Exam Prep Chapter 23 Cells And Tissues Of The Plant Body

Chapter 23: Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body

Multiple-Choice Questions

Which of the following statements about the shoot and root apical meristems is FALSE?

a. They are perpetually young tissues or cells.

b. They are established during embryogenesis.

c. It is through their activity that most plant development occurs.

d. They lose the potential to divide soon after embryogenesis is complete.

e. They generate cells that give rise to roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.

In contrast to derivatives, initials:

a. differentiate more quickly.

b. are located in the shoot apical meristem.

c. are located in the root apical meristem.

d. undergo cell division.

e. give rise to more initials and derivatives.

Which of the following statements about primary growth is FALSE?

a. It results in extension of the plant body.

b. It involves the formation of primary tissues.

c. It results in the thickening of the stem and root.

d. It gives rise to the primary plant body.

e It results from activity of the root and shoot apical meristems.

When a botanist uses the word “indeterminate,” she is referring to the:

a. ability of seeds to germinate under any conditions.

b. secondary growth of the plant body.

c. unlimited growth of the apical meristems.

d. developmental plasticity of the plant.

e ability of plants to modify their relationships with the environment.

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of:

a. morphogenesis.

b. embryogenesis.

c. differentiation.

d. cell division.

e. cell enlargement.

Morphogenesis refers to:

a. an irreversible increase in size.

b. the acquisition of a particular shape.

c. the sum of all the events that lead to formation of an organism’s body.

d. the process by which cells become different from one another.

e. the fate of a plant cell.

The developmental fate of a plant cell is determined mostly by:

a. its growth rate.

b. its developmental plasticity.

c. its final position.

d. whether it is an initial or a derivative.

e. whether it is determinate or indeterminate.

____________ refers to the phenomenon whereby a cell becomes increasingly committed to a course of development that weakens its ability to resume growth.

a. Positional information

b. Competency

c. Indeterminate growth

d. Determination

e. Differentiation

The three tissue systems of vascular plants are:

a. the dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems.

b. protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem.

c. parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

d. epidermis, periderm, and protoderm.

e. xylem, phloem, and epidermis.

From which primary meristem does sclerenchyma develop?

a. parenchyma

b. collenchyma

c. procambium

d. ground meristem

e. protoderm

In a eudicot stem, ______ is the ground tissue external to the system of vascular strands and ______ is the ground tissue internal to these strands.

a. pith; cortex

b. cortex; pith

c. xylem; phloem

d. xylem; cortex

e. pith; phloem

______ is a simple tissue, and ______ is a complex tissue.

a. Xylem; phloem

b. Phloem; xylem

c. Parenchyma; collenchyma

d. Collenchyma; xylem

e. Xylem; sclerenchyma

The rays found in secondary vascular tissue consist of:

a. collenchyma cells.

b. vessel elements.

c. parenchyma cells.

d. sieve-tube elements.

e. sclerenchyma cells.

Which of the following statements about parenchyma cells is FALSE?

a. They can photosynthesize.

b. They can initiate adventitious roots.

c. They are involved in secretion.

d. They are capable of cell division.

e. They lack secondary walls.

Cells that are totipotent, play an important role in wound healing, and initiate adventitious structures are:

a. sclerenchyma cells.

b. vessel elements.

c. sieve-tube elements.

d. parenchyma cells.

e. collenchyma cells.

The role of transfer cells is to:

a. transport water and minerals throughout the plant.

b. facilitate the movement of solutes over short distances.

c. move sugars through the phloem.

d. transfer solutes from the cortex to the pith via rays.

e. increase the rate of water movement through stomata.

______ tissue is composed of cells having unevenly thickened primary walls.

a. Collenchyma

b. Xylem

c. Parenchyma

d. Phloem

e. Sclerenchyma

______ is the typical supporting tissue of growing stems, leaves, and floral parts.

a. Sclerenchyma

b. Parenchyma

c. Xylem

d. Phloem

e. Collenchyma

Which of the following statements about sclerenchyma cells is FALSE?

a. They are ground-tissue cells.

b. They often lack protoplasts at maturity.

c. They strengthen plant parts that are still elongating.

d. They have thick, lignified, secondary walls.

e. They may develop in any part of the primary and secondary plant bodies.

