Test Bank

Chapter 17: Caring for Others

Multiple Choice

1. According to Hinman’s (1998), which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms

feminists have made of classical and traditional moral philosophies?

a. They assume the notion of the isolated individual.

b. They envisage the objective of moral philosophy as theorizing and explaining how

individuals ought to treat each other.

c. They argue that females do not commit as many moral violations as believed.

d. They rely on theories concerning the development of a social contract as a way for a

person to enter into moral relationships.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Caring for Others

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Feminists have criticized male-created theories of ethics on the basis that such

theories overemphasize ______.

a. the individual, impartiality and universality

b. compassion, autonomy and rules

c. consecutiveness, equality and non-violence

d. caring, relationships and consecutiveness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caring for Others

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Feminists complain that traditional moral theories do not pay sufficient attention to ______.

a. trust and community

b. equality and justice

c. community morality

d. relationships and trust

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caring for Others

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Kohlberg wanted to understand why people would ______.

a. treat others will such little respect

b. break a law for a purpose they held to be a higher good

c. differentiate between morals, virtues, and character

d. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Kohlberg conducted studies of moral development based on children’s responses to

various scenarios. He was most interested in their moral ______.

a. judgments

b. content

c. theories

d. upbringing

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Based on his studies, Kohlberg concluded that people pass through different stages

of moral development, which are ______, operate in sequence, and are irreversible.

a. emergent

b. divisible

c. universal

d. compartmentalized

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. According to Kohlberg’s model, what is the highest level can women achieve

because they are focused on others?

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. At the earliest stage of individuals’ lives, Kohlberg theorized the emphasis is on

______.

a. their family

b. themselves and their self-interest

c. their community

d. their role in society

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which stage/level of Kohlberg’s theory is dominated by the desire to avoid

punishment?

a. punishment and obedience

b. reciprocity

c. conventional morality

d. postconventional morality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Which stage/level of Kohlberg’s theory embodies the attitude “you do a favor for me,

and I will do one for you”?

a. punishment and obedience

b. reciprocity

c. conventional morality

d. postconventional morality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Stage three of Kohlberg’s theory focuses on ______.

a. individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion

b. the emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules

c. the child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others

where personal relationships are paramount

d. showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Stage four of Kohlberg’s theory focuses on ______.

a. individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion

b. the emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules

c. the child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others

where personal relationships are paramount

d. showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, at the 6th and highest stage there is a

______.

a. strong desire to avoid punishment which motivates ethical behavior

b. concentration on internalized principles of ethics

c. strong norm of reciprocity

d. reliance on universal ethical principles of justice, reciprocity, etc.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. According to Gilligan (1982), as compared to that of men, women’s moral

orientations are more concerned with ______.

a. caring and relationships

b. abstract rights and principles

c. freedom and autonomy

d. abstract and hypothetical situations

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Gilligan believes that men apply rules fairly, impartially, and equally, while women

are more likely to try to resolve issues by seeking solutions that ______.

a. involve conflict

b. focus on generosity

c. maintain relationships

d. develop morality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. According to Gilligan (1982), as compared to that of women, men’s moral

orientations are more concerned with ______.

a. everyday problems

b. rights and autonomy

c. caring and responsibility

d. interpersonal relationships

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Gilligan (1982) argues that in their moral decision-making, women focus on ______.

a. relationships

b. treating everyone fairly

c. impartiality

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Women judge ______ after considering the suffering of other people.

a. relationships

b. moral issues

c. autonomy

d. caring

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge, Comprehension

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Gilligan (1982) also sees women as developing ______ through stages.

a. relationships

b. love

c. moral appreciation

d. sympathy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following are levels in Gilligan’s (1982) theory of moral development?

a. conventional morality

b. orientation to individual survival

c. rights and responsibilities

d. personal relationships

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The second level of Gilligan’s (1982) focuses on ______.

a. women begin to become aware of their responsibility for others’ well-being

b. social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for

others, especially others’ feelings, and the possibility of hurting others is of major

concern

c. women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others

d. individual survival is paramount, and moral considerations are relevant only when

one’s own needs are in conflict

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gilligan’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The second transition of Gilligan’s (1982) focuses on ______.

