Chapter 6: Positive Health

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In 1961, Dunn coined the term _______ to describe a state of enhanced physical and emotional well-being.

A. thriving

B. wellness

C. flourishing

D. optimum health

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Wellness

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Vitality is define as ______.

A. a state of complete health

B. a positive feeling of aliveness and energy

C. positive growth

D. a strong sense of social responsibility

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vitality and Positive Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. According to polyvagal theory, when the heart is functioning well, ______.

A. the heart rate shows more variability in response to different social and interpersonal situations

B. the heart rate shows less response to different social and interpersonal situations

C. there is less cardiovascular reactivity

D. it slows down because it is working more efficiently

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vagal Tone and Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Health Psychology, Division 38 of APA, was formed in ______.

A. the 50s

B. the 70s

C. the 80s

D. the 90s

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health Psychology and PNI

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. In a recent study, a Swedish researcher found that levels of ______ when people petted their dogs.

A. serotonin increase

B. oxytocin increase

C. cortisol decrease

D. t-cells increase

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Support From Pets?

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. A hospice worker places her dying patient near the window. It is most likely that she is relying on ______ for her patient.

A. psychological restoration

B. the benefits of expressive writing and the intensive journal method

C. the benefits of a writing program aimed at regret-reduction

D. the benefits of flow

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Restorative Nature Experiences

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. The practice of forest bathing grew out of ______.

A. the field of psychoneuroimmunology

B. recent research on hedonism

C. Zen Buddhist meditation

D. the work of Freud

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Restorative Nature Experiences

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of the following is FALSE?

A. There is a stronger association between regret and indicators of quality of life among young adults.

B. Severe regret is associated with more health problems.

C. Regrets involving social relationships have been found to be felt more intensely than less socially based regrets.

D. People experience more regret in the short term over their actions compared to inactions that led to the same outcome.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Regrets

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Stronger associations between regret and quality of life indicators have been found for ______.

A. adolescents

B. young adults

C. middle age adults

D. older adults

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Regrets

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The key element in the relation between life longings and well-being is ______.

A. the life domain where the longing exists (e.g., work, relationships)

B. the length of time of the life longing

C. socioeconomic status

D. a sense of control

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Regrets

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following is NOT one of the components of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programs?

A. Participants meet weekly for about 2 hr for instruction and practice.

B. An all-day (7–8 hr) intensive mindfulness session is held 1 day every week-end throughout the duration of the course.

C. It is an 8- to 10-week course.

D. Participants are instructed to practice their skills outside meetings for at least 45 min a day, 6 days a week.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Mindfulness Meditation

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Erik Erikson’s conception of “peak aging” encompasses three broad dimensions: insight, wisdom, and ______.

A. control

B. mindfulness

C. flourishing

D. playfulness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Zestful Old Age

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Erikson viewed adult zestfulness as a combination of ______.

A. intuition and control

B. trust and wonder

C. self-efficacy and flourishing

D. positive emotion and resilience

Cognitive Domain: Conceptual

Answer Location: Zestful Old Age

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Friedman and Martin’s (2011) “Longevity Project” led the authors to conclude that ______ was NOT among the factors associated with longevity.

A. less work

B. having friends

C. possessing a sense of life meaning

D. altruism

Cognitive Domain: Conceptual

Answer Location: Positive Emotions

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. One criticism of Friedman and Martin’s “Longevity Project” is that ______.

A. the sample size was too small

B. participants were not followed long enough

C. it focused only on physical health variables and not psychological variables

D. results may not be generalizable

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Positive Emotions

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. The authors of this text, Compton and Hoffman, stated that “______ is/are perhaps the greatest psychological influence on longevity.” They note that this is more vital to longevity than smoking, obesity, or getting regular exercise.

A. optimism

B. self-efficacy

C. spirituality

D. social relationships

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which of the following is considered a Blue Zone?

A. New York City

B. Montreal, Canada

C. Ikaria, Greece

D. Pretoria, South Africa

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The “Blue Zones”

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Annette Stanton argued that emotion-focused coping should be divided into two types: ______.

A. emotional processing and humor

B. emotional processing and spirituality

C. emotional processing and emotional expression

D. emotional processing and acceptance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Coping Styles

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. People in ______ were found to move naturally, keep a good outlook on life, eat wisely, and connect with others.

A. Western countries

B. blue zones

C. wealthier nations

D. traditional cultures

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The “Blue Zones”

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Which of the following is FALSE?

A. The three major coping styles are equally effective strategies in each situation.

B. Denial and avoidance can be helpful in the short term.

C. The cumulative effect of many daily hassles is more detrimental to well-being than relatively infrequent major life events.

D. The number of daily hassles has less impact on health than one’s perception of them.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Positive Coping

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. The presence of negative emotions such as depression is a better overall predictor of poor health status than are positive emotions of positive health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Positive Emotionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The field of psychoneuroimmunology began with a study of chimpanzees.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Health Psychology and PNI

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Faster heart rate serves as an index of self-regulatory strength.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vagal Tone and Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Ader and Cohen’s classic work in psychoneuroimmunology laid the groundwork for their theory of “social feeling.” They argued that humans have the capacity for affection, caring, and love but that this capacity is weak unless strengthened during childhood by family members and teachers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Support

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Expressive writing interventions have beneficial outcomes across all participants included in research to date.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emotional Expression and Health

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Define and give an example of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Coping Styles

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the technique of expressive writing and at least two finding from research using it.

Cognitive Domain: Conceptual

Answer Location: Emotional Expression and Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is meant by “forest bathing?” Discuss one research finding on this phenomenon.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Nature Experiences

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Two well-known studies included nuns and baseball players in their sample. Describe the method and results of one of those studies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Positive Emotions

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Dan Buettner studied longevity by identifying place on the earth where people live the longest. Based on this research on “blue Zones, they outlined nine characteristics that people in all these places shared.” Discuss at least three of them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The “Blue Zones”

Difficulty Level: Medium