Exam Prep Gender Ch.10

Chapter 10 | Gender

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is suggested by the theory of gender neutrality?
   1. All fetuses have a neutral gender until they are exposed to male or female hormones in the womb.
   2. Gender roles are fluid throughout the lifespan with a person being able to switch between one gender and another easily.
   3. Children are born with neutral genders and they adopt a gender from social cues.
   4. There are no differences in the behaviours or preferences of males and females at any point in the lifespan.
2. What happened to Bruce Reimer, who was raised as “Brenda” after a poorly executed circumcision, as he/she grew into adulthood?
   1. She accepted her role as a female, married a man, and adopted two children.
   2. She joined a convent as a nun.
   3. He reverted back to the male gender role and became “David,” a man who married a woman and raised a son.
   4. She continued to dress as a female but had lesbian relationships with other women.
3. What best describes the traditional view of what differentiates one’s gender identity from one’s sex?
   1. Genes
   2. Hormones
   3. Psychology
   4. Biology
4. What best describes the traditional view of the origin of a person’s sex?
   1. Several biological factors
   2. Environment after birth
   3. Psychology
   4. Chromosomes
5. What will happen to a fetus with XY chromosomes that does not transmit the SRY gene?
   1. It will develop normal gonads.
   2. It will not develop testes and will develop ovaries instead.
   3. It will not develop testes or ovaries.
   4. It will develop both testes and ovaries.
6. In what case can a genotype differ from a phenotype?
   1. When the SRY gene is activated in an XY fetus
   2. When the SRY gene is not activated in an XX fetus
   3. When the SRY gene is activated in an XX fetus
   4. When the FOXl2 gene is not expressed in an XY fetus
7. __________ determines the sex based on the presence of ovaries or testicles, while __________ determines the sex based on levels of estrogens and androgens.
   1. Gonadal sex; hormonal sex
   2. Genotype; phenotype
   3. Genotype; chromosomal sex
   4. Hormonal sex; gonadal sex
8. What term is used to describe the outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits, determined by genotype and environment?
   1. Phenotype
   2. Gonadal sex
   3. Genome
   4. Hormonal sex
9. Which of the following factors may affect an individual’s gender?
   1. Hormonal sex
   2. Gonadal sex
   3. Chromosomal sex
   4. All of the above
10. What factors inform an individual’s gender role?
    1. Gender schemas
    2. Stereotypes
    3. Genotype
    4. All of the above
11. Julia has a higher conservative attitude towards casual sex than her friend Elliot. Which theoretical framework would attribute this difference in sexuality to the fact that men have a greater physiological capacity to reproduce?
    1. Social learning theory
    2. Evolutionary psychology
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Genetic theory
12. Edith has a higher conservative attitude towards casual sex than her friend Rory. Which theoretical framework would attribute this difference in sexuality to the fact that women are more often primary caregivers?
    1. Social learning theory
    2. Evolutionary psychology
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Genetic theory
13. Candace has a higher conservative attitude towards casual sex than her friend Pharrell. Which theoretical framework would attribute this difference in sexuality to the fact that media often portray women as sexualized objects?
    1. Social learning theory
    2. Evolutionary psychology
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Genetic theory
14. Gender __________ are mental frameworks based on understandings of how men and women typically behave, whereas gender __________ are widely held beliefs about the typical characteristics and behaviours of men and women.
    1. schemas; stereotypes
    2. stereotypes; schemas
    3. roles; identities
    4. identities; roles
15. The theory that suggests that differences in biologically and physiologically determined reproductive roles give rise to differences in gendered psychological processes and behaviour aimed at maximizing the likelihood that children will survive and reproduce is __________.
    1. evolutionary psychology
    2. social learning theory
    3. social structural theory
    4. biology theory
16. What do evolutionary psychologists suggest is the reason for different genders?
    1. Different genders result from observing different expectations about gender in our society.
    2. Different genders arise because offspring are more likely to survive with two distinct gender roles in place.
    3. Different genders arise because of differences in the workplace roles for different people.
    4. Different genders arise because we need eggs and sperm to procreate.
17. Which theory supports the idea that gender differences can be affected by factors such as the Internet, television, film, and magazines?
