Chapter 1: Crime and Criminal Justice

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The American criminal justice system is broadly shaped after which of the following?

a. the Code of Hammurabi

b. English common law

c. the Ten Commandments

d. Roman civil law

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of the American Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

2. According to William Penn, prisons should also be used to ______ individuals.

a. only punish

b. deter, punish, and rehabilitate

c. incapacitate, reform, and punish

d. punish and rehabilitate

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of the American Criminal Justice System.

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

3. What are the three major components of the criminal justice system?

a. police, attorneys, and judges

b. police, courts, and corrections

c. attorneys, judges, and prisons

d. police, courts, and prisons

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

4. Which of the following are responsible for determining whether an offender should be charged with a crime?

a. police

b. media

c. corrections

d. courts

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

5. Which of the following are responsible for carrying out the punishment imposed on the offender?

a. police

b. courts

c. corrections

d. media

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

6.The ______ are tasked with investigating crime and apprehending offenders.

a. police

b. courts

c. corrections

d. media

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

7. The three agencies of the criminal justice system ______.

a. are independent of one another

b. are solely dependent on one another

c. function in relationship to the others and as separate entities

d. are completely unaware of each other’s responsibilities

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

8. In the American criminal justice system, the first point of contact is generally ______.

a. judges

b. police officers

c. prosecutors

d. bondsmen

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policing

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

9. In the courts, the person charged with a criminal offense is referred to as the ______.

a. offender

b. defendant

c. prosecutor

d. criminal

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

10. Who among the following individuals is tasked with reviewing the information and determining what charges, if any, will be filed against an offender?

a. the judge

b. the police officer

c. the prosecutor

d. the public defender

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

11. Who is responsible for ensuring that the rights of the accused are upheld in the criminal justice process?

a. the district attorney

b. the defense counsel

c. the presiding judge

d. the arresting officer(s)

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

12. Who among the following criminal justice professionals is considered to be an impartial moderator of the court process?

a. the district attorney

b. the defense counsel

c. the presiding judge

d. the arresting officer(s)

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

13. In which of the following cases is a jury more likely to be responsible for determining the sentence for a guilty offender?

a. capital punishment

b. driving while under the influence

c. aggravated assault

d. petty theft

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

14. Probation services fall under which of the following components of the criminal justice system?

a. police

b. courts

c. corrections

d. media

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Corrections

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

15. The decision-making power of criminal justice agents is called ______.

a. discretion

b. choice

c. comprehension

d. ethics

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

16. In criminal justice, ______ refers to the understanding of what constitutes good or bad behavior.

a. discretion

b. comprehension

c. decision

d. ethics

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

17. Which of the following types of models demonstrates how cases are treated differently by the criminal justice system?

a. due process model

b. crime control model

c. wedding cake model

d. bureaucratic model

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

18. Which of the following types of cases make up the majority of those in the criminal justice system?

a. misdemeanors

b. lesser felonies

c. serious felonies

d. high-profile

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

19. Sherry stole $200 worth of property from a local mall. In her state, this is punishable by up to 1 year in prison. Because of this punishment, we can say that the offense is most likely a(n) ______.

a. infraction

b. misdemeanor

c. felony

d. status offense

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

20. Jake is currently serving 8 years in prison after being convicted of a single offense. Because of the length of his sentence, we can say that Jake was convicted of a(n) ______.

a. infraction

b. misdemeanor

c. felony

d. status offense

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

21. The maximum punishment for a misdemeanor crime is ______.

a. community supervision, such as probation

b. less than one year in jail

c. life in prison, with the possibility of parole

d. the death penalty

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

22. Which of the following are considered to be punishments for committing a felony crime?

a. less than one year in jail

b. probation

c. life without the possibility of parole

d. one year in jail

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

23. ______ are generally handled with plea agreements and do not involve significant incarceration sentences.

a. Lower-level felony cases and misdemeanors

b. Misdemeanors and upper-level felony cases

c. Upper-level and lower-level felony cases

d. High-profile and upper-level felony cases

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

24. ______ are considered to be serious crimes that can be punished by more than one year in prison.

a. Misdemeanors

b. Felonies

c. Status offenses

d. Infractions

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

25. Cases, such as the O.J. Simpson murder case, would fall under which of the following layers of the criminal justice wedding cake?

a. misdemeanors

b. lesser felonies

c. serious felonies

d. high profile

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

26. The top of the wedding cake model represents ______.

a. misdemeanor cases

b. lower-level felony cases

c. upper-level felony cases

d. high-profile cases

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

27. Which of the following types of cases are more likely to involve the media and the potential for significant penalties?

