Exam Questions + Retirement Savings And Deferred + Ch.13

Taxation of Individuals, 11e (Spilker)

Chapter 13 Retirement Savings and Deferred Compensation

1) Qualified retirement plans include defined benefit plans but not defined contribution plans.

2) Defined benefit plans specify the amount of benefit an employee will receive on retirement while defined contribution plans specify the amounts that employers and employees will (or can) contribute to an employee's plan.

3) The standard retirement benefit an employee will receive under a defined benefit plan depends on the number of years of service the employee provides, but does not consider the amount of the employee's compensation near retirement.

4) Jacob participates in his employer's defined benefit plan. He has worked for his employer for four full years. If his employer uses a five-year cliff vesting schedule, Jacob will need to work another year in order to vest in any of his defined benefit plan retirement benefits.

5) Distributions from defined benefit plans are taxed as long-term capital gains to beneficiaries.

6) Taxpayers withdrawing funds from an IRA before they turn 70½ are generally subject to a 10 percent penalty on the amount of the withdrawal.

7) Both traditional 401(k) plans and Roth 401(k) plans are forms of defined contribution plans.

8) Both employers and employees may contribute to defined contribution plans. However, the amount that employees may contribute to the plan in a given year is limited by the tax law while the amount that employers may contribute is not.

9) When an employer matches an employee's contribution to the employee's 401(k) account, the employee is immediately taxed on the amount of the employer's matching contribution.

10) Employees who are at least 50 years old at the end of the year are allowed to contribute more to their 401(k) accounts than employees who are not 50 years old by year-end.

11) Heidi retired from GE (her employer) at age 56. At the end of the year, when she was 56 years of age, Heidi received a distribution from her GE-sponsored 401(k) account. Because Heidi was not at least 59½ years of age at the time of the distribution, she must pay tax on the full amount of the distribution and a 10 percent penalty on the full amount of the distribution.

12) Retired taxpayers over 59½ years of age at the end of the year must receive minimum distributions from defined contribution plans or they are subject to a penalty.

13) On December 1, 2019, Irene turned 71 years old. She is still working for her employer and she participates in her employer's 401(k) plan. Irene is not required to receive a minimum distribution for 2019 from her 401(k) account because she has not yet retired.

14) An employer may contribute to an employee's traditional 401(k) account but the employer may not contribute to an employee's Roth 401(k) account.

15) Employee contributions to traditional 401(k) accounts are deductible by the employee, but employee contributions to Roth 401(k) accounts are not.

16) When a taxpayer receives a nonqualified distribution from a Roth 401(k) account the taxpayer contributions are deemed to be distributed first. If the amount of the distribution exceeds the taxpayer contributions, the remainder is from the account earnings.

17) Just like distributions from qualified retirement plans, distributions from nonqualified deferred compensation plans are taxed as ordinary income to the recipient.

18) Participating in an employer-sponsored nonqualified deferred compensation plan is potentially risky because employers are not required to fund nonqualified plans. If the employer is not able to pay the employee when the payment is due, the employee usually becomes an unsecured creditor of the employer.

19) From a tax perspective, participating in a nonqualified deferred compensation plan is an effective tax planning strategy when the employee anticipates that her marginal tax rate will be higher when she receives the deferred compensation than when she defers the compensation.

20) Employers may choose whom they allow to participate and whom they do not allow to participate in their nonqualified deferred compensation plans.

21) Taxpayers who participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan are not allowed to contribute to individual retirement accounts (IRAs).

22) Taxpayers who participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan are not allowed to deduct contributions to individual retirement accounts (IRAs) under any circumstances.

23) Darren is eligible to contribute to a traditional 401(k) in 2019. He forgot to contribute before year-end. If he contributes before April 15, 2020, he is allowed to treat the contribution as though he made it during 2019.

24) Taxpayers never pay tax on the earnings of a traditional 401(k) account.

25) Qualified distributions from traditional IRAs are nontaxable while qualified distributions from Roth IRAs are fully taxable as ordinary income.

26) Taxpayers contributing to and receiving distributions from a Roth IRA generally earn a before-tax rate of return on their contributions equal to their after-tax rate of return.

27) If a taxpayer's marginal tax rate is decreasing, a taxpayer contributing to a traditional IRA can earn an after-tax rate of return greater than her before-tax rate of return.

28) A SEP IRA is an example of a self-employed retirement account.

29) Individual 401(k) plans generally have higher contribution limits than SEP IRAs.

30) A taxpayer can only receive a saver's credit if she contributes to a qualified retirement account.

31) High-income taxpayers are not allowed to receive the saver's credit.