    1. Parental investment theory
    2. Social learning theory
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Reproductive fitness theory
18. Which theory supports the idea that gender differences can be affected by factors such as women being able to produce only a limited number of children?
    1. Parental investment theory
    2. Social learning theory
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Reproductive fitness theory
19. Which theory supports the idea that gender differences can be affected by factors such as who controls resources?
    1. Parental investment theory
    2. Social learning theory
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Reproductive fitness theory
20. What is one prediction of the social learning theory of gender development?
    1. A child who is raised in complete isolation from society will not develop a gender.
    2. Females will develop nurturing roles because they can only have a limited number of offspring.
    3. The gender identities of children raised in cultures where there is little media influence will not be as strong as gender identities of children raised with a great deal of media influence.
    4. A child born with a mismatched sexual genotype and phenotype will always develop the gender characteristics consistent with the genotype.
21. According to social learning theory, which of the following is true about female gender compared to male gender?
    1. Male gender is seen as more fluid than female gender.
    2. Female gender is seen as more fluid than male gender.
    3. Male gender is seen as more influenced by biology than female gender.
    4. Female gender is seen as more influenced by biology than male gender.
22. Which theory attempts to explain gender differences as resulting from differences in the workforce?
    1. Social learning theory
    2. Evolutionary theory
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Economic dependence theory
23. Researchers in Sub-Saharan Africa studying the adaptiveness of infant temperaments found that difficult, cranky babies do worse in times of plenty; these children create a lot of stress for their parents and are more likely to be neglected or abused than babies with calm, more even temperaments. In times of drought, however, babies with cranky temperaments are the ones most likely to survive because they demand more attention from their caregivers (de Vries, 1984). This example shows that we can judge the adaptiveness of a baby’s temperament only in relation to the environment within which that temperament is expressed. What theory are these researchers most likely using?
    1. Evolutionary psychology
    2. Social learning theory
    3. Social structural theory
    4. Biology theory
24. Exposure to reality dating programs depicting gender-stereotyped romantic and sexual behaviours, such as Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire is correlated with more permissive sexual attitudes and behaviours. However, inferring causation requires an experimental design with control conditions; this correlation may reveal that individuals with more permissive attitudes are more likely to seek out media that portray sexuality in a fashion consistent with their attitudes. According to the text, if you were conducting this study, what theory should you employ in your research?
    1. Social learning theory
    2. Social structural theory
    3. Evolutionary psychology
    4. Sociobiology theory
25. Women and men from more gender-egalitarian societies, as indexed by a gender-empowerment measure developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 1995), report more similar incidence and frequency of sexual behaviours such as masturbation, vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, and casual sex (Peterson & Hyde, 2010); yet even in these societies certain gender differences remain, in particular, masturbation and erotica use. What theory does this information support?
    1. Social structural theory
    2. Evolutionary psychology
    3. Social learning theory
    4. Sociobiology theory
26. Contrary to popular media representations of gender (such as Men are from Mars, Women Are from Venus), recent research on gender indicates that __________.
    1. in most ways, men and women are more similar than different
    2. women are generally more emotional than men and therefore naturally inclined to be nurturers
    3. in most ways, men and women are far more different than similar
    4. men, because of their genetic composition, are more inclined to see sexuality as a reproductive function based on hormones
27. When is men and women’s sociosexuality likely to be most similar?
    1. When women are ovulating
    2. When men and women have created a loving home environment
    3. When men are single
    4. When society is not influencing men and women’s sexual behaviour
28. According to Janet Hyde’s gender similarities hypothesis, which of the following best reflects the differences between males and females in terms of their behaviours and attitudes?
    1. For most variables the difference between males and females is small or non-existent.
    2. For most variables the difference between males and females is significant.
    3. For variables related to sexual behaviour, including masturbation and pornography use, there are no differences between males and females, but for variables related to aggression there are large differences.
    4. Females show higher scores for behaviour related to compassion, while males show higher scores for behaviour related to decision-making.
29. What did research by Bailey and colleagues find about LGBTQ+ individuals’ gender identity?
    1. LGBTQ+ individuals rarely conform to the gender identity expected based on their biological sex.
    2. LGBTQ+ individuals sometimes conform to the gender identity expected based on their biological sex and sometimes do not conform to the gender identity expected based on their biological sex.
