Full Test Bank Ch.11 Hypothesis Two Populations 3rd Edition - Statistics for Criminology 3e Complete Test Bank by Jacinta Michele Gau. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank
Chapter 11: Hypothesis Testing With Two Population Means or Proportions
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is a type of t test used by social scientists?
A. a dependent samples t test
B. a dependent population t test
C. a random samples t test
D. a three-sample t test
2. Pairs of samples in which the selection of people or objects into one sample in no way affects or is affected by the selection of people or objects into the other sample are referred to as ______.
A. dependent samples
B. independent samples
C. random samples
D. paired samples
3. Pairs of samples in which the selection of people or objects into one sample directly affects or is affected by the selection of people or objects into the other sample are referred to as ______.
A. dependent samples
B. independent samples
C. random samples
D. paired samples
4. Which of the following test designs is used when researchers need an experimental group and a control group but are unable to use random assignment to create the groups?
A. independent samples
B. random samples
C. multiple measures
D. matched-pairs
5. Which of the following designs entails measuring a characteristic in a sample, applying a treatment to the sample, and then measuring that characteristic again?
A. independent samples designs
B. random sampling designs
C. matched-pairs designs
D. repeated measures designs
6. When two population variances are similar to one another, which type of t test would be most appropriate?
A. pooled variance t test
B. separate variance t test
C. dependent samples designs
D. sampling variance t test
7. Which of the following would be considered a hypothesis test in which the entire alpha is placed in either the upper/positive or lower/negative tail such that there is only one critical value of the test statistic?
A. normal test
B. two-tailed test
C. one-tailed test
D. z test
8. Which of the following are hypotheses used in two-population tests for differences between proportions?
A. H0: P1 = P2 and H1: P1 < P2
B. H0: P1 < P2 and H1: P1 = P2
C. H0: P1 > P2 and H1: P1 < P2
D. H0: t1 = t2 and H1: t1 < t2
9. The proper distribution for two-population tests of proportions is ______.
A. the t distribution
B. the z distribution
C. the P distribution
D. the χ2 distribution
10. The correct distribution for two-population tests of means is ______.
A. the t distribution
B. the z distribution
C. the P distribution
D. the χ2 distribution
11. In SPSS, what is the result if the value of Levene’s F is found to be statistically significant?
A. The null of equality of variances is retained, and the pooled variances value from the output should be used.
B. Neither the separate variances nor the pooled variances values from the SPSS output should be used, as the two means under analysis are not statistically significant.
C. The null of equality of variances is rejected, and the separate variances value from the output should be used.
D. The variances from the SPSS output are related, and it is appropriate to conduct a dependent samples z test.
12. In a t test, H0: µ μ1 = µμ2. What does this statement predict about the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable?
A. Equivalence suggests that the independent variable is not exerting an impact on the outcome measure.
B. This suggests that there are two separate populations, each with its own mean.
C. This suggests that there is only one population, but two separate means affecting the dependent variable.
D. This suggests that there are two separate populations, but only a single mean exerting an impact on the dependent variable.
13. What is the first step in deciding what type of t test to use?
A. deciding the degrees of freedom
B. determining the alpha level
C. determining if the samples are independent or dependent
D. deciding upon the most appropriate sampling distribution to use
14. A researcher is studying robbery rates across cities of different size. He gathers robbery data on a random sample of large metropolitan cities and on a random sample of smaller urban areas. Which test would he use to find out whether there is a relationship between city size and robbery rates?
A. independent samples t test
B. dependent samples t test
C. matched pairs t test
D. none of these; t tests are not appropriate for rates
15. A researcher has a sample of people who participated in a drug court program. He wants to find out whether drug courts reduce recidivism, so for each person in the drug court sample, he finds someone who was also arrested for a drug offense and who is similar to that person on key characteristics (such as age, race, gender) but who was sentenced to prison instead of to drug court monitoring. Which of the following t tests would the researcher use to analyze the data?
A. matched-pairs
B. repeated measures
C. independent groups
D. sampling distribution
16. In repeated measures designs ______.
A. the sample studied is assessed at one point in time.
B. the samples tested are two independent groups tested on a multiple occasions.
C. the samples tested are at least three independent groups tested on two separate occasions.
D. the samples tested are two samples consisting of the same people or objects measured twice.
17. In two-tailed tests, ______.
A. there is only a single critical value needed to determine if a statistically significant relationship exists between the variables under study.
B. there is a single critical value, determined by the alpha level, needed to determine if a statistically significant relationship exists between the variables under study.
C. there are three critical values needed to determine statistical significance; one determined by the alpha level, one determined by the critical value, and one determined by the difference between the sample means.
D. there are two critical values needed to determine statistical significance; one positive and one negative.
18. In an independent samples t test, ______.
A. it matters which sample is designated as Sample 1 and which is called Sample 2, so researchers must always take due care in this regard.
B. it does not matter which sample is designated as Sample 1 or Sample 2 as long as the same designations remain consistent throughout the entirety of the test.
C. the larger sample should always be designated as Sample 1, and the smallest referred to as Sample 2.
D. the smaller Sample should always be designated as Sample 1, with the larger sample called Sample 2.
19. A professor predicts that states with large sea ports, such as Louisiana or Virginia, have more homicides than states without large port cities, such as Arkansas or Kentucky. Which test would be most appropriate for this purpose?