32) Which of the following statements is true regarding employer-provided qualified retirement plans?

A) May discriminate against rank-and-file employees.

B) Deductible contributions are generally phased-out based on AGI.

C) Executives are generally ineligible to participate in these plans.

D) They are generally referred to as defined benefit plans or defined contribution plans.

33) Which of the following describes a defined benefit plan?

A) Provides fixed income to the plan participants based on a formula.

B) Distribution amounts determined by employee and employer contributions.

C) Allows executives to defer income for a period of years.

D) Retirement account set up by an individual.

34) Which of the following statements regarding defined benefit plans is false?

A) The benefits are based on a fixed formula.

B) The vesting period can be based on a graded or cliff schedule.

C) Employees bear the investment risks of the plan.

D) Employers are generally required to make annual contributions to meet expected future liabilities.

35) Which of the following statements regarding vesting in a defined benefit plan is correct?

A) Under a cliff vesting schedule, a portion of an employee's benefits vests each year.

B) Under a graded vesting schedule, an employee's entire benefit vests all at the same time.

C) When an employee's benefits vest, she is entitled to participate in the employer's defined benefit plan.

D) When an employee's benefits vest, she is legally entitled to receive the vested benefits.

36) Dean has earned $70,000 annually for the past five years working as an architect for WCC Inc. Under WCC's defined benefit plan (which uses a seven-year graded vesting schedule) employees earn a benefit equal to 3.5 percent of the average of their three highest annual salaries for every full year of service with WCC. Dean has worked for five full years for WCC and his vesting percentage is 60 percent. What is Dean's vested benefit (or annual retirement benefit he has earned so far)?

A) $12,250.

B) $42,000.

C) $7,350.

D) $0.

37) Dean has earned $70,000 annually for the past four and a half years working as an architect for MWC. Under MWC's defined benefit plan (which uses a five-year cliff vesting schedule) employees earn a benefit equal to 3.5 percent of the average of their three highest annual salaries for every full year of service with MWC. What is Dean's vested benefit (or annual benefit he has earned so far)?

A) $12,250.

B) $42,000.

C) $7,350.

D) $0.

38) Which of the following best describes distributions from a defined benefit plan?

A) Distributions from defined benefit plans are taxable as ordinary income.

B) Distributions from defined benefit plans are partially taxable as ordinary income and partially nontaxable as a return of capital.

C) Distributions from defined benefit plans are taxable as capital gains.

D) Distributions from defined benefit plans are partially taxable as capital gains and partially nontaxable as a return of capital.

39) Which of the following is a true statement regarding saving for retirement?

A) In a given year, a taxpayer may participate in either an employer-sponsored defined benefit plan or defined contribution plan but not both.

B) In a given year, a taxpayer who receives salary as an employee and also receives self-employment income may participate in an employer-sponsored defined contribution plan or may contribute to a self-employed retirement account but not both.

C) In a given year, a taxpayer may contribute to an IRA (either traditional or Roth) or contribute to a self-employment retirement account but not both.

D) None of the choices are correct.

40) Which of the following describes a defined contribution plan?

A) Provides guaranteed income on retirement to plan participants.

B) Employers and employees generally may contribute to the plan.

C) Generally set up to defer income for executives and highly compensated employees but not other employees.

D) Retirement account set up to provide an individual a fixed amount of income on retirement.

41) Which of the following statements regarding defined contribution plans is false?

A) Employers bear investment risk relating to the plan.

B) Employees immediately vest in their contributions to the plan.

C) Employers typically match employee contributions to the plan to some extent.

D) An employer's vesting schedule is used for employers' contributions in determining the amount of the plan benefits the employee is entitled to receive on retirement.

42) Which of the following statements regarding contributions to defined contribution plans is true?

A) Employer contributions to a defined contribution plan are not limited by the tax law.

B) Employee contributions to a defined contribution plan are not limited by the tax law.

C) An employee who is at least 60 years of age as of the end of the year may contribute more to a defined contribution plan than an employee who has not reached age 60 by year-end.

D) The tax laws limit the sum of the employer and employee contributions to a defined contribution plan.

43) When employees contribute to a traditional 401(k) plan, they ________ allowed to deduct the contributions and they ________ taxed on distributions from the plan.

A) are; are not

B) are; are

C) are not; are

D) are not; are not

44) When employees contribute to a Roth 401(k) account, they ________ allowed to deduct the contributions and they ________ taxed on qualified distributions from the plan.

A) are; are not

B) are; are

C) are not; are

D) are not; are not

45) Which of the following statements describes how a traditional 401(k) account is similar to a Roth 401(k) account?

A) Employees contribute before-tax dollars to both types of accounts.