The two types of ______ cells are fibers and sclereids.

a. sclerenchyma

b. parenchyma

c. xylem

d. phloem

e. collenchyma

______ are types of tracheary elements.

a. Vessel elements and tracheids

b. Tracheids and xylem parenchyma

c. Vessel elements and xylem parenchyma

d. Xylem fibers and tracheids

e. Xylem fibers and xylem parenchyma

Perforation plates are characteristic of the ______ of ______.

a. tracheids; angiosperms

b. vessel elements; angiosperms

c. tracheids; gymnosperms

d. vessel elements; gymnosperms

e. tracheids; seedless vascular plants

One role of pit membranes in tracheids is to:

a. facilitate movement of air bubbles.

b. facilitate water movement.

c. facilitate solute transport.

d. provide support.

e. trap air bubbles.

By definition, metaxylem is ______ protoxylem.

a. formed before

b. formed after

c. formed at the same time as

d. larger than

e. smaller than

An example of programmed cell death is the differentiation of:

a. parenchyma cells.

b. collenchyma cells.

c. cells of the cortex.

d. the secondary cell wall.

e. tracheary elements.

In vascular plants, food is conducted through:

a. companion cells only.

b. sieve cells only.

c. sieve-tube elements only.

d. sieve cells and sieve-tube elements only.

e. companion cells, sieve cells, and sieve-tube elements.

Which of the following statements about sieve cells is FALSE?

a. They transport food.

b. They are interconnected to form sieve tubes.

c. They are found in gymnosperms but not angiosperms.

d. They are living cells at maturity.

e. They have sieve areas.

Callose is a ______ deposited in the ______ of sieve elements.

a. protein; pits

b. protein; pores

c. carbohydrate; pits

d. carbohydrate; pores

e. fat; perforation plates

A cell that is alive at maturity but lacks a nucleus and certain organelles is the:

a. companion cell.

b. forisome.

c. albuminous cell.

d. Strasburger cell.

e. sieve element.

During the differentiation of sieve-tube elements, which of the following does not disintegrate?

a. cytoskeleon

b. endoplasmic reticulum

c. Golgi apparatus

d. tonoplast

e. nucleus

Which of the following statements about P-protein is FALSE?

a. It is found in the protoplasts of sieve-tube elements of eudicots and some monocots.

b. In undisturbed cells, it plugs the sieve-plate pores.

c. It may serve to seal the sieve-plate pores when the cell is wounded.

d. It originates in P-protein bodies.

e. The “P” stands for phloem.

Which of the following statements about forisomes is FALSE?

a. They seal the sieve-plate pores in undisturbed sieve tubes.

b. Their activity is controlled by calcium.

c. They are found in certain legumes.

d. They are a type of P-protein body.

e. They can switch back and forth from a resting stage to a dispersed stage.

The parenchyma cells that are developmentally related to the ______ of angiosperms are called ______.

a. sieve cells; companion cells

b. sieve cells; albuminous cells

c. sieve-tube elements; companion cells

d. sieve-tube elements; albuminous cells

e. sieve tubes; P-protein bodies

The _____ is thought to supply the sieve-tube element with essential molecules.

a. forisome

b. companion cell

c. P-protein body

d. sclereid

e. callose

Albuminous cells are thought to have the same function as:

a. vessel elements.

b. tracheids.

c. sieve cells.

d. sieve-tube elements.

e. companion cells.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is FALSE?

a. Stomata are epidermal cells.

b. The epidermis constitutes the dermal system of leaves.

c. Guard cells are epidermal cells.

d. Trichomes are appendages of epidermal cells.

e. In the aerial parts of the plant, the epidermis is covered with a cuticle.