    3. LGBTQ+ individuals all deliberately break gender identity norms that are dictated by their biological sex.
    4. LGBTQ+ individuals and heterosexual individuals are all equally likely to conform to gender identity norms based on their biological sex.
30. Graham is much more open to casual sexual encounters than Pietro. These two differ on the basis of what variable?
    1. Sociosexuality
    2. Psychosexuality
    3. Gender stereotyping
    4. Gender phenotype
31. What did research by Bailey and colleagues find about gay men’s attitudes about the social status of their partner compared to heterosexual men’s attitudes about the social status of their partner?
    1. Gay men were less concerned about social status than heterosexual men.
    2. Gay men were more concerned about social status than heterosexual men.
    3. Gay men and heterosexual men were similarly unconcerned about social status.
    4. Gay men were never concerned about social status; heterosexual men were only concerned when considered a monogamous relationship.
32. What did research by Bailey and colleagues find when preferences were compared between lesbian women and heterosexual women?
    1. Lesbian women preferred more youthful partners; heterosexual women had no preference.
    2. Lesbian women were more interested in visual erotica than heterosexual women.
    3. Lesbian women were less interested in committed relationships than heterosexual women.
    4. Lesbian women placed less importance on the appearance of their lover than heterosexual women.
33. What do social role theorists believe causes gender differences in sexual roles?
    1. Deviating from norms has negative social consequences.
    2. Hormones cause hardwired differences in behaviour between males and females.
    3. Sociosexual pressure creates male and female gender roles.
    4. Evolutionary forces have led to a tendency for all people to conform to a role that promotes procreation.
34. When sexual preference rates are compared between men and women, what do researchers find?
    1. Men are more likely than women to be sexually interested to both sexes.
    2. Women are more likely than men to be exclusively attracted to members of the same sex.
    3. Men are more likely than women to be exclusively attracted to members of the same sex.
    4. Men and women are equally likely to be attracted to members of the opposite sex.
35. Numerous gender differences in sexual behaviours between men and women are noted in the text. This may, however, be explained by the way men and women may report (both in formal research settings and in informal personal encounters) that their sexual attitudes and behaviours are consistent with gender norms in order to avoid negative social consequences. According to the text, which theory does this statement best align with?
    1. Social role theory
    2. Evolutionary psychology
    3. Social learning theory
    4. Sociobiology theory
36. James is a cisgender heterosexual male who reports that only women arouse him. He recently participated in a study that involved him watching porn. The study gauged his physiological response. If viewing women in porn primarily aroused James, he would be showing __________.
    1. sexual concordance
    2. sexual confusion
    3. sociosexuality
    4. sexual discordance
37. Studies repeatedly show that women show lower sexual concordance than men. What is the best explanation for this?
    1. Reporting biases and sexual double standards
    2. Poor study designs
    3. Women’s lower rates of sexual arousal
    4. All of the above
38. According to a survey conducted by Chandra et al., which of the following women is most likely to admit to being attracted to someone of the same sex?
    1. A Hispanic woman completing the survey in English
    2. A Black woman completing the survey in English
    3. A non-Hispanic White woman completing the survey in English
    4. A Hispanic woman completing the survey in Spanish
39. Leila is participating in a study measuring sexual arousal to stimuli. She displays a genital response to stimuli depicting women as well as stimuli depicting men. What can you assume about her sexual preference?
    1. Leila is likely homosexual.
    2. Leila is likely heterosexual.
    3. Leila is likely bisexual.
    4. Leila is likely genderqueer.
40. When the specificity of sexual arousal is compared between women and men, what do researchers find?
    1. There is no difference between heterosexual men and heterosexual women.
    2. Heterosexual men show higher specificity than heterosexual women.
    3. Heterosexual women show higher specificity than heterosexual men.
    4. Women who report being attracted to other women have lower specificity rates than either heterosexual men or heterosexual women.
41. When participants completed a survey about sexual behaviour under anonymous conditions and then under the belief that the researcher would be able to tell whether they were lying, what did researchers find?
    1. The gender differences in reports of autonomous sexual behaviour were reduced when participants thought lies could be detected.
    2. The gender differences in reports of number of sexual partners were not affected by whether the participant thought that lies could be detected.