B) Distributions from a traditional 401(k) account and a Roth 401(k) account are both subject to minimum distribution penalties.

C) Both accounts can receive matching contributions from employers.

D) Employers generally choose how funds in these accounts will be invested.

46) Which of the following best describes distributions from a traditional defined contribution plan?

A) Distributions from defined contribution plans are fully taxable to the recipient as ordinary income.

B) Distributions from defined contribution plans are partially taxable to the recipient as ordinary income and partially nontaxable as a return of capital.

C) Distributions from defined contribution plans are fully taxable to the recipient as long-term capital gains.

D) Distributions from defined contribution plans are partially taxable to the recipient as capital gains and partially nontaxable as a return of capital.

47) Shauna received a distribution from her 401(k) account this year. In which of the following situations will Shauna be subject to an early distribution penalty?

A) Shauna is 60 years of age but not yet retired when she receives the distribution.

B) Shauna is 58 years of age but not yet retired when she receives the distribution.

C) Shauna is 56 years of age and retired when she receives the distribution.

D) Shauna is 69 years of age but not yet retired when she receives the distribution.

48) Shauna received a $100,000 distribution from her 401(k) account this year. Assuming Shauna's marginal tax rate is 25 percent, what is the total amount of tax and penalty Shauna will be required to pay if she receives the distribution on her 59th birthday and she has not yet retired?

A) $0.

B) $10,000.

C) $25,000.

D) $35,000.

E) None of the choices are correct.

49) Riley participates in his employer's 401(k) plan. He retired in 2019 at age 75. When must Riley receive his distribution pertaining to 2019 to avoid minimum distribution penalties?

A) April 1, 2019.

B) April 1, 2020.

C) December 31, 2019.

D) December 31, 2020.

50) Riley participates in his employer's 401(k) plan. He turns 70 years of age on February 15, 2018, and he plans on retiring on July 1, 2020. When must Riley receive his first distribution from the plan to avoid minimum distribution penalties?

A) By April 1, 2018.

B) By April 1, 2019.

C) By April 1, 2020.

D) By April 1, 2021.

51) Riley participates in his employer's 401(k) plan. He turns 69 years of age on February 15, 2019, and he plans on retiring on July 1, 2019. When must Riley receive his first distribution from the plan to avoid minimum distribution penalties?

A) By April 1, 2019.

B) By April 1, 2020.

C) By April 1, 2021.

D) By April 1, 2022.

52) Which of the following statements is true regarding taxpayers receiving distributions from traditional defined contribution plans?

A) A taxpayer who retires at age 71 in 2019 is required to pay a minimum distribution penalty if she does not receive a distribution in 2019.

B) The minimum distribution penalty is 30 percent of the amount required to have been distributed.

C) A taxpayer who receives a distribution from a retirement account before she is 55 years old is subject to a 10 percent penalty on both the distributed and undistributed portions of her retirement account.

D) Taxpayers are not allowed to deduct either early distribution penalties or minimum distribution penalties.

53) Jenny (35 years old) is considering making a one-time contribution to either a traditional 401(k) plan or to a Roth 401(k) plan. She plans to withdraw the account balance when she retires in 40 years. Jenny expects to earn a 7 percent before-tax rate of return no matter which plan she contributes to. Which of the following statements is true?

A) If Jenny's marginal tax rate in the year of contribution is higher than her marginal tax rate in the year of distribution, she will earn a higher after-tax rate of return on the traditional 401(k) plan than on the Roth 401(k) plan.

B) If Jenny's marginal tax rate in the year of contribution is lower than her marginal tax rate in the year of distribution, she will earn a higher after-tax rate of return on the traditional 401(k) plan than on the Roth 401(k) plan.

C) Jenny will earn the same after-tax rate of return no matter which plan she contributes to.

D) Jenny is not allowed to make a one-time contribution to either plan.

54) Which of the following statements regarding Roth 401(k) accounts is false?

A) Employees can make contributions to a Roth 401(k).

B) Employers can make contributions to Roth accounts on behalf of their employees.

C) Contributions to Roth 401(k) plans are not deductible.

D) Qualified distributions from Roth 401(k) plans are not taxable.

55) Which of the following statements is true regarding distributions from Roth 401(k) accounts?

A) There are no minimum distribution requirements for distributions from Roth 401(k) accounts.

B) Qualified distributions are subject to taxation.

C) A taxpayer receiving a nonqualified distribution from a Roth 401(k) account may be taxed on a portion but not all of the distribution.

D) None of the choices are correct.