a. misdemeanor cases

b. lower-level felony cases

c. upper-level felony cases

d. high-profile cases

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

28. The ______ model of justice model believes that the most important function of the criminal justice system is to suppress and control criminal behavior as a function of public order in society

a. crime control

b. due process

c. wedding cake

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

29. One of the major critiques of the ______ model of justice is that the criminal justice system infringes on the constitutional rights of the people.

a. crime control

b. due process

c. wedding cake

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

30. Proponents of the ______ model of justice argue that one of the major purposes of the criminal justice system is to incarcerate offenders for the protection of society.

a. crime control

b. due process

c. wedding cake

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

31. Packer suggests that ______ model of justice resembles an assembly line.

a. due process

b. crime control

c. wedding cake

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

32. The crime control model is often aligned with a more ______ perspective.

a. liberal

b. socialist

c. moderate

d. conservative

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

33. The crime control model focuses on which of the following?

a. efficiency

b. rehabilitation

c. reform

d. effectiveness

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

34. Under the crime control model, which of the following is considered to be an essential tool?

a. pre-sentence investigation reports

b. plea bargains

c. sentencing guidelines

d. jurisdiction

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

35. Which of the following statements pertaining to the crime control model is true?

a. The model focuses on prisoners’ rights.

b. Trials are viewed as a necessity.

c. The focus is on swift and severe punishments for offenders.

d. The model embodies a more liberal perspective.

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

36. Packer suggests that the ______ model of justice resembles an obstacle course.

a. crime control

b. due process

c. wedding cake

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Due Process Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

37. The main goal of the ______ model of justice is the protection of individual rights and freedoms.

a. crime control

b. due process

c. wedding cake

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Due Process Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

38. The due process model embodies more of a ______ perspective.

a. liberal

b. socialist

c. moderate

d. conservative

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Due Process Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

39. Which of the following statements pertaining to the due process is true?

a. It protects the rights and freedoms of individuals.

b. Criminal justice is seen as an assembly line.

c. Punishment should be swift and severe.

d. It infringes on the rights of individuals.

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Due Process Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

40. Which of the following statements best explains the expression “if it bleeds, it leads”?

a. Murder is the most common crime, and the United States leads all other countries in murder rates.

b. Murder is the most common crime, so media outlets frequently report murder stories.

c. Crime stories are popular in society, so the media chooses to display them frequently.

d. Viewing of popular crime drama shows on television has caused an increase in crime rates.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Influence of the Media on the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

41. According to the text, stories about violent crime make up almost ______ of all news time.

a. 10%

b. 33%

c. 50%

d. 72%

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Influence of the Media on the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

42. What does the “CSI Effect” refer to?

a. the popularity of popular crime television shows

b. the impact the criminal justice system has on the media

c. the impact the criminal justice system has on society

d. the impact that popular crime television shows have on the criminal justice system

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The CSI Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

43. According to the CSI effect, crime is usually portrayed in which of the following ways?

a. graphic

b. sparse

c. calculated

d. nonviolent

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The CSI Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

44. Believing that a jury has quick access to evidence and DNA analysis from a crime scene is considered to be part of the ______.

a. crime control effect

b. wedding cake effect

c. CSI effect

d. due process effect

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The CSI Effect

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

45. Which of the following types of cases are generally portrayed on reality TV?

a. misdemeanors

b. lower-level felony cases

c. upper-level felony cases

d. high-profile cases

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reality TV

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

46. Which of the following types of crimes are overemphasized in television entertainment?

a. murder

b. motor vehicle theft

c. driving under the influence

d. fraud

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

47. According to the author, viewers of nonfiction television shows can experience ______.

a. decreased fear of crime

b. increased fear of crime

c. increased need to want to go into law enforcement

d. decreased need to want to go into law enforcement

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

48. Which statement, according to your text, correctly portrays the relationship between crime programming and personal attitudes about crime?

a. Fictional-based program viewers tend to be more fearful of personal victimization.

b. Reality-based program viewers tend to have more favorable attitudes.

c. Reality-based program viewers tend to have more punitive attitudes.

d. There is no relationship between reality-based television and attitudes about crime.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

49. Which of the following statements pertaining to the influence of media on public policy in the criminal justice system is true?

a. The public’s concern cannot be inflamed by inaccurate data

b. The public’s perception of rising crime rates can contribute to a lack of faith in the system

c. Politicians do not typically respond to the public’s fears regarding crime

d. Agents of criminal justice tend to decrease patrols and not pass tough legislation

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

50. All of the following statements are consistent with the argument that justice is served by our criminal justice system EXCEPT which?

a. The crime control model ensures that cases move through the system in a consistent, efficient, and fair manner.

b. Judges will interpret the law in such a way to provide impartiality in outcomes.

c. Police officers manifest racial profiling via discretion.

d. Sentencing guidelines are used to ensure uniformity.