Stomata are the ______ between ______.

a. cells; subsidiary cells

b. cells; guard cells

c. pores; guard cells

d. pores; subsidiary cells

e. pores; trichomes

A subsidiary cell is most closely associated with which of the following?

a. tracheids

b. companion cells

c. sieve-tube elements

d. guard cells

e. albuminous cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of trichomes?

a. providing structural support

b. defending against insects

c. secreting salts

d. absorbing water and minerals from the soil

e. reflecting solar radiation

Which of the following is NOT part of the periderm?

a. phellem

b. phellogen

c. phelloderm

d. epidermis

e. cork cambium

The cork cambium produces ______ on its outer surface and ______ on its inner surface.

a. phelloderm; phellogen

b. phellogen; phelloderm

c. phellogen; phellem

d. phelloderm; cork

e. cork; phelloderm

True-False Questions

Primary growth refers to growth of the embryo; secondary growth refers to growth of the seedling.

Developmental plasticity refers to the sum total of events that progressively form a plant’s body.

The increase in the size of most plants results more from cell division than from cell enlargement.

The fate of a plant cell is determined solely by the genes in its chromosomes.

The ability of a leaf cell to develop in response to light is an example of competency.

In general, vascular tissues are embedded within ground tissue, and the dermal tissue forms a surrounding layer.

In the stem of a eudicot, cortex is the tissue internal to the vascular strands.

An example of a simple tissue is xylem.

Parenchyma cells are usually dead at maturity.

Parenchyma cells are totipotent.

Parenchyma can store water.

Collenchyma is composed of elongated cells that have unevenly thickened primary walls.

Hemp, jute, and flax are composed of sclerenchyma cells.

Sclereids are sclerenchyma cells that are generally long and slender.

Vessel elements have perforation plates, but tracheids do not.

Tracheids are tracheary elements found in angiosperms but not gymnosperms.

Obstruction of water flow by air bubbles is more likely to occur in vessel elements than in tracheids.

Sieve-tube elements lack sieve plates.

Unlike wound callose, definitive callose is deposited at the sieve areas and sieve plates of senescing sieve elements.

Sieve elements must be living in order to transport food.

Forisomes can change from a resting stage to a dispersed stage.

A companion cell and its associated sieve-tube element are derived from the same mother cell.

The walls of epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant are covered with a waxy cuticle.

By regulating stomata, guard cells control the movement of gases into and out of the plant.

An example of a trichome is a root hair.

The epidermis replaces the periderm in stems and roots undergoing secondary growth.

The phellem produces both cork and phelloderm.

Essay Questions

1. Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives; pp. 538–539; easy

What cell types comprise the apical meristems of plants? Is cell division limited to only one cell type in the apical meristem? Explain.

2. Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives; p. 539; moderate

What is the difference between apical meristems and primary meristems? Between primary meristems and primary growth?

3. Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation; pp. 539–541; difficult

Explain the differences among growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, determination, and competency. How does the interaction among these processes result in development?

4. Internal Organization of the Plant Body; p. 541; moderate

What is the difference between a simple tissue and a complex tissue? Give examples of each.

5. Ground Tissues; pp. 541–544; moderate

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the various cell types that comprise the ground tissue.

6. Ground Tissues; p. 542; moderate

Discuss the roles of transfer cells in plants.

7. Vascular Tissues; pp. 544–546; moderate

Compare and contrast the two main types of cells of xylem tissue in angiosperms.

8. Vascular Tissues; pp. 544–546; moderate

In what way are vessel elements more efficient conductors of water than tracheids? In what way are they less safe?

9. Vascular Tissues; pp. 548–550; moderate

What cellular changes occur during the differentiation of sieve elements that make them better adapted as food-conducting structures?

10. Vascular Tissues; p. 552; moderate

Give evidence to support the hypothesis that sieve-tube elements and companion cells are closely related developmentally.

11. Dermal Tissues; pp. 553–555; moderate

What are trichomes? List some of their functions, and discuss the control of trichome development as deduced from studies of Arabidopsis.

12. Dermal Tissues; p. 555; moderate

List the tissues that make up the periderm, and give the function of each type.