56) Heidi, age 45, has contributed $20,000 in total to her Roth 401(k) account over a six-year period. When her account was worth $50,000 and Heidi was in desperate need of cash, Heidi received a $30,000 nonqualified distribution from the account. How much of the distribution will be subject to income tax and 10 percent penalty?

A) $0.

B) $10,000.

C) $12,000.

D) $18,000.

E) $30,000.

57) Which of the following is true concerning employer funding of nonqualified deferred compensation plans?

A) Employers are required to invest salary deferred by employees in investments specified by the employees.

B) Employers are required to annually fund their deferred compensation obligations to employees.

C) Employers annually deduct the amount earned by employees under the plan.

D) Employers may discriminate in terms of who they allow to participate in the plan.

58) Which of the following statements concerning nonqualified deferred compensation plans is true?

A) If an employer doesn't have the funds to pay the employee, the employee becomes an unsecured creditor of the employer.

B) These plans can be an important tax planning tool for employers if they expect their marginal tax rate to decrease over time.

C) These plans can be an important tax planning tool for employees who expect their marginal tax rate to increase over time.

D) Distributions are taxed at the same tax rate as long-term capital gains.

59) Which of the following statements comparing qualified defined contribution plans and nonqualified deferred compensation plans is false?

A) Employers must fund qualified defined contribution plans but not nonqualified deferred compensation plans.

B) Qualified defined contribution plans are subject to formal vesting requirements while nonqualified deferred compensation plans are not.

C) Distributions from both types of plans are taxed at ordinary income tax rates.

D) In terms of tax consequences to the employee, earnings on qualified plans (except Roth plans) are deferred until distributed to the employee but earnings on nonqualified plans are immediately taxable.

60) During 2019, Jacob, a 19-year-old full-time student, earned $4,500 during the year and was not eligible to participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan. The general limit for deductible contributions to an IRA during 2019 is $6,000. How much of a tax-deductible contribution can Jacob make to an IRA?

A) $0 (Full-time students are not allowed to participate in IRAs).

B) $1,500.

C) $4,500.

D) $6,000.

61) Which of the following statements regarding traditional IRAs is true?

A) Once a taxpayer reaches 55 years of age she is allowed to contribute an additional $1,000 a year.

B) Taxpayers with high income are not allowed to contribute to traditional IRAs.

C) Taxpayers who participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan are allowed to deduct contributions to a traditional IRA regardless of their AGI.

D) A single taxpayer with no earned income is not allowed to deduct contributions to traditional IRAs.

62) Which of the following statements regarding IRAs is false?

A) Taxpayers who participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan may be allowed to make deductible contributions to a traditional IRA.

B) The ability to make deductible contributions to a traditional IRA and nondeductible contributions to a Roth IRA may be subject to phase-out based on modified AGI.

C) A taxpayer may contribute to a traditional IRA in 2020 but deduct the contribution on her 2019 tax return.

D) Taxpayers who have made nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA are taxed on the full proceeds when they receive distributions from the IRA.

63) Bryan, who is 45 years old, had some surprise medical expenses during the year. To pay for these expenses (which were claimed as itemized deductions on his tax return), he received a $20,000 distribution from his traditional IRA (he has only made deductible contributions to the IRA). Assuming his marginal ordinary income tax rate is 15 percent, what amount of taxes and/or early distribution penalties will Bryan be required to pay on this distribution?

A) $3,000 income tax; $2,000 early distribution penalty.

B) $3,000 income tax; $0 early distribution penalty.

C) $0 income tax; $2,000 early distribution penalty.

D) $0 income tax; $0 early distribution penalty.

64) Jessica retired at age 65. On the date of her retirement, the balance in her traditional IRA was $200,000. Over the years, Jessica had made $20,000 of nondeductible contributions and $60,000 of deductible contributions to the account. If Jessica receives a $50,000 distribution from the IRA on the date of retirement, what amount of the distribution is taxable?

A) $0.

B) $5,000.

C) $37,500.

D) $45,000.

E) $50,000.

65) Which of the following statements regarding Roth IRAs is false?

A) Contributions to Roth IRAs are not deductible.

B) Qualified distributions from Roth IRAs are not taxable.

C) Whether or not they participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan, taxpayers are allowed to contribute to Roth IRAs as long as their modified AGI does not exceed certain thresholds.

D) Taxpayers who are married and file separately are not allowed to contribute to Roth IRAs.

66) Which of the following statements regarding Roth IRA distributions is true?

A) A distribution is not a qualified distribution unless the distribution is at least two years after the taxpayer has opened the Roth IRA.

B) A taxpayer receiving a distribution from a Roth IRA before reaching the age of 55 is generally not subject to an early distribution penalty.