Learning Objective: Various.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 1.1: Is Justice Served by Our Criminal Justice System?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

51. Which of the following statements is consistent with the arguments that justice is not served by our criminal justice system?

a. Extralegal factors do not influence police officers.

b. Females and males are treated the same in court outcomes.

c. The racial/ethnic makeup of those confined is indicative of a broken system.

d. Age does not impact or influence sentencing outcomes.

Learning Objective: Various.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 1.1: Is Justice Served by Our Criminal Justice System?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

52. Which of the following media sources was identified as being a reputable source?

a. Fox News

b. The Marshall Project

c. Twitter

d. Facebook

Learning Objective: Various.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 1.2: Is the Media a Credible Source on Crime?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

True/False

1. Politics played a significant role in the development of our criminal justice.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of the American Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

2. The American criminal justice system was shaped by the traditions of the Spanish common law system.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of the American Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

3. The criminal code during early colonial times was uniform across all of the colonies.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Brief History of the American Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

4. The three components of the criminal justice system are the police, courts, and corrections.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

5. The three components of the criminal justice system always operate independently from one another.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

6. The police are charged with determining whether a defendant should be charged with a crime.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

7. In order to proceed with a case, the prosecutor must prove that they have probable cause that the accused committed the crime.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

8. The sole responsibility of the jury is always to determine the defendant’s guilt or innocence.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Courts

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

9. The decision-making power of criminal justice agents is called discretion.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

10. Discretion is the most powerful tool in the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

11. Ethics in criminal justice refers to the understanding of what constitutes good or bad behavior.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

12. Ethics cannot help guide discretion in the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

13. Misdemeanor offenses, which make up the majority of offenses in the criminal justice system, comprise the top layer of the wedding cake model of justice.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

14. Cases receiving a great deal of media coverage, such as the Casey Anthony case, fall in the top tier of the wedding cake model of justice.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

15. Felonies are crimes that are punished by less than one year in jail.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

16. One of the major differences between the middle layers of the wedding cake is whether the offense is violent in nature.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

17. Justice under the due process model is said to resemble an “assembly line.”

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

18. Under the crime control model, one could argue that it is better for the guilty to go free than to risk incarcerating or executing the innocent.

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

19. The crime control model focuses on consistency and efficiency in the criminal justice process.

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

20. In the crime control model, plea agreements are considered to be essential tools.

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

21. The main goal of the due process model is to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Due Process Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

22. The mass media has significant power in shaping individuals’ perceptions of crime and justice.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Influence of the Media on the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

23. The “CSI Effect” refers to the impact that crime related television viewing has on the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The CSI Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

24. Crime is not generally present in reality TV programming.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reality TV

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

25. Crimes of murder are underemphasized in television entertainment.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

Short Answer

1. Define discretion in the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

2. Define ethics in criminal justice.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

3. Explain the bottom layer of the wedding cake model of justice. Include one example of a case that would fall into this layer.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

4. Explain the differences between the middle layers of the wedding cake model. Include one example of a case that would fall into each of these layers.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

5. Explain the top layer of the wedding cake model. Include one example of a case that would fall into this layer.

Learning Objective: 1-3: Describe the different tiers of the wedding cake model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Wedding Cake Model of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

6. What does the crime control model posit?

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Crime Control Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

7. What does the due process model posit?

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Due Process Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

8. What is the “CSI Effect”?

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The CSI Effect

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

9. How does reality TV impact the public?

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reality TV

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

10. Explain three ways in which the media can impact individuals’ views and attitudes on crime and the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

11. Explain three ways in which the media can impact individuals’ understanding about the operations of the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-5: Assess how media can impact the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Media and Perception of Crime Rates

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

Essay

1. Explain the major function of the three components of the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

2. Explain how the three components of the criminal justice system function independently of one another and how they are also dependent on one another.

Learning Objective: 1-1: Identify the major stages of the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

3. How does ethics play a role in the criminal justice system?

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

4. Discuss at least one potential ethical problem with discretion.

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain the importance of discretion and ethics in the criminal justice system.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Discretion and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.

5. In the crime control model, criminal justice is viewed as an “assembly line” and the due process model is viewed as an “obstacle course.” Why?

Learning Objective: 1-4: Compare and contrast the crime control model with the due process model.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Models of Criminal Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Articulate the foundations of criminal justice, including definitions, theories, typologies, measurement issues, policies, and the law.