a. women begin to become aware of their responsibility for others’ well-being

b. social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for

others, especially others’ feelings, and the possibility of hurting others is of major

concern

c. women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others

d. individual survival is paramount, and moral considerations are relevant only when

one’s own needs are in conflict

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gilligan’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The conclusion Gilligan (1982) reached was that the caring approach is an equally

valid moral perspective that has ______.

a. generally been ignored in both moral theory and psychological research because of

male bias

b. thrived in both male and female research circles

c. provided insights into the workings of female morality

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Gilligan termed her conclusion that men and women differ in terms of voices by

terming the different voice evidenced among females ______.

a. caring approach

b. notion of care

c. ethic of care

d. perspective of care

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. It might also be argued that women might be ______ to an approach that

emphasizes caring because of the social role that they have traditionally performed.

a. less attracted

b. more attracted

c. somewhat attracted

d. none of the above

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and the Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Both Gilligan (1982) and Noddings (1984) argue that women resort less to ______

than men and are more likely to want concrete rather than abstract reasoning.

a. rules and principles

b. love and caring

c. morals and ethics

d. responsibility and duties

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and the Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. How does the ethic of caring differ from traditional ethics?

a. The ethic of care relies on rules to assess the morality of right or wrong.

b. The ethics of care regards rules as determinants.

c. We should respond caringly to those with whom we interact in life.

d. Follows the specific principle of caring for others.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: An Ethic of Care: How does the notion of caring for others constitute an ethic?

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Some of Gilligan’s critics argue that her ethical theory is merely an aspect of ______

ethics.

a. kantian

b. virtue

c. utilitarian

d. egoistic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: An Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Ruddick contends that the act of ______ itself generates a conception of virtue and

that this experience is central to women’s ethical life.

a. love

b. mothering

c. empathy

d. compassion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing the Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Held (1987) understands ______ as central and fundamental to social relationships

and argues that morality ought to make room for this social bond.

a. spouses

b. mothering

c. nuclear families

d. family

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Developing the Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. According to West (1997), caring should be central to the meaning of ______.

a. legal justice

b. peacemaking

c. developmental theory

d. personal relationships

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. One commentator suggests that the ethics of ______ and care are interdependent

and interrelated and are each necessary conditions of the other.

a. fairness

b. compassion

c. justice

d. belonging

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. West (1997) concludes that ______ images appear to be oppositional to images of

justice.

a. love

b. care

c. responsibility

d. sharing

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Robin West (1997) argues that the criminal justice system must not only seek

justice, but must also show ______.

a. concern for the rights of female defendants

b. concern for the rights of female victims

c. compassion and care

d. dedication to the doctrine of precedent

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Nodding (1984) argues that one approach in finding justice in a case would be to

ask ______?

a. what if this were my child

b. what result would be dictated by feminist theory

c. are males and females being treated equally

d. are male or female values appropriate here

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. What means that we are not simply isolated individuals but rather are linked to all

other human beings, animals, and the environment?

a. Connectiveness

b. Caring

c. Mindfulness

d. Inclusion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. What is an element considered critical in ethical decision-making with a focus on

relationships with others?

a. Connectiveness

b. Caring

c. Mindfulness

d. Inclusion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Fuller (1998) designed a pyramid of concepts that he believed are essential in

______ criminology.

a. peacemaking

b. peacekeeping

c. warmaking

d. social justice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Fuller (1998) designed a pyramid of concepts involved in peacemaking. The

foundation of the pyramid is ______.

a. care

b. compassion

c. equality

d. non-violence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. John Fuller has designed a pyramid of concepts that he believes constitutes

peacemaking criminology; and the crucial concept that makes up the foundation of the

pyramid is:

a. Nonviolence

b. Inclusion

c. Ascertainable criteria

d. Correct means

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. The foundation of Fuller’s (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up

peacemaking criminology is ______.

a. nonviolence

b. social justice

c. inclusion

d. correct means

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. The second level of Fuller’s (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up

peacemaking criminology that ______.

a. nonviolence

b. social justice

c. inclusion

d. correct means

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. The level of Fuller’s (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking

criminology that means there must be participation by all concerned parties in solutions

is ______.

a. nonviolence

b. social justice

c. inclusion

d. correct means

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. The level of Fuller’s (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking

criminology that focuses on criteria that must be understood, considered valid, and be

trustworthy to all concerned parties is ______.