C) A Roth IRA does not have minimum distribution requirements.

D) The full amount of all nonqualified distributions is subject to tax at the taxpayer's marginal tax rate.

67) Daniela retired at the age of 65. The current balance in her Roth IRA is $200,000. Daniela established the Roth IRA 10 years ago. Through a rollover and annual contributions Daniela has contributed $80,000 to her account. If Daniela receives a $50,000 distribution from the Roth IRA, what amount of the distribution is taxable?

A) $0.

B) $20,000.

C) $30,000.

D) $50,000.

68) Lisa, age 45, needed some cash so she withdrew $50,000 from her Roth IRA. At the time of the distribution, the balance in the Roth IRA was $200,000. Lisa established the Roth IRA eight years ago. Through a rollover and annual contributions, she has contributed $80,000 to her account. What amount of the distribution is taxable and subject to early distribution penalty?

A) $0.

B) $20,000.

C) $30,000.

D) $50,000.

69) Lisa, age 45, needed some cash so she withdrew $50,000 from her Roth IRA. At the time of the distribution, the balance in the Roth IRA was $200,000. Lisa established the Roth IRA 10 years ago. Over the years, she has contributed $20,000 to her account. What amount of the distribution is taxable and subject to early distribution penalty?

A) $0.

B) $5,000.

C) $30,000.

D) $50,000.

70) Tyson (48 years old) owns a traditional IRA with a current balance of $50,000. The balance consists of $30,000 of deductible contributions and $20,000 of account earnings. Convinced that his marginal tax rate will increase in the future, Tyson receives a distribution of the entire $50,000 balance of his traditional IRA and he immediately contributes the $50,000 to a Roth IRA. Assuming his marginal tax rate is 25 percent, what amount of penalty, if any, must Tyson pay on the distribution from the traditional IRA?

A) $0.

B) $1,250.

C) $3,750.

D) $5,000.

71) Tyson (48 years old) owns a traditional IRA with a current balance of $50,000. The balance consists of $30,000 of deductible contributions and $20,000 of account earnings. Tyson's marginal tax rate is 25 percent. Convinced that his marginal tax rate will increase in the future, Tyson receives a distribution of the entire $50,000 balance of his traditional IRA. He retains $12,500 to pay tax on the distribution and he contributes $37,500 to a Roth IRA. What amount of income tax and penalty must Tyson pay on this series of transactions?

A) $0 income tax; $0 penalty.

B) $12,500 income tax; $1,250 penalty.

C) $12,500 income tax; $3,000 penalty.

D) $12,500 income tax; $5,000 penalty.

72) Which of the following statements concerning traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs is true?

A) A taxpayer may contribute to a Roth IRA at any age but a taxpayer is not allowed to contribute to a traditional IRA after reaching 70½ years of age.

B) The annual contribution limits for a traditional IRA and Roth IRA are the same.

C) Taxpayers with high income are allowed to contribute to traditional IRAs but not to Roth IRAs.

D) All of these choices are correct.

73) Which of the following is not a self-employed retirement account?

A) SEP IRA.

B) SERA 403(c).

C) Individual 401(k).

D) None of the choices are correct. All of these choices are self-employed retirement accounts.

74) In general, which of the following statements regarding self-employed retirement accounts is true?

A) In general, SEP IRAs have higher contribution limits than individual 401(k)s if the contributing taxpayer is at least 50 years of age at year-end.

B) In general, SEP IRAs have higher contribution limits than individual 401(k)s no matter the age of the contributing taxpayer.

C) In general, individual 401(k)s have higher contribution limits than SEP IRAs.

D) None of the choices are true. In general, both SEP IRAs and individual 401(k)s have exactly the same annual contribution limits.

75) Which of the following statements regarding self-employed retirement accounts is true?

A) A self-employed taxpayer who has hired employees may not set up a SEP IRA.

B) A self-employed taxpayer who has hired employees may set up either a SEP IRA or an individual 401(k).

C) A self-employed taxpayer who has hired employees may not set up an individual 401(k).

D) All of these choices are correct.

76) Which of the following is true concerning SEP IRAs?

A) SEP IRAs are difficult to set up and have high administrative costs.

B) Taxpayers may contribute unlimited amounts to SEP IRAs.

C) Employees of the taxpayer cannot be included in SEP IRAs.

D) Taxpayers with a SEP IRA must contribute for their employees.

77) Which of the following statements concerning individual 401(k)s is false?

A) In general, individual 401(k)s have higher administrative costs than SEP IRAs.

B) Employees of the taxpayer cannot participate in individual 401(k)s.

C) Individual 401(k)s are available only to self-employed taxpayers with 100 or fewer employees.