    3. The gender difference in sexual attitudes was increased when participants thought that lying would be detected.
    4. Males reported more autonomous sexual behaviours when they did not think that lying could be detected than when they did think lying could be detected.
42. Which of the following is always true of someone who is a hermaphrodite?
    1. The person has no testes if genetically male and no ovaries if genetically female.
    2. The person has both male and female reproductive organs.
    3. The person has a male genotype and a female phenotype, or vice versa.
    4. The person has primary sexual characteristics of one sex and secondary sexual characteristics of the other sex.
43. A study by Alexander and Fisher (2003) used the “bogus pipeline” methodology to help control for false accommodation of gender roles (i.e., self-reporting that falsely presents behaviours and/or attitudes as consistent with widespread gender norms). In this study, participants were led to believe that they were attached to a polygraph machine that could detect lies. What impact did this have on self-reported gender differences in sexual attitudes, autonomous sexual behaviours (e.g., masturbation, use of erotic materials), and numbers of sexual partners?
    1. Gender differences still existed but the gap was smaller
    2. There was no change in the reported gender differences
    3. There were greater differences than originally anticipated between women and men
    4. The threat of discovery caused most participants to drop out of the study
44. A group of conditions in which the reproductive organs and/or genitals develop differently than expected is known as __________.
    1. disorders of sexual development (DSDs)
    2. phenotype disorders
    3. dysplasia
    4. hypogonadism
45. When might an individual identify as intersex?
    1. When they have complete male and female reproductive systems
    2. When they have a disorder of sexual development
    3. When they are attracted to members of both sexes
    4. When they have adopted the gender identity of the other sex
46. Liam was diagnosed with Klinefelter’s syndrome. What chromosome combination does Liam most likely have?
    1. XYY
    2. YO
    3. XXY
    4. YY
47. Which of the following is true of males with Klinefelter’s syndrome?
    1. They are usually attracted to females and do not identity as male.
    2. They are usually attracted to females and identify as male.
    3. They are usually attracted to males and do not identify as male.
    4. They are usually attracted to males and identify as male.
48. Angela carries the sex chromosome pair XO. Which disorder of sexual development does Angela have?
    1. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    2. Turner’s syndrome
    3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    4. Androgen insensitivity syndrome
49. Terms such as hermaphrodite or pseudohermaphrodite were used to describe people who were either born with both male and female sex characteristics or developed them later. To avoid the pejorative and stigmatizing effects of these terms, individuals now often identify as __________.
    1. intersex
    2. dualistic hermaphrodite
    3. countersex
    4. non-heterosexual
50. Which chromosomal disorder is present in 1 in 500 to 1000 males of all ethnic backgrounds and is identified with an abnormal chromosomal complement, with the presence of one Y chromosome and two or more X chromosomes (typically XXY)?
    1. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    2. Turner’s syndrome
    3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
    4. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
51. Which syndrome is usually not diagnosed until puberty, when boys present with gynecomastia (breast development), small testes, shorter-than-average penises, low testosterone levels, tall stature, verbal cognition problems, and compromised fertility?
    1. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    2. Turner’s syndrome
    3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
    4. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
52. Which syndrome affects approximately 1 in 2500 females and involves abnormalities of the X chromosome that result in a missing second X chromosome, a chromosomal “monosomy”?
    1. Turner’s syndrome
    2. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    3. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
    4. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
53. Women with which syndrome tend to have a short stature, broad chest, widely spaced nipples, under-developed female physical characteristics (e.g., breasts), and problems with ovarian development and sex hormone levels, leading to infertility?
    1. Turner’s syndrome
    2. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    3. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
    4. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
54. Ray identifies as intersex but does not have any chromosomal or hormonal irregularities. What may have caused Ray to identify as intersex?
    1. Penile ablation
    2. Cloacal exstrophy
    3. Penile agenesis
    4. All of the above
55. Hattie is more aggressive and less nurturing than her peers. Which hormonal variation does she likely have?
    1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    2. Turner’s syndrome
    3. Androgen insensitivity syndrome
    4. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
56. Which autosomal recessive genetic disorder affects cortisol synthesis in the adrenal gland, usually causing the fetus to be exposed to elevated levels of androgens produced by their adrenal gland?