a. inclusion

b. correct means

c. ascertainable criteria

d. categorical imperative

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. The apex of Fuller’s (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up

peacemaking criminology is formed by the concept created by Immanuel Kant.

a. Inclusion

b. Correct means

c. Ascertainable criteria

d. Categorical imperative

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Fuller (1998) links social control to ______.

a. peacemaking

b. peacekeeping

c. warmaking

d. social justice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Pepinsky (1999) sees two contrary approaches toward social control in the forms of

______.

a. imperatives and hypotheticals

b. making and keeping

c. war making and peacemaking

d. rights and responsibilities

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which of the following are principles identified by Pepinsky (1999) that are

advocated in social control solutions?

a. taking time to review one’s feelings

b. making a deliberate attempt to draw out victims and hear their stories

c. to join with those who have no voice in confronting those who hold the power

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. In an ethics of care or peacemaking approach to solving ethical dilemmas the first

step is to identify the options. The second step is to identify ______.

a. the costs and benefits of each option

b. the particular virtues served by each option

c. the particular relationships involved

d. the consequences of each option

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Closer Look: Ethic of Care and Peacemaking Approaches to Ethical Dilemmas

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. Gilligan and Kohlberg have shown that moral ______.

a. conceptions for males and females are identical

b. rules tend to work against females

c. dilemmas are solved the same way in spite of gender differences

d. development varies according to gender

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Peacemaking criminologists do not seek elimination of the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice | Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. After non-violence the second most important principle in the peacemaking pyramid

is social justice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. “Mindfulness” is advocated by peacekeeping criminologists. This term basically

means thinking about how our actions affect the needs of others in the long term.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Feminist ethical theorists argue that the field of ethics is biased because the field has

been dominated by male philosophers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. According to Kohlberg’s model, women can achieve only the second level, because

they are focused on caring for others.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Feminist ethical theorists tend to support the social contract theory of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caring for Others

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Most ethical theories created by males require identifying the particular relationships

involved in the ethical dilemma.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caring for Others

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Braswell and Gold’s version of peacemaking theory stresses connectiveness, caring

and mindfulness.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Kohlberg concluded that most people achieve only the third of six moral stages

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Women are more likely to try to resolve issues by seeking solutions that apply rules

fairly, impartially, and equally.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: “In a Different Voice”: Carol Gilligan

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Fuller and Pepinsky are theorists associated with a version of criminology called

______ criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The second step in solving an ethical dilemma using peacemaking and care

approaches is to identify all the particular ______ involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Closer Look: Ethic of Care and Peacemaking Approaches to Ethical Dilemmas

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Peacemaking criminologists advocate the elimination of excessive force and ______

punishment from the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. One criticism of care theory is that it is incapable of acting as a stand-alone theory

and is best viewed as a supplement to the ______ ethics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Fuller and other peacemaking criminologists argue that “peacemaking” should not be

confused with the similar word “______.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Gilligan argues that in their moral decision making, women focus on ______ and on

feelings of empathy and compassion, and women are situationally oriented.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gilligan’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What is the first, or lowest level, of Kohlberg’s moral development model?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Braswell and Gold suggest that the three basic aspects of peacemaking are

connectiveness, caring and ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Kohlberg posed a number of questions to the participants in his study, including a

problem known as ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Theory of Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. An ______ affirms the priority we give as a matter of course to our family and close

friends and goes beyond the notion that being a loving parent is simply a duty.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: An Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. One ethics of care advocate writes: “The father might sacrifice his own child in

fulfilling a principle: the mother might sacrifice any principle to preserve her child.” What

is the meaning and implication of these two approaches when applied to the criminal

justice system? Please provide examples.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Ethic of Care and Justice

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Peacemaking criminologist Harold Pepinsky writes: “Peacemaking is the art and

science of weaving and reweaving oneself with others into a social fabric of mutual love,

respect and concern.” Can this theory be incorporated into the criminal justice system?

Explain your position and provide examples.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the four principles Pepinsky advocates in social control solutions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What are the five steps in applying the ethics of care to an ethical problem?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Closer Look: Applying the Ethic of Care

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Is there any place for retribution in peacemaking criminology? Explain your position

and provide examples?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Peacemaking

Difficulty Level: Hard