D) Individual 401(k)s have contribution limitations.

78) Kathy is 60 years of age and self-employed. During 2019 she reported $100,000 of revenues and $40,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to a simplified employee pension (SEP) IRA for 2019? (Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) $11,152.

B) $17,152.

C) $61,000.

D) $55,000.

79) Kathy is 48 years of age and self-employed. During 2019 she reported $100,000 of revenues and $40,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to a simplified employee pension (SEP) IRA for 2019? (Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) $11,152.

B) $17,152.

C) $61,000.

D) $55,000.

80) Kathy is 60 years of age and self-employed. During 2019 she reported $500,000 of revenues and $100,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to a simplified employee pension (SEP) IRA for 2019? Assume she pays $27,192 in self-employment for 2019. (Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) $56,000.

B) $62,000.

C) $77,281.

D) $369,400.

81) Kathy is 60 years of age and self-employed. During 2019, she reported $100,000 of revenues and $40,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to an individual 401(k) for 2019? Assume she paid $8,478 of self-employment tax for 2019. (Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) $30,152.

B) $36,152.

C) $56,000.

D) $62,000.

82) Kathy is 48 years of age and self-employed. During 2019, she reported $100,000 of revenues and $40,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to an individual 401(k) for 2019? Assume she paid $8,478 of self-employment tax for 2019. (Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) $11,152.

B) $30,152.

C) $36,152.

D) $56,000.

83) Kathy is 60 years of age and self-employed. During 2019, she reported $500,000 of revenues and $100,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to an individual 401(k) for 2019? Assume she pays $27,192 in self-employment for 2019. (Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.)

A) $56,000.

B) $62,000.

C) $96,281.

D) $77,281.

84) Kathy is 48 years of age and self-employed. During 2019 she reported $500,000 of revenues and $100,000 of expenses relating to her self-employment activities. If Kathy has no other retirement accounts in her name, what is the maximum amount she can contribute to an individual 401(k)?

A) $56,000.

B) $62,000.

C) $77,281.

D) $83,281.

85) Which of the following taxpayers is most likely to qualify for the saver's credit?

A) A low-AGI taxpayer who does not contribute to any qualified retirement plan.

B) A low-AGI taxpayer who contributes to her employer's 401(k) plan.

C) A high-AGI self-employed taxpayer.

D) A high-AGI employee who does not contribute to any qualified retirement plan.

86) Amy is single. During 2019, she determined her adjusted gross income was $12,000. During the year, Amy also contributed $2,500 to a Roth IRA. What is the maximum saver's credit she may claim for the year?

A) $1,250.

B) $2,500.

C) $1,000.

D) $0.

87) Amy is single. During 2019, she determined her adjusted gross income was $12,000. During the year, Amy also contributed $1,500 to a Roth IRA. What is the maximum saver's credit she may claim for the year?

A) $750.

B) $1,000.

C) $1,500.

D) $0.

88) Amy files as a head of household. She determined her 2019 adjusted gross income was $70,000. During the year, she contributed $2,500 to a Roth IRA. What is the maximum saver's credit she may claim for 2019?

A) $1,000.

B) $2,000.

C) $2,500.

D) $1,250.

E) $0.

89) What is the maximum saver's credit available to any taxpayer in 2019?

A) $2,000.

B) $1,000.

C) $500.

D) It depends on the filing status of the taxpayer.

90) Joan recently started her career with PDEK Accounting, LLP, which provides a defined benefit plan for all employees. Employees receive 1.5 percent of the average of their three highest annual salaries for each full year of service. Plan benefits vest under a five-year cliff schedule. Joan worked four and a half years at PDEK before leaving for another opportunity. She received an annual salary of $49,000, $52,000, $58,000, and $65,000 for years one through four, respectively. Joan earned $35,000 of her $70,000 annual salary in year five. What is the vested benefit Joan is entitled to receive from PDEK for her retirement?

91) Joan recently started her career with PDEK Accounting, LLP, which provides a defined benefit plan for all employees. Employees receive 1.5 percent of the average of their three highest annual salaries for each full year of service. Plan benefits vest under a five-year cliff schedule. Joan worked five and a half years at PDEK before leaving for another opportunity. She received an annual salary of $49,000, $52,000, $58,000, $65,000, and $75,000 for years one through five, respectively. Joan earned $40,000 of her $80,000 annual salary in year six. What is the vested benefit Joan is entitled to receive from PDEK for her retirement? Use Exhibit 13-1.