    1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
    2. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    3. Turner’s syndrome
    4. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
57. Hannah and Andrew, a genetic girl and boy, both have congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). When observing Hannah and Andrew play, what are you most likely to notice about each child as compared to their peers without CAH?
    1. Increased aggression in Hannah, increased aggression in Andrew
    2. Increased aggression in Hannah, no difference in Andrew
    3. No difference in Hannah, increased tenderness in Andrew
    4. Increased aggression in Hannah, increased tenderness in Andrew
58. What of the following is true about females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?
    1. They show increased rates of same-sex and bisexual attractions.
    2. They almost always have same-sex sexual preferences.
    3. They do not develop uteruses and thus cannot bear children.
    4. Their sexual preference is not affected by having CAH.
59. Paulina wants to become pregnant, so she has been prescribed the steroid dexamethasone, which prohibits the production of prenatal androgens. Which hormonal variation does she likely have?
    1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    2. Turner’s syndrome
    3. Androgen insensitivity syndrome
    4. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
60. Katie has XY chromosomes, but she was raised as a female, appears female, and identifies as heterosexual. Which hormonal variation does she likely have?
    1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    2. Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
    3. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
    4. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
61. A person with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) has what characteristics?
    1. A male genotype and a female phenotype
    2. A female genotype and a male phenotype
    3. Female reproductive organs and male secondary sexual characteristics
    4. Some features of male genitalia and some features of female genitalia
62. Jamie is eight years old and has testes that are undescended and genitals that resemble that of a female. Which disorder of sexual development does Jamie most likely have?
    1. Klinefelter’s syndrome
    2. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    3. Hermaphroditism
    4. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
63. Which disorder of sexual development results in the most people changing gender identity at puberty?
    1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    2. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
    3. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
    4. Klinefelter’s syndrome
64. Which of the following is the correct order of development of gender in childhood?
    1. Detecting gender, having gender, gender constancy, doing gender
    2. Detecting gender, doing gender, having gender, gender constancy
    3. Having gender, detecting gender, gender constancy, doing gender
    4. Having gender, detecting gender, doing gender, gender constancy
65. Paul describes a man with long hair as a woman. What is Paul’s approximate age?
    1. One year
    2. Two years
    3. Four years
    4. Five years
66. Penny plays with dolls and insists on wearing dresses. What is Penny’s approximate age?
    1. One year
    2. Two years
    3. Four years
    4. Five years
67. Elise can accurately point to a picture of a “lady” and a “man” but cannot answer the question of whether she is a boy or a girl. What is Elise’s approximate age?
    1. One year
    2. Two years
    3. Three years
    4. Four years
68. Baby Ann was born in Canada in 1918. What colour would her mother likely have chosen for her first sweater, assuming her mother wanted to “show off” having a daughter?
    1. Pink
    2. Green
    3. Yellow
    4. Blue
69. In a famous study by John and Sandra Condry, in which participants described the reaction of babies to a jack-in-the-box, what did researchers find?
    1. When participants didn’t know the sex of the child, they consistently rated the reactions of male babies as “angry” and female babies as “fearful.”
    2. When participants believed the child was male, they labelled the reaction as “angry.” When they believed the child was female, they labelled the reaction as “fearful.”
    3. When participants believed the child was male, they labelled the reaction as “fearful.” When they believed the child was female, they labelled the reaction as “angry.”
    4. When participants believed the child was male, they labelled the reaction as “angry.” When they believed the child was female, they labelled the reaction as “happy.”
70. A person who is transgender differs from a person who is transsexual in what way?
    1. A person who is transgender prefers the opposite gender role and members of the opposite sex as sex partners; a person who is transsexual prefers the opposite gender role and members of the same sex as sex partners.
    2. A person who is transgender prefers the opposite gender role and members of the same sex as sex partners; a person who is transsexual prefers the opposite gender role and members of the opposite sex as sex partners.
    3. A person who is transgender prefers the opposite gender role but has not had sex reassignment surgery; a person who is transsexual has had sex reassignment surgery.
    4. A person who is transsexual prefers the opposite gender role but has not had sex reassignment surgery; a person who is transgender has had sex reassignment surgery.