A. a one-tailed test
B. a two-tailed test
C. random sampling design
D. sampling distribution design
20. In the t test, ______.
A. it is necessary to identify the proper test type before the degrees of freedom can be computed
B. it is necessary to select the correct formula before the degrees of freedom can be computed
C. it is necessary to identify the number in each sample group before the degrees of freedom can be computed
D. all of these
21. In the t test, ______.
A. three pieces of information are required to find the critical value: the number of tails in the test, the α level, and the df.
B. three pieces of information are required to find the critical value: the sample size, the α level, and the df.
C. two pieces of information are required to find the critical value: the sample size and the α level.
D. two pieces of information are required to find the critical value: the α level and the df.
22. Two-population tests for differences between proportions ______.
A. make use of either the t distribution or the z distribution, depending upon the critical value and df
B. use only the t distribution
C. use only the z distribution
D. use the t distribution if the N > 100 or the z distribution if N < 99
23. In two-population tests for differences between proportions, ______.
A. the independent variable is a two-class, continuous measure
B. the independent variable is a single-class, categorical measure
C. the independent variable is a two-class, categorical measure
D. the independent variable is a single-class, ratio-level measure
24. In SPSS, the is designated as the ______ variable in the analysis.
A. hypothetical
B. grouping
C. testing
D. known
25. If Levene’s F is found to be nonsignificant, a researcher would make use of which values from the SPSS output?
A. unequal variances
B. significant variances
C. independent variances
D. pooled/equal variances
26. The type of t test appropriate when two samples are independent and the population variances are equal is known as the ______.
A. separate variances t test
B. pooled variances t test
C. split-half variance t test
D. none of these
27. Hypothesis tests in which α is split in half and placed in both tails of the distribution such that there are two values of the test statistics are called ______.
A. nondirectional tests
B. directional tests
C. one-tailed tests
D. three-tailed tests
28. One-tailed tests are also often referred to as ______.
A. directional tests
B. nondirectional tests
C. bidirectional tests
D. none of these
29. The formula df = Npairs – 1 is used to calculate the degrees of freedom with ______.
A. independent samples t test
B. dependent samples t test
C. multiplicative t test
D. none of these
30. In two-population tests for differences between proportions, a population proportion is symbolized by ______.
A. p
B. p-hat
C. P
D. none of these
31. If a municipal police department recently implemented an innovative new policing strategy and wanted to know whether the program significantly reduced mean crime rates in the city, what kind of statistical test would they use?
A. χ2
B. difference in proportions
C. t test
D. none of these
32. “Blacks will commit more crime on average than Whites” is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
A. null hypothesis
B. directional hypothesis
C. nondirectional hypothesis
D. none of these
33. “There will be no mean differences in the rates of crimes between Whites and Blacks” is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
A. null hypothesis
B. directional hypothesis
C. nondirectional hypothesis
D. none of these
34. “There will be a mean differences in the rates of crimes between Whites and Blacks” is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
A. null hypothesis
B. directional hypothesis
C. nondirectional hypothesis
D. none of these
35. The null hypothesis for the ______ is that the variances are equal (e.g., they can be pooled).
A. Cramer’s V test
B. t test
C. ANOVA test
D. Levene’s test
1. A t test is intended to be used with a categorical dependent variable.
2. There are three basic types of t tests used by social scientists.
3. Matched pairs and repeated measures are both types of dependent samples designs.
4. The type of t test appropriate when the samples are independent and the population variances are unequal is commonly referred to as the pooled variances t test.
5. Two-tailed tests are also often called nondirectional tests.
6. In a pooled-variances t test, the degrees of freedom are calculated using the formula df = N1 + N2 – 2.
7. In a two-population test for differences between proportions, a sample proportion is symbolized by
.
8. The SPSS software package cannot run tests for differences between proportions; therefore, these calculations must be completed by hand.
9. In SPSS, the dependent variable is designated as the “grouping variable” in the t test.
10. In SPSS, if a researcher or student mistakenly used a dependent samples t test when an independent samples test was more appropriate, the software would alert the individual to the mistake with a standard error message.
11. In a t test, the population symbols are used in the H0 and H1 instead of the sample symbols because the goal is to make a statement about the relationship, or lack thereof, between two variables in the population
12. A t test with the alternative hypothesis H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 would be a one-tailed test.
13. The t test is considered an appropriate test for use with continuous dependent variables.
14. The t test is a test most appropriately used to test hypotheses involving a single population.
15. A sampling distribution of differences between means is created by pulling infinite pairs of samples, finding the difference between their means, and plotting those differences on a graph.
16. A t test is intended for use with an independent variable of categorical level of measurement.
17. The categories or groups on a categorical variable are commonly referred to as classes.
18. Sampling distributions for differences between means center on the true mean difference in the normal distribution.
19. If N ≥ 100, the sampling distribution of differences between means is positively skewed.
20. When two population variances are significantly different, it is best to use the separate variances t test.
1. What is meant by the term nondirectional test?
2. What is the purpose of Levene’s F?
3. A researcher has started work on a new project looking into various aspects of juvenile crime and delinquency. She has a set of data that she has recently collected and wishes to analyze. She is interested in whether the mean age of first arrest differs across gender. Look at the data below and devise a good H0 and H1.
Age of First Arrest
Male Female
15 16
18 20
17 19
14 15
12 17
20 18
4. Which type of t test would be most appropriate for the data above? Why?
5. For the data below, finish the independent samples t test.
Age of First Arrest
Male Female
15 16
18 20
17 19
14 15
12 17
20 18
= 16 = 17.50
S2 = 8.40 S2 = 3.50
S = 2.90 S = 1.87
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Statistics for Criminology 3e Complete Test Bank
By Jacinta Michele Gau