92) Henry has been working for Cars Corp. for 40 years and four months. Cars Corp. provides a defined benefit plan for its employees. Under the plan, employees receive 2 percent of the average of their three highest annual salaries for each full year of service. Cars Corp. uses a five-year cliff vesting schedule. Henry retired on January 1, 2019. Henry received annual salaries of $520,000, $540,000, and $560,000 for 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. What is the maximum benefit Henry can receive under the plan in 2019?

93) Georgeanne has been employed by SEC Corp. for the last two and a half years. Georgeanne participates in SEC's 401(k) plan. During her employment, Georgeanne has contributed $6,000 to her 401(k) account. SEC has contributed $3,000 to Georgeanne's 401(k) account (it matched 50 cents of every dollar contributed). SEC uses a three-year cliff vesting schedule. If Georgeanne were to quit her job with SEC, what would be her vested benefit in her 401(k) account (assume the account balance is $9,000)?

94) Christina made a one-time contribution of $12,000 to her 401(k) account, and she received a matching contribution from her employer in the amount of $4,000. Christina expects to earn a 6-percent before-tax rate of return on her account balance. Assuming Christina withdraws the entire balance in 25 years when she retires, what is Christina's after-tax accumulation from the $12,000 contribution to her 401(k) account? Assume her marginal tax rate at retirement is 35 percent. (Round future value factors to five decimal places and the future value and final answers to the nearest whole number.)

95) This year, Ryan contributed 10 percent of his $75,000 annual salary to a Roth 401(k) account sponsored by his employer, XYZ. XYZ offers a dollar-for-dollar match up to 10 percent of the employee's salary. The employer contributions are placed in a traditional 401(k) account on the employee's behalf. Ryan expects to earn an 8-percent before-tax rate of return on contributions to his Roth and traditional 401(k) accounts. Assuming Ryan leaves the funds in the accounts until he retires in 25 years, what are his after-tax accumulations in the Roth 401(k) and in the traditional 401(k) accounts if his marginal tax rate at retirement is 30 percent? If Ryan's marginal tax rate this year is 35 percent, will he earn a higher after-tax rate of return from the Roth 401(k) or the traditional 401(k)? Explain. (Round future value factors to five decimal places and the future value and final answers to the nearest whole number.)

96) On March 30, Rodger (age 56) was laid off from his employer of 30 years due to rough economic times. During his 30 years of employment, Rodger contributed $300,000 to his traditional 401(k) account. When Rodger was let go, his 401(k) account balance was $900,000 (this included both employer matching and account earnings). Rodger immediately withdrew $40,000 to use as an emergency savings fund. What amount of tax and early distribution penalties must Rodger pay on the $40,000 withdrawal if his ordinary marginal tax rate is 28 percent?

97) Heidi (age 57) invested $4,000 in her Roth 401(k) on January 1, 2011. This was her only contribution to the account. On July 1, 2019, when the account balance was $6,000, she received a nonqualified distribution of $4,500. What is the taxable portion of the distribution and what amount of early distribution penalty will Heidi be required to pay on the distribution?

98) Sean (age 74 at end of 2019) retired five years ago. The balance in his 401(k) account on December 31, 2018, was $1,700,000 and the balance in his account on December 31, 2019, was $1,800,000. Using the IRS tables below, what is Sean's required minimum distribution for 2019?

99) Sean (age 74 at end of 2019) retired five years ago. The balance in his 401(k) account on December 31, 2018, was $1,700,000 and the balance in his account on December 31, 2019, was $1,750,000. In 2019, Sean received a distribution of $50,000 from his 401(k) account. Assuming Sean's marginal tax rate is 25 percent, what amount of the $50,000 distribution will Sean have left after paying income tax on the distribution and paying any minimum distribution penalties (use the IRS table below in determining the minimum distribution penalty, if any).

100) Keisha (50 years of age) is considering whether to participate in her company's Roth 401(k) or traditional 401(k). This year, she plans to invest either $4,000 in a Roth 401(k) or $5,000 in a traditional 401(k). Keisha plans on leaving the contribution in the retirement account for 20 years, when she will receive a distribution of the entire balance in the account. Her employer does not have a matching program for employee contributions to retirement accounts. Assume Keisha can earn a 6 percent before-tax return in either account and that she anticipates that in 20 years her tax rate will be 30 percent.

1) What would be Keisha's after-tax accumulation in 20 years if she contributes $4,000 to a Roth 401(k) account?

2) What would be her after-tax accumulation in 20 years if she contributes $5,000 to a traditional 401(k) account? (Round future value factors to five decimal places and the future value and final answers to the nearest whole number.)