71. Sam is a transman. What was Sam’s sex at birth?
    1. Female
    2. Male
    3. Sam could have been male or female.
    4. Sam’s sex at birth is not related to being a transman.
72. Around the age of puberty, Pat began to be interested in dressing as the other sex, and as an adult, Pat finds appearing to be the opposite sex sexually arousing. Pat is attracted to members of the opposite sex. Pat is likely which of the following?
    1. A transman
    2. A transwoman
    3. Queer
    4. A hermaphrodite
73. In the past, what have some transwomen had to hide about themselves in order to be considered for sex reassignment surgery?
    1. An attraction to women
    2. Autogynephilia
    3. Autoeroticism
    4. Gender dysphoria
74. What is the third stage of the process of sex reassignment?
    1. Psychological and physical evaluation
    2. Hormone replacement therapy
    3. Starting to live as the other sex
    4. Sex reassignment surgery
75. Which of the following people may face the most discrimination from within the LGBTQ+ community?
    1. Rae, who is a heterosexual transwoman
    2. Dmitri, who is a heterosexual transman
    3. Jane, who is a lesbian transwoman
    4. Dana, who is a bisexual transwoman
76. In which population did the term “two-spirit” originate?
    1. Aboriginals people living in North and South America
    2. Aboriginal people living in Australia
    3. farmers in northern China
    4. people living in the South Pacific
77. What is the X-linked recessive disorder in which individuals born with XY chromosomes develop typically female physical characteristics, often including external female genitalia and female breasts?
    1. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
    2. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
    3. Turner’s syndrome
    4. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
78. What disorder of sexual development is described in the following passage?
    “Subject 8 is the youngest of 8 children of a poor farm family and was thought to be a normal female at the time of birth. His mother died when he was age 4 years, and he was raised by an older sister. He says that he felt different from other girls and began to exhibit male behaviour by age 6. By age 11, virilization of the external genitalia was apparent, male secondary sex characteristics began to appear, and he began to have erections; despite the inward feeling that he was a man, he kept a female social sex and worked as a maid. At age 28 he commenced a long-term sexual relationship with a woman, and he sought medical help at age 30. Psychological evaluation revealed that he had a strong male libido and masturbated an average of 3 times a day. After surgery to correct the hypospadias, he married, adopted a child, and describes a satisfactory sexual life.” (Mendonca et al., 1996, p. 66)
    1. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
    2. 5-alpha-reducatse deficiency
    3. Turner’s syndrome
    4. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
79. What term is used to describe the following two forms of learning? Observational learning, where children watch and emulate the behaviours and choices of other children and adults and operational learning or shaping, whereby gender conforming behaviours are reinforced and gender non-conforming behaviours are punished.
    1. Gender socialization
    2. Gender schema
    3. Gender binaries
    4. Gender concordance
80. What is the term used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) to diagnose distress from the discrepancy between one’s felt gender identity and one’s biological sex, and/or the gender one was assigned at birth?
    1. Gender dysphoria
    2. Gender nonconformity
    3. Gender concordance
    4. Gender identity
81. Evan was born a biological female but has a male gender, and has not undergone any transition related surgeries. Evan believes in a continuum of fluid gender. With which term would Evan likely identify most?
    1. Homosexual
    2. Transsexual
    3. Transgender
    4. Genderqueer
82. A transwoman who was very feminine in manner and appearance as a child is likely to identify as __________.
    1. Cisgender
    2. Heterosexual
    3. Homosexual
    4. Genderqueer
83. Devon was born female and feels like a female. She is attracted to other females. Which term would Devon likely identify most with?
    1. Cisgender
    2. Genderqueer
    3. Heterosexual
    4. Transfemale
84. Casey was born a biological male and is attracted to females. After years of living as a male in a heterosexual relationship and regular cross-living in private, Casey transitioned to a female. Which term best describes Casey?
    1. Autogynephilia
    2. Transvestic disorder
    3. Transgender
    4. Transwoman
85. What are possible benefits of the real-life experience stage of gender transition?
    1. To give individuals time to cope with adjustments in their personal and work life
    2. To ensure individuals are able to function in their felt gender role
    3. To potentially find gender support groups to share stories, information, and support
    4. All of the above
86. What is the third stage of gender transitioning as outline by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health’s (WPATH’s) Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People?
