Testbank

Chapter 4: Capturing and recording information

1. Primary and tertiary healthcare workers, with different levels of work experience, were selected from areas with low and high socio-economic status to participate in a research study. How many levels of sampling are implicated?

a. One level

b. Two levels

c. Three levels

d. Four levels

2. Which of the following research designs is less likely to gain ethical approval for studying adolescents’ responses to mild bullying behaviours?

a. An experimental design that exposes adolescent participants to mild bullying behaviours

b. Observation of naturally occurring events of bullying at the school setting

c. Individual interviews with adolescents who have been victims of bullying at school

d. A questionnaire survey about responses to bullying among an adolescent population

3. Which of the following objectives cannot be attained with a pilot study?

a. To test the equipment that researchers intend to use in their main study

b. To check whether the data researchers are interested in are available

c. To test whether a newly designed attitude questionnaire is understandable

d. To find out if the results in the full study are likely to be statistically significant

4. The degree of researcher’s involvement in the generation of research data determines whether the data are:

a. Quantitative or qualitative

b. Visual or textual

c. Elicited or naturally occurring

d. Valid and reliable

5. Images can be a useful source of non-numeric data. Which of the following are image data?

a. Children’s drawings

b. Photos on Instagram

c. Advertisements of weight loss products

d. All of these

6. Which of the following materials can constitute secondary data?

a. Administrative data

b. Participant-generated drawings

c. Ethnographic field notes

d. All of these

7. Which qualitative analytic technique requires a greater level of detail in the transcription of data?

a. Thematic analysis

b. Content analysis

c. Narrative analysis

d. Conversation analysis

8. Although most things psychologists are interested in are measured on a nominal and ordinal scale of measurement, we often treat our data as interval in order to:

a. perform non-parametric tests of statistical analysis.

b. use parametric tests of statistical analysis.

c. apply methods of analysis that are more scientific.

d. perform descriptive statistics.

9. A researcher who studies cognitive development during childhood decided to use the results of pupils’ school exams to assess the stage of cognitive development. The number of wrong answers in the exams represents a measurement, the scale of which is:

a. nominal.

b. ordinal.

c. interval.

d. ratio.

10. In quantitative research, a representative sample is an important consideration because the results of the research are more likely to be:

a. internally valid.

b. reliable.

c. generalisable.

d. of sufficient depth.

11. Which of the following types of generalisation are qualitative researchers not typically concerned about:

a. theoretical generalisation.

b. representational generalisation.

c. inferential generalisation.

d. transferability.

12. Convenience sampling is applied:

a. only to quantitative research.

b. only to qualitative research.

c. to both qualitative and quantitative research.

d. to neither quantitative nor qualitative research.

13. Which purposive sampling approach is often used as part of the qualitative component of a mixed-methods study?

a. Critical case sampling

b. Chain sampling

c. Criterion sampling

d. Opportunistic sampling

14. A grounded theory researcher would be alerted to potential saturation when:

a. there were lots of examples of the same data.

b. the same theoretical constructs have started to be identified.

c. all the data are similar.

d. theoretical constructs have been fully developed and linked to each other.

15. For which of the following data collection tools would a pilot study be appropriate to test their functionality?

a. Semi-structured interview protocol

b. Self-report questionnaire about values

c. Observation schedule

d. All of these

16. Which index for the assessment of the internal reliability of a scale is more statistically sophisticated?

a. Cohen’s kappa

b. The split-half coefficient

c. Cronbach’s alpha

d. Test-retest coefficient

17. Experts in a particular phenomenon are often consulted by psychometricians in order to assess:

a. the criterion validity of a psychometric test.

b. the construct validity of a psychometric test.

c. the overall validity of a psychometric test.

d. the content validity of a psychometric test.

18. Which of the following statements about the properties of reliability and validity of a psychometric test is correct?

a. Reliability of a test is a necessary but not sufficient condition for having a psychometrically sound instrument.

b. Reliability of a test is a sufficient condition for having a psychometrically sound instrument.

c. Validity of a test is a necessary but not sufficient condition for having a psychometrically sound instrument.

d. Either reliability or validity of a test is sufficient for having a psychometrically sound.

19. What could hinder the elicitation of rich data in an interview setting?

a. Using complex terminology

b. Ask general questions at the end of the interview

c. Questions with double negatives

d. All of these

20. In which kind of observational research is inter-observer reliability more likely to be assessed?

a. Participant observation

b. Structured observation

c. Unstructured observation

d. Ethnographic fieldwork