the control watershed and the experimental watershed.

89. Much of the energy produced is lost before it can become useful. Explain how energy efficiency, or energy productivity, and the second law of thermodynamics may be useful in a discussion with another person on how to reduce CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions.

90. How is the concept of an environmental threshold or tipping point important in regards to global warming?