101) Katrina's executive compensation package allows her to participate in the company's nonqualified deferred compensation plan. This year, Katrina defers 20 percent of her $400,000 salary. Katrina's deemed investment choice will earn 7 percent annually on the deferred compensation until she takes a lump-sum distribution in 10 years. Katrina's current marginal tax rate is 30 percent and she expects her marginal tax rate will be 35 percent upon receipt of the deferred salary. What is her after-tax accumulation from the deferred salary in 10 years? (Round future value factors to five decimal places and the future value and final answers to the nearest whole number.)

102) Katrina's executive compensation package allows her to participate in the company's nonqualified deferred compensation plan. In the current year, Katrina defers 15 percent of her $300,000 salary. Katrina's deemed investment choice will earn 8 percent annually on the deferred compensation until she takes a lump-sum distribution in 10 years. Katrina's current marginal tax rate is 30 percent and she expects her marginal tax rate to be 28 percent upon receipt on the deferred salary. What is her after-tax accumulation from the deferred salary in 10 years? (Round future value factors to five decimal places and the future value and final answers to the nearest whole number.)

103) In 2019, Tyson (age 22) earned $3,500 from his part-time job and he reported $15,000 of interest income (unearned income). Assuming he does not participate in an employer-sponsored plan, what is the maximum deductible IRA contribution Tyson can make in 2019?

104) In 2019, Tyson (age 52) earned $50,000 of salary. Assuming he does not participate in an employer-sponsored plan, what is the maximum deductible IRA contribution Tyson can make in 2019?

105) In 2019, Madison is a single taxpayer who is 25 years of age. During 2019, she contributed $3,000 to her employer-sponsored 401(k) account. Her 2019 AGI was $68,500 (before considering IRA deductions). What is the maximum deductible contribution, if any, that Madison can make to her IRA?

106) Carmello and Leslie (ages 34 and 35, respectively) are married and want to contribute to a Roth IRA. In 2019, their AGI totaled $42,000 before any IRA-related transactions. Of the $42,000, Carmello earned $35,000 and Leslie earned $7,000. How much can each spouse contribute to a Roth IRA if they file jointly? How much can each spouse contribute to a Roth IRA if they file separately?

107) Cassandra, age 33, has made deductible contributions to her traditional IRA over the years. When the balance in her IRA was $40,000, Cassandra received a distribution of $34,000 from her IRA in order to purchase a new car. How much of the $34,000 distribution will she have remaining after paying income taxes and early distribution penalties on the distribution? Her marginal tax rate is 25 percent.

108) Ryan, age 48, received an $8,000 distribution from his traditional IRA to pay for medical expenses. Ryan has made only deductible contributions to the IRA and his marginal tax rate is 28 percent. What amount of taxes and early distribution penalties will Ryan be required to pay on the distribution?

109) Tatia, age 38, has made deductible contributions to her traditional IRA over the past few years. When her account balance was $32,000, she transferred the entire $32,000 out of her traditional IRA and immediately into a Roth IRA. Her current marginal tax rate is 25 percent. What amount of tax and penalty is she required to pay on this rollover?

110) Tatia, age 38, has made deductible contributions to her traditional IRA over the past few years. When her account balance was $30,000, she received a distribution of the entire $30,000 balance of her traditional IRA. She retained $5,000 of the distribution to help her pay the taxes due from the distribution and she immediately contributed the remaining $25,000 to a Roth IRA. What amount of tax and early distribution penalty is she required to pay on the $30,000 distribution from the traditional IRA if her marginal tax rate is 25 percent?

111) Gordon is a 52-year-old self-employed contractor (no employees). During 2019, his Schedule C net income was $88,000. What is the maximum amount that Gordon can contribute to (1) a SEP IRA and (2) an individual 401(k)? (Round your answers to the nearest whole number.)

112) Yvette is a 44-year-old self-employed contractor (no employees). During 2019, her Schedule C net income was $500,000. Assume Yvette has no contributions to other retirement plans. What is the maximum amount that Yvette can contribute to (1) a SEP IRA and (2) an individual 401(k)? (Round your answers to the nearest whole number.)

113) Scott and his wife, Leanne (ages 39 and 37, respectively), earned $50,000 in 2019. Scott was able to contribute $2,400 ($200/month) to his employer-sponsored 401(k). What amount of saver's credit can Scott and Leanne claim in 2019?

114) Deborah (single, age 29) earned $25,000 in 2019. Deborah was able to contribute $1,800 ($150/month) to her employer-sponsored 401(k). What is the total saver's credit that Deborah can claim for 2019? Use Exhibit 13-8.

115) Aiko (single, age 29) earned $40,000 in 2019. He was able to contribute $1,800 ($150/month) to his employer-sponsored 401(k). What is the total saver's credit that Aiko can claim for 2019? Exhibit 13-8