    1. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
    2. Physical and psychological evaluation
    3. Real-life experience
    4. Transition related surgeries (TRSs)
87. According to the research on gender transition—related surgeries, how are the outcomes best described?
    1. The majority of transsexual people report satisfaction with their surgery and improvement to their quality of life after transitioning.
    2. The majority of transsexual people are unsatisfied with their decision to transition with surgeries.
    3. The majority of transsexual people regret their decision and report a desire to return to their “birth sex.”
    4. The majority of transsexual people are ambivalent about their surgeries and report no change in their overall life satisfaction.
88. Which of the following is NOT true about coming out for trans people?
    1. If it generally easier for them than for lesbian or gay people because sex is covered under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, therefore eliminating any fear of prejudice.
    2. It can be as or more challenging than coming out as not heterosexual, particularly since many individuals may have little experience with trans people and may have negative attitudes and actively discriminate against gender minorities.
    3. It can be more difficult because hate crime and abuse rates are higher for gender minorities than for sexual minorities.
    4. It can be more difficult because some trans people face discrimination within lesbian or gay communities, particularly if they have transitioned to become a lesbian transwoman or a gay transman.
89. What factors might influence a trans person to not have surgeries related to transitioning?
    1. Rejection of the medical model of transsexuality
    2. Practical reasons such as medical conditions that preclude physical procedures
    3. Rejection of the notion that they must choose one gender, or must possess all physical and psychological traits of one gender
    4. All of the above
90. What identity is a person most likely to have if they view modern Western culture’s binary division of male-female, man-woman as incompatible with their personal experiences of their physical and psychological selves? This view is more consistent with that held by various societies around the world in which gender minorities are more commonly accepted.
    1. Genderqueer
    2. Gender evasive
    3. Gender avoidant
    4. Questioning

Short Answer Questions

1. The physiological characteristics a person shows are known as their __________.
2. The idea that gender differences result from the differences in the number of offspring a male and female can each produce is known as __________ __________ __________.
3. Aimee’s reproductive organs did not develop like those of a typical female. Aimee may be considered __________.
4. The term __________ of __________ __________ describes the group of congenital conditions that lead to intermediate expression of female and male phenotypes.
5. An individual with Klinefelter’s syndrome has the __________ chromosomal pattern.
6. Biological females who identify as males are referred to as __________.
7. People who consider gender on a continuum and do not want to label themselves at a specific point on that continuum will identify as __________.
8. When a man is sexually attracted to the thought of himself as a woman, it is known as __________.
9. An Aboriginal person who has a non-binary sexual identity will identify as __________-__________.
10. A child who is unhappy with his or her current sex may be diagnosed with __________ __________.
11. Genes, hormones, and physiology determine a person’s __________.
12. The psychological experience of femaleness or maleness is called __________.
13. The FOXL2, WNT4, RSPO1, and DAX1 genes determine whether __________ will develop.
14. An unborn baby has the SOX9 gene. This means the baby will develop __________.
15. Rai is being raised with a transgender sister and a mother who is genderqueer. According to the __________ __________ theory, Rai will likely develop a more fluid attitude towards gender than a child being raised with cisgender siblings and parents because they will have observed more gender fluidity in day-to-day life.
16. The notion of gendered power inequality is MOST central to the __________ __________ theory.
17. The extent to which a person is willing to engage in casual sexual activity is known as their __________.
18. Chris was born with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Chris will identify with the __________ gender.
19. Alex was born with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, which means that Alex is a chromosomal __________.
20. Sex reassignment surgery is now referred to as __________-__________ __________ surgery.

Essay Questions

1. How may an evolutionary psychologist explain the differences in attitudes about partner age and fidelity between gay and heterosexual men?
2. Describe at least two disorders of sexual development that suggest that hormones make a significant contribution to a person’s gender identity.
3. Describe the three processes a child goes through in developing gender.
4. What is Kenneth Zucker’s approach to treating children with gender dysphoria? Why is Zucker’s approach to treating such children controversial? What evidence is there to support his approach?
5. Describe the four stages involved in transitioning from one sex to the other.
6. Distinguish between gender, biological sex, and gender identity.
7. Discuss the view of social structural theory on gender. Provide one example.
8. How did Jane Hyde in 2005 counter the predominant model of differences between men and women such as those presented in popular culture (Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus)?